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Chengdu J-7

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Chengdu J-7
Company typeMilitary aircraft
IndustryAerospace
FoundedMarch 1964; 62 years ago (1964-03) (domestic manufacturing began)
Headquarters
Chengdu
,
China
ProductsFighter aircraft


Template:Infobox aircraft

The Chengdu J-7 (Template:Lang-zh), known as the third generation export model J-7, and designated by NATO as Fishcan, is a Chinese-built fighter aircraft. It is a licensed copy derived from the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, sharing a strong resemblance to its Soviet counterpart. Equipped with infrared homing air-to-air missiles, the J-7 is primarily designed for short-range aerial engagements but is also employed in close air support missions.

An agreement for technology transfer concerning the MiG-21 was signed between China and the Soviet Union on 30 March 1962. Although various kits, parts, complete aircraft, and documentation were delivered to the Shenyang Aircraft Factory, the supplied design materials were incomplete. Consequently, Chinese engineers undertook extensive efforts to reverse engineer the fighter. Despite their similarities, notable differences exist between the two, including variations in the hydraulic systems and internal fuel configurations. Domestic manufacturing reportedly began at Shenyang in March 1964; however, full-scale production was delayed until the 1980s due to multiple factors such as the Cultural Revolution. Over time, numerous J-7 variants emerged, incorporating enhancements in armament, avionics, and wing architecture.

The primary operator of this aircraft has been the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), but several foreign air forces have also acquired J-7s. Among these, the largest non-Chinese user is the Pakistan Air Force. Insights gained from the J-7 program influenced subsequent Chinese designs like the Shenyang J-8 interceptor. The aircraft has also been deployed offensively by countries including Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka.

Production of the J-7 ceased in 2013 following delivery of 16 F-7BGI units to the Bangladesh Air Force. Its role in international markets has largely been succeeded by advanced multirole fighters such as the JF-17 Thunder, Chengdu J-10, and Shenyang J-35. Despite this, many J-7s continue to operate with various export customers, while the PLAAF officially retired its fleet in 2023.

Background

File:J-7I fighter at the Beijing Military museum.jpg
A PLAAF J-7I displayed at the Beijing Military museum

During the 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union transferred a significant portion of its conventional arms technology to China. A notable example is the MiG-19, which China began manufacturing domestically as the Shenyang J-6 starting in 1958.[1] In that same period, the Soviets developed the more advanced MiG-21, a cost-effective and fast fighter that aligned with the strategy of deploying large numbers of 'people's fighters' to counter Western technological superiority. However, the Sino-Soviet split abruptly terminated cooperative ventures; between 28 July and 1 September 1960, Soviet advisors withdrew from China, causing a suspension of the J-7 project within China.

Unexpectedly, in February 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Mao Zedong offering to transfer MiG-21 technology to China and requested that Chinese representatives promptly visit the Soviet Union to negotiate terms. Although cautious, the Chinese interpreted this as a conciliatory move and were keen to accept the offer. A delegation led by General Liu Yalou, commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and an alumnus of a Soviet military academy, was immediately dispatched to Moscow. This delegation was granted a rare three-day tour of the previously restricted MiG-21 production facility.[2] This visit was personally authorized by Nikita Khrushchev, culminating in a technology transfer agreement signed on 30 March 1962.Template:Fix/category[citation needed][3]

Establishing production

Due to strained political relations, Chinese officials were skeptical about fully receiving the technology and reportedly prepared to reverse engineer the aircraft.[1] According to Russian accounts, several complete MiG-21s were delivered to China with Soviet pilots operating them, alongside MiG-21F kits complemented by parts and technical manuals. As anticipated by Chinese engineers, when kits, components, and documentation arrived at Shenyang Aircraft Factory five months post-agreement, it became evident that some technical manuals were incomplete and certain parts unusable.Template:Fix/category[citation needed]

China embarked on adapting the design for domestic manufacturing; this process resolved 249 significant technical challenges and recreated eight critical documents absent from Soviet materials. Among key issues was the hydraulic system flaw that rendered up to 70% of some squadrons' aircraft grounded until improvements were implemented. Another vital change addressed fuel storage; since most fuel in the MiG-21 is housed in the forward fuselage, this caused center-of-gravity shifts leading to instability after approximately 45 minutes of flight. The J-7 incorporated redesigned fuel tanks and substantially larger drop tanks to maintain better balance and enhance longitudinal static stability. The cockpit underwent redesign as well: the Soviet ejection seat was replaced due to safety concerns, and a rear-hinged canopy supplanted the original forward-opening design—this canopy jettisoned before ejection. Overall, these engineering efforts were highly effective, with the Chinese-produced J-7 closely matching the original MiG-21 in both design and performance.[4]

Reportedly beginning in March 1964, domestic assembly of the J-7 started at Shenyang Aircraft Factory. Nonetheless, mass production encountered severe setbacks due to an unforeseen socio-political upheaval—the Cultural Revolution—which resulted in substandard initial quality and sluggish progress. Achieving full indigenous production required not only assembling airframes but also manufacturing various components and systems such as its turbojet engine.[5] Consequently, large-scale production was not fully realized until the 1980s when the original design was already becoming outdated. By that decade, production of the Western single-engine fighter General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon was well advanced in the United States; this relatively affordable aircraft offered superior agility compared to the J-7 despite carrying a heavier payload.[6]

Further advancements

File:In flight air-to-air left front view of a PRC F-7II fighter aircraft - DPLA.jpg
A PLAAF J-7III from the 1990s

Introduced in 1987, the J-7E featured a significantly enhanced wing design along with several other refinements. Its agility improved by approximately 45%, while takeoff and landing capabilities saw substantial enhancements. This model also incorporated a helmet-mounted sight and marked the first MiG-21 variant to include HOTAS controls and a multifunction display. Many of its avionics components, including the gun sight and multifunction display, were sourced from British manufacturers. The aircraft was compatible with PL-8/Python 3 missiles, which could be employed using either the helmet-mounted sight or radar fire control system; however, these two targeting systems operated independently, allowing the pilot to engage only one at a time.

During the mid-1980s, Pakistan sought an aircraft equipped with superior radar capabilities. Both the standard radar and the British Marconi radar suffered from issues related to ground clutter, and China lacked experience in air-to-ground radar technology at that time. In 1984, Pakistani support involved American-trained F-16 pilots providing instruction on effective ground attack radar use, enabling Chinese engineers to develop the J-7M. Later in the decade, significant radar improvements were introduced with the J-7MP and J-7PG variants, which adopted the Italian FIAR Grifo-7 radar system. This upgrade more than tripled the radar's effective range and considerably expanded its maximum target detection angle.

The J-7 only achieved performance comparable to its Soviet-designed origins by the mid-1980s. Due to its relatively low cost, it became widely exported under the designation F-7, frequently outfitted with Western systems such as those supplied to Pakistan. More than 20 export versions of the J-7 exist, some capable of deploying European armaments like French R.550 Magic missiles. According to the Discovery Channel’s Wings Over The Red Star series, Chinese forces intercepted several Soviet MiG-21s destined for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. However, these intercepted aircraft did not perform according to their original specifications, implying that China encountered downgraded export models rather than fully operational production units. Consequently, China undertook re-engineering efforts on these MiG-21 airframes to restore their intended performance levels. Leveraging knowledge gained from this program and incomplete technical data obtained from the Soviet Ye-152 experimental jet, China subsequently developed the Shenyang J-8.

Production of the J-7 was officially concluded in May 2013, ending nearly five decades of continuous manufacturing.

At the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, a version of the J-7 adapted as an unmanned aerial platform was showcased.

Operational history

File:Nigerian Air Force Chengdu FT-7NI Iwelumo-2.jpg
A Nigerian FT-7NI
File:Albanian Air Force Chengdu F-7A Lofting-1.jpg
Chengdu F-7A operated by the Albanian Air Force
File:Myanmar Air Force Chengdu F-7 MRD.jpg
Chengdu F-7M of the Myanmar Air Force
File:IRIAF MiG-21 landing.jpg
Chengdu FT-7 of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force touching down at Mehrabad International Airport
File:J-7 fighter at the China Aviation museum.jpg
J-7I exhibited at the Chinese Aviation Museum, equipped with underwing PL-2 missiles

Africa

Namibia

In August 2005, Namibia placed an order for 12 F-7NM fighters for its air force, with Chinese reports indicating delivery occurred by November 2006. This variant is thought to be similar to the F-7PG version acquired by Pakistan, which features the Grifo MG radar system.

Nigeria

At the beginning of 2008, Nigeria acquired 12 F-7NI fighter jets along with three FT-7NI trainer aircraft to phase out their older MiG-21 fleet. On September 20, 2018, two Nigerian F-7Ni jets collided mid-air over Katamkpehir, Abuja, during a rehearsal for the nation's 58th independence anniversary aerial display, resulting in one pilot fatality.

Sudan

Throughout the protracted Second Sudanese Civil War, Sudan obtained several F-7 aircraft. Reports from November 1993 suggested that Iran financially supported Sudan’s procurement of approximately 20 Chinese ground-attack planes by providing $17 million in aid and facilitating a $300 million arms transfer from China to the Sudanese military.

Tanzania

The Tanzanian Air Force deployed F-7As in combat during the Uganda–Tanzania War (1978–1979), playing a crucial role in overcoming the numerically superior Uganda Army Air Force throughout the conflict’s aerial operations.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean F-7s were never actively engaged in combat during the Second Congo War due to their limited effectiveness without radar-based ground support. Their only known deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo occurred in January 2001 for the funeral of assassinated president Laurent-Désiré Kabila. En route from Zimbabwe to Kinshasa, one aircraft crashed but its pilot ejected safely. On the return flight, two additional jets sustained damage upon landing; however, both were subsequently repaired and returned to operational status.

Europe

Albania

In 2002, positioning F-7As close to Albania's northern frontier effectively deterred incursions by Yugoslav aircraft into Albanian airspace.

East and Southeast Asia

China

During the mid-1990s, the PLAAF began replacing its J-7B models with the significantly upgraded J-7E variant. This version introduced a "double delta" wing design that enhanced aerodynamics and expanded fuel storage, alongside a more powerful engine and advanced avionics. The latest iteration, the J-7G, was inducted into service in 2003.

The J-7 primarily serves in Chinese forces as a local air defense fighter and for achieving tactical air superiority. A substantial number of these aircraft are deployed to discourage adversary air operations.

In June 2021, four J-7s took part in a combat exercise near Taiwan’s air defense identification zone.

The phased retirement of the J-7 started in 2018, with full withdrawal expected by 2023. The US Air Force China Aerospace Studies Institute notes that this marks the PLAAF’s shift to an exclusive fleet of fourth- and fifth-generation fighters. Chinese reports also suggest plans to convert retired J-7s into unmanned drones for training and decoy missions.

Myanmar

In the 1990s, Myanmar reportedly formed four F-7 squadrons mainly assigned to air defense roles. Early operational challenges affected the fleet, and their effectiveness in ground attack was considered limited. Since then, Myanmar has undertaken modernization efforts to enhance the F-7s’ capabilities. These upgrades are believed to have involved cooperation between Chinese and Israeli firms, including the integration of various Israeli-made missile systems, although comprehensive details remain scarce.

Middle East

Iran

Throughout the 1980s, Iran acquired several F-7 aircraft, even though Chinese authorities officially denied direct military sales to the country during that period. Although deployed as frontline fighters, these jets have not been documented participating in combat operations. By the early 2000s, their role had shifted predominantly to that of training platforms. Additionally, the F-7 served as a test platform for various domestically developed technologies. In recent times, sustaining the operational readiness of these aircraft has become increasingly challenging due to scarce spare parts availability and the advanced age of the airframes, which have accumulated extensive flight hours.

Iranian F-7s have appeared in multiple films, frequently representing Iraqi MiG-21s from the Iran–Iraq War era. One film depicts an Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force strike on the Iraqi Osirak nuclear facility on 30 September 1980. Another movie titled "Attack on H3" dramatizes the deep-penetration raid covering 810 km targeting Iraqi Air Force bases on 4 April 1981, alongside other productions illustrating air battles in 1981 that resulted in approximately 70 Iraqi aircraft being downed.

Iraq

Iraqi-operated F-7Bs were exclusively utilized as advanced trainer aircraft and did not engage in combat missions.

South Asia

File:Bangladesh Air Force F-7 (06) (cropped).png
Bangladesh Air Force twin-seat FT-7BGI flying alongside F-7BGI interceptors
Bangladesh

The Bangladesh Air Force maintains a fleet comprising FT-7MB Airguards as well as F-7BG and F-7BGI interceptor variants. The F-7BGI stands out as one of the most sophisticated models within the F-7/J-7 lineage and represents the final production variant, with sixteen units entering service in 2013.

File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg
Pakistan Air Force F-7PG from No. 20 Squadron "Cheetahs"
Pakistan

In the 1980s, Pakistan initiated Project Sabre II aiming to enhance its F-7 fleet by redesigning and upgrading the airframe. This effort resulted in a design study involving engineers from Northrop Grumman, China, and Pakistan. However, by 1989, the project was discontinued primarily due to economic sanctions imposed by the United States on Pakistan. That same year saw another collaboration between Grumman and China to develop an upgraded F-7 design, but this too was halted following U.S. sanctions against China after the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. Subsequently, in 1991, a third program known as Fighter China was launched, culminating in the development of the JF-17 Thunder multirole fighter. This aircraft fulfilled a requirement from the Pakistani Air Force for a cost-effective modern combat jet, and Pakistan is actively replacing its entire F-7 inventory with JF-17s.

Sri Lanka

In 1991, seeking a jet attack aircraft capable of providing rapid close air support to ground forces, the Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) explored options amidst Western refusals to sell such aircraft. Consequently, Sri Lanka approached China for Nanchang Q-5 jets, which met their range and payload needs and were already operated by Pakistan and Bangladesh. Due to Western pressure, China ultimately supplied a limited number of F-7BS fighters instead, enabling SLAF to regain capabilities lost over the previous decade. Given limitations in endurance and payload capacity of these fighters, SLAF has intermittently employed its F-7 fleet primarily for pilot training purposes. Early in 2008, six upgraded F-7G interceptors were delivered to SLAF. The entire complement of F-7Gs, F-7BSs, and FT-7s is operated by No. 5 Jet Squadron.

The SLAF has frequently deployed its F-7BS aircraft for ground attack missions against Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) targets. On 9 September 2008, three F-7s were scrambled after ground radar detected two LTTE-operated Zlín Z 43 light aircraft (Zlín-143). Two F-7s conducted bombing runs against rebel airstrips located in Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi districts while a third intercepted one Zlín-143 returning from an attack on Vavuniya Airport. According to Sri Lankan authorities, this rebel aircraft was shot down by an air-to-air missile fired from an F-7G during interception.

Variants

Main article: List of Chengdu J-7 variants

Operators

File:Chengdu J-7 Operators as of 2023.png
Operators
  Current
  Former

Current

Template:BGD
  • Bangladesh Air Force: Between 1989 and 1990, 20 units were delivered, followed by an additional 20 aircraft supplied from 1999 to 2006. From 2012 to 2013, 16 F-7BGI models were also provided.[7] As of 2025, there are 36 F-7 fighters and 10 FT-7 trainers actively operational.[8]
Template:IRN
Template:MYA
  • Myanmar Air Force: A total of 64 aircraft were acquired from 1990 through 1999. As of February 2012, the inventory consisted of 36 F-7M and F-7IIK fighters alongside six FT-7 trainers.[10]
Template:NAM
  • Namibian Air Force: Currently operates six F-7NM and two FT-7NM aircraft. Between 2006 and 2008, a total of twelve F/FT-7NM units were delivered.[11]
Template:NGA
Template:PRK
  • North Korean Air Force: As reported in February 2012, the service retained approximately 180 F-7 aircraft. Nevertheless, operational readiness was reportedly below fifty percent due to maintenance challenges.[10]
Template:PAK
  • Pakistan Air Force: By January 2022, the fleet included 48 F-7PGs from an original batch of sixty, along with six FT-7P/PG trainers. The last remaining F-7P and F-7MP models were retired from the CCS Dashings squadron in 2021. Overall, there were still fifty-three F-7PGs in active use.[13]
    • No. 19 Squadron Sherdils operated the F-7P/FT-7P from its inception in 1990 until April 2014.[14] This squadron transitioned to F-16A/B Block 15 ADF aircraft thereafter.[15]
Template:SRI
  • Sri Lankan Air Force: As of January 2022, the force maintained five F-7GS/BS fighters and one FT-7 trainer in active service.[13]
Template:SUD
Template:TAN
  • Tanzanian Air Force: Initially operating eleven F-7 aircraft,[17] Tanzania upgraded its fleet in 2011 by acquiring twelve single-seat J-7G models and two dual-seat F-7TN variants. These orders, placed in 2009, have been fully delivered and are actively deployed at airbases located in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. The new jets are equipped with KLJ-6E Falcon radars, believed to be based on the Selex Galileo Grifo 7 radar system. Their main armament includes the Chinese PL-7A short-range infrared air-to-air missile.[18]
Template:ZIM
  • Air Force of Zimbabwe: Delivered with twelve F-7II/IIN fighters and two FT-7BZ trainers.[19] As of January 2022, seven F-7 aircraft continued to be operational.[13]

Former Operators

Template:ALB
Template:CHN
Template:EGY
Template:Country data Iraq
Template:Country data United States of America

Specifications (J-7MG)

File:J-7I fighter at the Beijing Military Museum from above.jpg
A J-7I viewed from above at the Beijing Military Museum. Note the delta wing configuration and characteristic PLAAF insignia
File:Sri Lanka Military 0042.jpg
Chengdu F-7GS of the Sri Lanka Air Force displayed on static exhibit with external stores

Template:Aircraft specs

Accidents and incidents

  • On April 8, 2008, Squadron Leader Morshed Hasan lost his life when his Bangladesh Air Force F-7 went down in Ghatail Upazila, located within Tangail District. Although Hasan successfully ejected, he suffered critical injuries due to a parachute malfunction and subsequently passed away at the Combined Military Hospital in Dhaka.
  • A Chinese PLAAF J-7 experienced engine failure and crashed near Jinan, China on May 6, 2010.
  • During a training flight on April 13, 2011, a PLAAF J-7 crashed close to the areas of Liujiang County and Xincheng County, near Liuzhou.
  • On January 25, 2012, an FT-7P operated by the Pakistani Air Force (PAF) crashed near Mianwali in Punjab, Pakistan due to an engine flameout caused by a bird strike. Both Flying Officer Fatima Tariq and instructor Wing Commander Waqar Ahmed sustained minor injuries during ejection or landing.
  • A PLAAF J-7 collided with a residential building in Shantou, Guangdong Province, on December 4, 2012. The crash resulted in injuries to four civilians.
  • Flight Lieutenant Tahmid of the Bangladesh Air Force died on June 29, 2015, when his F-7MB crashed into the Bay of Bengal. The aircraft departed from BAF Zahurul Haq Base at 10:27 am, lost communication around 11:10 am, and crashed off the coast near Patenga approximately at 11:30 am.
  • On November 24, 2015, Flying Officer Marium Mukhtiar, recognized as the PAF’s first female fighter pilot, perished after a twin-seat FT-7PG crashed during a training exercise at PAF Base M.M. Alam near Kundian in Punjab Province. Both pilots ejected safely; however, Mukhtiar succumbed to injuries sustained upon landing. She occupied the rear seat for instrument flight rules training.
  • Wing Commander Arif Ahmed Dipu of the Bangladesh Air Force died on November 23, 2018, when his F-7BG crashed during a training mission in Tangail's Madhupur Upazila. The aircraft’s fuel tank reportedly caught fire after deploying weapons mid-flight, forcing an emergency ejection at low altitude.
  • A Pakistan Air Force FT-7 crashed near Mianwali on January 7, 2020, during routine training. Both pilots aboard were killed.
  • On October 15, 2021, a Namibian Air Force F-7 overshot the runway while landing at Ondangwa Airport, colliding with a security fence due to failure of the drag chute deployment.
  • Two Iranian Air Force pilots died when their FT-7 crashed near Anarak on May 24, 2022.
  • A PLAAF J-7 crashed into a residential neighborhood in Hubei, China on June 9, 2022. The accident destroyed multiple homes and resulted in at least one fatality on the ground. The pilot ejected with minor injuries.
  • Squadron Leader Ritswanetsi Vuyo Ncube of the Air Force of Zimbabwe was killed when his J-7 crashed shortly after takeoff from Josiah Tungamirai Air Force Base near Gweru on May 30, 2025. Prior to impact, he reported an uncontrollable fire onboard.
  • During the ongoing Myanmar civil war on June 10, 2025, an F-7M from the Myanmar Air Force crashed into a monastery located in Sapar Sae village within Pale, Myanmar. The aircraft was engaged in operations against resistance groups and was reportedly shot down. The pilot and five villagers lost their lives.
  • On July 21, 2025, a Bangladesh Air Force twin-seat trainer FT-7BGI bearing tail number 701 crashed in Uttara, Dhaka. The jet struck the campus of Milestone School & College. This tragic accident claimed at least 35 lives including the pilot and injured approximately 171 individuals—mostly students—marking it as the deadliest incident involving this aircraft model to date.

See also

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Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 160.
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).Template:Fix/category[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft.
  5. ↑ Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, p. 170.
  6. ↑ Medeiros, Cliff, Crane and Mulvenon 2005, pp. 160-161.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ Hoyle 2023, p. 13
  9. ↑ Hoyle 2023, pp. 20–21
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).Template:Fix/category[permanent dead link]
  11. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ↑ Flight International 14–20 December 2011, p. 44.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  16. ↑ Hoyle 2023, p. 30
  17. ↑ Flight International 14–20 December 2010, p. 48.
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 208
  20. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  21. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  22. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  23. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  25. ↑ Hacket 2010, p. 250
  26. ↑ Olimat 2014.
  27. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Bibliography

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  • "World Air Forces". Flight International, 14–20 December 2010. pp. 26–53.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

External links

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