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Charles Scribner's Sons Building

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Charles Scribner's Sons Building
Company typeCommercial building
IndustryRetail, Publishing (historical)
Founded1912; 114 years ago (1912)
FounderCharles Scribner's Sons
Headquarters
New York City
,
United States
Area served
Midtown Manhattan, New York City
Key people
Ernest Flagg (architect)
ProductsRetail space (bookstore historically), office space
OwnerThor Equities (as of 2011)

Overview

The Charles Scribner's Sons Building, also referred to as 597 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial edifice situated in the Midtown Manhattan district of New York City. It occupies a site on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets. Conceived by architect Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts tradition, the structure was erected between 1912 and 1913 to serve as the premises for the Scribner's Bookstore.

Architectural Features

The building’s Fifth Avenue frontage features a glass and iron storefront spanning the first two floors, adorned with black and gold ornamental details. From the third through ninth floors, the facade is divided into five limestone bays. The tenth floor is distinguished by a mansard roof. Noteworthy facade embellishments include vertical piers embellished with four medallions, each bearing a bust of a prominent printer: Benjamin Franklin, William Caxton, Johann Gutenberg, and Aldus Manutius. Inside, the ground two levels originally housed retail space dedicated to the Scribner's Bookstore, while the upper floors contained office areas, some of which were initially occupied by the Scribner publishing firm.

History and Ownership

This building was commissioned to replace an earlier bookstore located at 155 Fifth Avenue. Ownership remained with Scribner's until 1984, when it was acquired by the Cohen family. Subsequently, it was sold to the Benetton Group. Following the closure of the bookstore occupying the lower two floors in 1989, various retail tenants have occupied the space. In 2006, A&A Investment Co. purchased 597 Fifth Avenue, which later changed hands to Thor Equities in 2011. The structure received official landmark status from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1982, with its ground-floor interior receiving landmark designation in 1989.

Site

Located at 597 Fifth Avenue within the Midtown Manhattan district of New York City, the Charles Scribner's Sons Building occupies the east side of Fifth Avenue, positioned between 49th Street to the north and 48th Street to the south. The property spans 5,341 square feet (496.2 m2), featuring a frontage measuring 53.41 feet (16.28 m) along Fifth Avenue and extending approximately 100 feet (30 m) in depth. Surrounding structures include 600 Fifth Avenue to the west, 608 Fifth Avenue northwestward, and Tower 49 situated to the east.[1]

Architecture

Designed by architect Ernest Flagg in the Beaux Arts tradition for Charles Scribner's Sons, 597 Fifth Avenue is a ten-story edifice.[2][3][4][5][6] Some sources also describe it as having eleven floors.[7] The building employs a non-load-bearing structural system.[3] Its design bears resemblance to the earlier Scribner's bookstore located at 155 Fifth Avenue, another Flagg creation; both feature symmetrical limestone facades segmented horizontally into distinct sections.[8] Flagg himself regarded 597 Fifth Avenue as "the best thing I ever did."[9] Construction was carried out by steel contractor George A. Just Co. alongside masonry firm John T. Brady & Co.,[10] with additional contributions from painter William F. Eastberg & Co.,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name electrical work by Peet & Powers, and plastering executed by H. W. Miller.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

Facade

The facade is primarily divided into five vertical bays, except on the two lowest floors, which feature a tripartite storefront. The storefront showcases glazed glass panes, dark ironwork accents, and brass-colored detailing. The central portion of the storefront aligns with three bays above and includes a centrally located double door crowned by a broken pediment displaying the Scribner bookstore emblem. The bay on the far left contains an additional shop window, while the bay on the far right provides access to a separate lobby serving the upper floors. Positioned above the storefront are clerestory windows: the central window is a wide elliptical arch framed by fluted columns and adorned with decorative spiral motifs in the corner spandrels. The bays on either side are topped with circular glass roundels.[lower-alpha 1] Above the second floor rests a cartouche inscribed with "Charles Scribners' Sons," positioned over a garland flanked by putti. A sill runs horizontally above the storefront.

File:Club Monaco - Store (51395754613).jpg
First- and second- story arch
File:5th Av Oct 2020 41.jpg
Detail of sixth through eighth stories

The third floor is faced with rusticated limestone blocks and contains five rectangular casement windows. Between each window at their upper edges are lion-head-shaped brackets. On the higher floors, the three central bays are framed by vertical piers and exhibit more elaborate ornamentation than the flanking bays. The fourth floor features a balcony spanning the three central bays, with windows on the outer bays capped by triangular pediments. Medallions depicting printers Benjamin Franklin, William Caxton, Johann Gutenberg, and Aldus Manutius adorn the piers at this level.

From the fifth through seventh floors, the central bays are slightly set back behind the piers, separated by intricately carved iron spandrels between windows on each story. The seventh floor’s central bays are crowned by an entablature, while segmentally arched windows with iron railings mark the eighth floor in this section. Smaller windows with simple moldings and window sills supported by guttae appear in the outer bays; these windows are rectangular on floors five through seven and segmental arches on floor eight. Above the eighth story runs an entablature featuring a pellet molding frieze, beneath which decorative torch motifs embellish each pier’s summit.

The ninth-floor windows are flanked by pilasters, with the four central pilasters exhibiting fluting. The three central windows on this level form tripartite openings accented by two small colonettes each. A cornice supported by console brackets caps the ninth story, surmounted by a parapet and a mansard roof edged in copper. Rising from above this cornice in the center bay is a double-height dormer, flanked by sculpted caryatids and topped with a broken pediment containing a lion-head motif alongside a cartouche. Flanking this dormer on both sides are two double-hung roof windows. The parapet corners are finished with obelisk-shaped finials.

Interior

The structure encompasses a total floor area of approximately 52,727 square feet (4,898.5 m2), as reported by the New York City Department of City Planning.[1] In contrast, The Real Deal magazine indicates there are around 58,000 square feet (5,400 m2) designated for office use and an additional 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) allocated to retail purposes.[11] Each office level offers roughly 5,000 square feet (460 m2) of functional space.[12] Originally, the Scribner's bookstore occupied the current ground and second-floor retail areas, while the business, editorial, and financial divisions were situated on the four floors above.[13][14] For the executive offices of Scribner's, Flagg personally designed certain furnishings, including custom bookshelves.[15]

Retail space

File:Scribner 597 5 Av Architecture 1913 p180 (interior cropped).jpg
Interior view from 1913

Although asymmetrical in layout, the retail area at 597 Fifth Avenue was modeled after the design of Scribner’s store at 155 Fifth Avenue, reflecting the company’s aesthetic preferences.[16] Architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock once described this retail interior as "the grandest interior space created in New York," drawing parallels to the grandeur of Grand Central Terminal.[15] The retail section features an elongated nave-like hall[3] crowned by a roughly 30 feet (9.1 m)* elaborately ornamented vaulted ceiling. This ceiling is supported by seven white rectangular columns on each flank.[17] Originally, the decorative grilles were coated with gold and bronze dust despite initial plans calling for green embellishments.[9] The flooring consists of oak arranged in a herringbone pattern.[18] Although Flagg had intended for two entrances, the bookstore was ultimately designed with a single access point.[14]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name The southern portion of the ground floor contains a lobby serving the office levels above.[19]

At the eastern extremity of the ground-level retail zone sits a central staircase leading upward to a mezzanine display platform.[3][19][20] A mirrored wall on the mezzanine’s eastern side reflected the entirety of the retail space.[19][15] From this mezzanine area, staircases provide access to two second-floor balconies—one positioned above the northern wall and another above the eastern segment of the southern wall. A third balcony is located above the office lobby on the western part of the south wall but is not connected to these two.[19] Access to the southwestern balcony is via a spiral staircase; a similar spiral once provided entry to the northern balcony.[19] All three balconies feature decorative cast-iron railings, ornamental moldings, and ceilings paneled with plaster.[19][15] These balcony ceilings are lower than the central vaulted ceiling, which necessitated clerestory windows positioned at the upper sections of both northern and southern walls beneath the main vault.[17] At the far eastern end of the retail space, beyond where the mansard roof concludes, a skylight was incorporated to enhance natural illumination.[20]

History

The publishing firm Baker & Scribner was established in 1846 by Charles Scribner I and Isaac D. Baker. Following Baker’s passing in 1857, Scribner renamed the company the "Charles Scribner Company."[21][22] Throughout the mid-19th century, its headquarters were located in various buildings within Lower Manhattan.[22][23] In 1878, the company adopted the name Charles Scribner's Sons,[21][24] and by 1894 had relocated to 155 Fifth Avenue near 22nd Street.[25][26] The architect Flagg was commissioned for the design of the 155 Fifth Avenue building due to his familial connection as brother-in-law to Charles Scribner II, who led the Scribner bookstore during the late 1800s and early 1900s.[27] At the dawn of the 20th century, commercial expansion was focused along Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.[28][29] Among those relocating further uptown in Manhattan was Scribner's.[26] The Charles Scribner's Sons Building stands as one of the rare surviving retail structures from early 20th-century Fifth Avenue developed for smaller merchants, alongside notable buildings such as the Gorham, Tiffany, Coty, and Demarest.[30]

Scribner's utilization

File:Scribner 597 5 Av Architecture 1913 p180 (storefront cropped).jpg
Storefront as seen in 1913

In January 1911, Ernest Flagg noted in his diary that Charles Scribner II had considered the idea of establishing new premises on Fifth Avenue.[16] By February 1912, Charles Scribner's Sons had acquired the properties at 597 and 599 Fifth Avenue, near 48th Street, from the estates of Sarah M. and Roswell P. Flower, with plans to erect a ten-story building designated for retail and office use.[31][32] Flagg was commissioned by Scribner to design the new edifice,[33] and by May a contract for steelwork had been awarded.[34] Excavation and foundation work were almost finished by June when Flagg submitted the construction plans to the New York City Department of Buildings.[35][36] By August of that year, steel framework was underway.[10]

The building officially opened its doors by May 18, 1913,[13][20] becoming the seventh headquarters for Charles Scribner's Sons.[37] Besides housing the bookstore and offices at the Fifth Avenue address, Scribner's operated a separate facility at West 43rd Street (311–319) dedicated to its printing operations.[38] Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern characterized the creation of the Fifth Avenue building in a 1983 publication as clear evidence of commerce rapidly advancing northward along Fifth Avenue.[39] In a retrospective article from 2012, journalist David W. Dunlap likened the location at number 597 to "the Apple Store of its era".[40] Upon opening, books were displayed both on ground-level shelving and along balcony levels; some retail offices were situated beneath the mezzanine.[20]

Throughout much of the twentieth century, this building accommodated both the Scribner's bookstore and publishing offices. Renowned authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Thomas Wolfe frequented upper floors to meet with editors; even former President Theodore Roosevelt was among early patrons.[9][41] Among the editors working there was Maxwell Perkins, whose office on the fifth floor witnessed a notable dispute between Hemingway and Max Eastman regarding chest hair.[42] The bookstore featured a vault for rare books safeguarding items like a manuscript of Mozart’s Haffner Symphony,[43] one of only two surviving copies of George Washington’s Thanksgiving proclamation from1789,[44] as well as a collection containing Adolf Hitler’s literature and documents.[45] The store occasionally hosted exhibitions showcasing book production techniques,[46] including events presenting a copy of the Gutenberg Bible.[47] Certain upper floors were leased to tenants such as a perfumery company in1960.[48]

In1967,the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating the Charles Scribner's Sons Building as a landmark; however,a real estate expert testified that this status might decrease its value by up to one million dollars.[49] When renovations took place in1974,the bookstore’s lighting was updated,and new shelving and counters were installed.[15] By the1980s,The New York Times described it as "the last bastion of the Fifth Avenue old-school bookstore", noted for its focus on hardcover editions.[50] Although nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places in1981 and found eligible based on architectural and historical merits,it was not listed due to owner opposition.[51] Subsequently,on March23 ,1982,the LPC officially designated the exterior of597 Fifth Avenue as a city landmark.[52][53] During the public hearing regarding this designation,six individuals expressed support while four opposed it.[54]

Late 20th century

File:5th Av Oct 2020 54.jpg
View from Fifth Avenue near 47th Street

In 1984, the publishing arm of Scribner's was purchased by Macmillan Inc.. That same year, Rizzoli International Bookstores took ownership of Scribner's retail outlets and moved them to the two floors above the store's ground level. Later in 1984, Scribner's executive vice president Charles Scribner III (descendant of Charles Scribner IV) revealed that the building would be sold to the Cohen family, operators of the Duane Reade drugstore chain. Due to financial impracticalities at 597 Fifth Avenue, Scribner's planned to relocate, while Rizzoli intended to vacate its space at 712 Fifth Avenue. When their preferred site was unavailable, Scribner's bookstore stayed put, and Rizzoli leased the retail area along with two office floors. The Cohen family aimed to lease out approximately 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) of additional office space, although these office floors were considered modest in size by contemporary standards. Eventually, in June 1988, the Benetton Group acquired the property from Duane Reade.

By December 1988, Scribner's management announced plans to shut down the bookstore the following month due to prohibitive operating expenses. Rent was expected to rise by 300 percent, and Rizzoli's American division president described the retail space—a "cathedral dedicated to bookselling"—as no longer commercially viable. On the store’s final day, Leonard Riggio, chairman of B. Dalton and Barnes & Noble, attempted to intervene to keep it open; however, closure proceeded as scheduled. After B. Dalton purchased the Scribner's brand in May 1989, Riggio began discussions with Benetton about reopening a bookstore branch within the building. Shortly after closing, the Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered granting landmark status to the store’s interior. Benetton executives—planning renovations—expressed no opposition to this designation; their attorney noted familiarity with landmark regulations. On July 11, 1989, the LPC officially designated the building’s interior as a landmark.

Although there were early suggestions that Benetton might lease the space to a Waterstones bookstore, it was ultimately rented to a Brentano's branch in September 1989. The Brentano's outlet opened two months later.

In 1994, Brentano's announced intentions to leave the location and formally closed on January 19, 1996. Following Brentano’s departure, Benetton commissioned Phillips Janson Group for an extensive interior restoration costing several million dollars. Restoration architect Dennis Janson conducted two months of historical research on the building while Terra Firma, a decorative arts firm, analyzed paint samples to identify original colors. The project primarily focused on reinstating historic design features including a spiral staircase that had been previously removed. This restoration revealed hidden decorative components such as a rear skylight and glass flooring panels. Monica Geran of Interior Design magazine praised the skylight’s reopening as a "crowning glory" of the renovation.

In November 1996, Benetton launched its 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2) flagship store for the United States within this space. Under an agreement with Benetton, Rizzoli operated a pop-up bookstore featuring around 300 titles. Additionally, a café was established on the lower retail level. To attract office tenants for the building’s remaining spaces, Benetton incentivized brokers by offering free Prince tennis bags for successful leases.

21st century

File:5 Av Mar 2022 100.jpg
Interior view of the Club Monaco store within the building

In 2004, the cosmetics retailer Sephora secured a decade-long lease for the retail space on the building’s ground floor. [55] Two years later, A&A Investment Co. acquired 597 Fifth Avenue for $79.1 million,[56] and in 2011, ownership transferred to Thor Equities at a price of $108.5 million.[57] Thor Equities refinanced the property in 2014,[58][59] obtaining a $105 million loan from UBS Group AG that covered both 597 Fifth Avenue and the adjacent 3 East 48th Street.[60] Additionally, Oxford Properties provided a mezzanine loan of $10 million, which held seniority over a subsequent $25 million mezzanine loan from SL Green Realty.[61] Throughout this period, the building also housed various office tenants. Notably, during the 2013 New York City mayoral election, Anthony Weiner established his campaign headquarters on one of the upper floors.[62] Between 2016 and its dissolution in 2018 amid scandal, British political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica operated its New York office at this address.[63]

Sephora vacated its retail space in early 2017,[64][65] and shortly thereafter, in May of that year, Lululemon Athletica entered into a short-term lease agreement for the premises.[66] However, by February 2019, Lululemon opted to relocate across Fifth Avenue less than two years after signing their lease.[67][68][69][70] This departure placed Thor Equities at risk of surrendering control of 597 Fifth Avenue to SL Green unless a high-end retail tenant could be secured.[71][72] In May 2019, coworking firm Knotel leased approximately 6,400 square feet (590 m2) of office space,[73][74] and by November of the same year, Club Monaco committed to a retail lease within the building.[75][76]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020 severely impacted Thor’s operations.[77] Despite restructuring the building’s mortgage in May 2020,[78] Thor missed two monthly loan payments for 597 Fifth Avenue during mid-2020,[79] resulting in an imminent risk of payment default by November that year.[80] Following Thor’s loan default, SL Green assumed management responsibilities for the property in 2021.[81]

By 2022, Club Monaco was paying rent at a rate of only $285 per square foot ($3,070/m2), significantly below Fifth Avenue’s market average of approximately $2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m2).[82] Early in 2023, LNR Partners initiated pre-foreclosure actions against both 597 Fifth Avenue and 3 East 48th Street, petitioning for judicial auction of the buildings.[83][84] Midway through that year, both properties entered receivership,[85][86] with claims that Thor had effectively abandoned the Scribner Building.[87][88] At this time, occupancy stood at roughly 25%, while the facade was deteriorating and fire-suppression systems required over $1 million in repairs.[89] The combined valuation of these two buildings dropped to $84 million—less than half their worth ten years prior.[90]

In May 2024, Club Monaco renewed its lease for another seven years,[91] and a state court approved foreclosure proceedings for both properties in August.[92] By December 2024, JLL—appointed by the court to manage the property—reported roof leaks that hindered leasing efforts on upper floors; however, LNR Partners, acting as special servicer for the loan, allegedly declined to fund necessary repairs.[93] The Scribner Building was subsequently slated for auction in April 2025.[94]

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ The clerestory windows sit above the ceiling of the second retail floor within the outermost storefront bays. The main retail area’s ceiling extends to the top of the storefront.

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ZoLa
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aia5
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stern (1983) p. 201
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DCP-2013
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt19881207
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nydn19881208
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Emporis
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL p. 5
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt19961006
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rer19120831
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Real Deal 2019
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt19850213
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt19130518
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL (1989) p. 6
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt19740407
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL (1989) p. 5
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL (1989) pp. 7-8
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bernstein1997
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL (1989) p. 7
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tribune19130518
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL p. 1
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Scribners p. 793
  23. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ Scribner's Magazine 1894, p. 794.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tribune19130426
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL p. 2
  27. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  28. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  29. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nyt-2020-01-17
  31. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  32. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  33. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  34. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  35. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  36. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  37. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  38. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  39. ↑ Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983, p. 200.
  40. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  41. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  42. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  43. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  44. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  45. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  46. ↑ Template:Cite news – December27 ,1913 – "The Making of a Book" – The Boston Globe – via newspapers.com
  47. ↑ Template:Cite news – February4 ,1951 – "Another Bible By Gutenberg Brought Here: Scribner's Buys it for More Than $106,000; It's46th Copy known to Remain" – New York Herald Tribune
  48. ↑ Template:Cite news – February1 ,1960 – "Perfume Concern in5th Ave. Lease; Mary Chess Takes Floor in Scribner Building at48th – Other Leases" – The New York Times
  49. ↑ Template:Cite news – February1 ,1967 – "Says Designation Would Cost Money" – The Glens Falls Times – via newspapers.com
  50. ↑ Template:Cite news – August11 ,1980 – "...And to the Rare Shops That Are the City's Forte" – The New York Times
  51. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nrhpinv_ny
  52. ↑ Template:Cite news – March24 ,1982 – "City Landmarks Panel Adds6 Sites to Its Roll" – The New York Times
  53. ↑ Template:Cite news – March24 ,1982 – "Scribner's, Morgan library tagged as landmarks" – New York Daily News – via newspapers.com
  54. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCL p. 1
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Sources

  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Template:Cite New York 1900
  • Template:Cite New York 2000

External links

  • File:Commons-logo.svg Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons

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