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Dayton's

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Dayton's
Company typePrivate
IndustryRetail
FoundedJune 24, 1902; 124 years ago (1902-06-24) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
FounderGeorge Draper Dayton
FateRebranded as Marshall Field's in 2001; merged into Macy's in 2005
Headquarters
Minneapolis
,
United States
Area served
Minnesota and Upper Midwest, United States
Key people
George Draper Dayton (founder), George Nelson Dayton, Donald C. Dayton
ProductsDepartment store goods
Number of employees
Over 600 (at Rosedale Center store in 1969)

Overview

Dayton's was a prominent American department store chain established in 1902 in Minneapolis, Minnesota by George Draper Dayton. For nearly a century, it operated numerous upscale department stores across Minnesota and the broader Upper Midwest region. While Dayton's gained regional recognition for its quality retail experience, it is perhaps most famously known for launching the discount retail giant Target. The company also played a significant role in retail history by opening the United States' first enclosed shopping mall, the Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, in 1956.

In 1969, Dayton's combined forces with the Michigan-based department store chain Hudson's, creating the Dayton-Hudson Corporation. Over time, the Target brand expanded substantially, leading to the corporation's rebranding as Target Corporation in 2000. After acquiring Chicago's Marshall Field's in 1990, Dayton-Hudson transitioned its Dayton's stores to the Marshall Field's name in 2001 to concentrate on discount retail. Subsequently, May Department Stores purchased Marshall Field's in 2004; this entity merged with Macy's in 2005, converting all remaining Marshall Field's locations into Macy's outlets.

Throughout its existence, Dayton's remained under the ownership and management of the Dayton family. Its legacy endures in Minnesota through three major Twin Cities shopping centers developed by Dayton's: Southdale, Rosedale, and Ridgedale, all of which continue to operate today.

History

File:051207-MPLS-002originalDaytons.jpg
The initial flagship Dayton's location situated in downtown Minneapolis, which Macy's occupied until March 2017
File:Dayton logo (1918).png
Logo of The Dayton Company from 1918

Goodfellow & Company

The origins of Dayton's trace back to R.S. Goodfellow & Company, a dry goods retailer originally established as Goodfellow and Eastman in 1878. In 1902, George Draper Dayton developed a six-story structure at the intersection of Nicollet Avenue and Seventh Street, persuading Goodfellow's—then ranked as the fourth-largest department store in Minneapolis—to occupy the premises. Designed by Charles Sedgwick, this building incorporated materials such as brick, iron, plate glass, pressed brick, and terra cotta, making it one of the city's largest and most modern retail spaces. It featured advanced amenities for the era, including both passenger and freight elevators. The Goodfellow's store officially opened on June 24, 1902. Shortly before this opening, Reuben Simon Goodfellow retired and sold his stake to Dayton, who then financed the venture and partnered with George Loudon, F.H. Carleton, and J.B. Mosher to manage the enterprise.

Dayton's Dry Goods

By 1903, George Dayton had acquired full control by buying out one of his partners and rebranded the business as Dayton's Dry Goods Company. Around this period, the company publicly declared it would operate under the name Dayton's. Following this rebranding, day-to-day management was overseen by George Dayton alongside his son Draper Dayton and J.B. Mosher; however, Mosher departed from the firm in December 1905. The business underwent another name change in 1911, becoming The Dayton Company.

Dayton's

In 1911, Dayton's formally adopted the name The Dayton Company and expanded its retail presence by acquiring the property located at Nicollet and Eighth Street in downtown Minneapolis. By 1929, the downtown site had grown to encompass three structures: the original 1902 building alongside two subsequent expansions completed in 1913 and 1929, together offering nearly one million square feet of retail space.

Draper Dayton passed away suddenly at age 43 in 1923. The company's founder, George Draper Dayton, died in 1938, after which his surviving son, George Nelson Dayton, assumed the presidency of the firm.

1940s and 1950s

In 1947, Dayton's undertook a significant enlargement of its downtown Minneapolis store by adding four additional floors to the existing eight-story building. This expansion increased the retail area to twelve floors and involved an investment exceeding $2 million (adjusted for inflation to current US GDP values).

Seeking innovative merchandise for its customers in 1949, Dayton's accepted a consignment of Cootie games from their inventor, Minnesota native William "Herb" Schaper. These games quickly gained popularity, prompting multiple restocking orders. Between Thanksgiving and Christmas that year alone, Dayton's sold approximately 5,500 Cootie games, helping establish it as a beloved classic.

George Nelson Dayton died in 1950 at age 63, having served as president for twelve years. Leadership then passed to Donald C. Dayton, one of George Nelson’s five sons, marking the third generation of Daytons to lead the department store. Following their father’s passing, each of the five brothers inherited a 20% stake in the company. Collectively, they are credited with modernizing and expanding Dayton's operations and founding Target Corporation, which transformed retail both within Minnesota and nationally.

In August 1952, Dayton's announced its acquisition of Knowlton Company in downtown Rochester, Minnesota. Established in 1848, Knowlton became Dayton's second store location and marked the beginning of its evolution into a department store chain. After nearly two years of renovations and expansion, the Rochester Dayton's opened its doors in March 1954.

Plans for Dayton's inaugural shopping center, Southdale Center, were revealed in June 1952. Conceived, developed, and owned by the Dayton Company itself, Southdale was pioneering as the nation's first fully enclosed and climate-controlled shopping mall. The company purchased 500 acres in Edina, Minnesota to build this historic $10 million complex (inflation-adjusted to current US GDP figures), which debuted in 1956 with roughly fifty retailers. Its grand opening attracted around 40,000 visitors and quickly surpassed all expectations for success. Southdale represented Dayton's third store overall and its second location within a series of Twin Cities shopping centers.

In November 1954, Dayton's expanded beyond Minnesota by acquiring Fantle Bros. Department Store in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Although this was its first location outside Minnesota under ownership, the store retained the Fantle name rather than adopting the Dayton's brand.

The following year in 1955, Dayton's purchased land in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota intended for a shopping mall development. Prior to Southdale’s opening, plans were underway for a second mall initially named Northdale; however, this was later renamed Brookdale. Construction on Brookdale was not scheduled immediately.

By June 1958, Dayton's collaborated with Radisson Hotels, located near its downtown Minneapolis store, to build a shared parking ramp catering to customers of both establishments as well as other downtown visitors. Designed to accommodate 750 vehicles—not the largest facility in town—the ramp prioritized convenient access for patrons visiting either property.

File:Classic 1950s Dayton's logo.jpg
Modern retro signage of 1950s logo

Also in 1958, Dayton's merged with Schuneman's Department Store based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Concurrently, it acquired prime retail real estate downtown St. Paul for future store development. The combined Dayton’s-Schuneman’s operation continued to function within Schuneman’s existing building. At that time, Schuneman’s annual sales were estimated between $12 million and $15 million compared to Dayton’s approximately $80 million. By early 1960, Dayton’s had secured ownership of all properties on the block bordered by Wabasha Street, Cedar Street, Sixth Street, and Seventh Street in St. Paul.

1960s

In February 1962, Dayton's revealed plans to construct a new five-level building along with a 650-car parking ramp integrated into a single structure, following the purchase of additional land in St. Paul to accommodate expansion.[1]

The Brookdale Center debuted in Brooklyn Center in March 1962.[2] Conceived prior to the successful launch of Southdale Center, Brookdale marked Dayton's second shopping center venture, further extending its retail presence into expanding suburban markets. In the second phase of development, Dayton's planned to open a 195,000 sq ft store at Brookdale by July 1966.[3]

August 1963 saw the opening of Dayton's new St. Paul location, featuring five floors and encompassing 380,000 sq ft of retail area that occupied an entire city block. The project's estimated expenditure was $14 million. The former Dayton's-Schuneman building across the street was demolished to make way for new developments.[4]

By 1964, Dayton's had risen to become the second-largest privately held department store chain nationwide, with annual sales estimated at a minimum of $130 million (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year).[5]

In 1966, Dayton's announced its third shopping center project, Rosedale Center.[6] Maintaining the "Dale" naming tradition, this development was situated in Roseville, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. Rosedale Center opened in August 1969 and housed the sixth Dayton's store. This substantial location featured three levels, employed over 600 staff members, and offered 190,000 sq ft of retail space.[7]

Dayton's divested Fantle's Department Store in Sioux Falls, South Dakota thirteen years after acquiring it in 1967. Fantle's had retained its original branding rather than adopting the Dayton's nameplate. The company cited a strategic focus on metropolitan markets as the rationale behind the sale.[8] Nonetheless, Dayton's re-entered Sioux Falls eleven years later with a store under its own brand.

During the decade, Dayton's was among the pioneers in targeting teenage consumers' purchasing power with dedicated youth merchandise, live concerts, and entertainment offerings. Between 1962 and 1966, it hosted weekly teen dances featuring live performances in its eighth-floor auditorium that attracted as many as 5,000 youths weekly. In 1966, Dayton's led a "Super Youthquake" campaign across its stores showcasing contemporary fashion and music acts such as Simon & Garfunkel and The Yardbirds.[9] Notably, The Yardbirds' performance at Dayton's marked guitarist Jimmy Page's first U.S. tour date. These initiatives earned Dayton's Seventeen magazine’s award for outstanding youth retail in 1965 and bolstered its reputation as a trendsetter distinct from other regional retailers.[10]

In August 1967, Dayton's rebranded as "The Dayton Corporation," expanded its board to twelve members by including external directors, and prepared for its inaugural public stock offering.[11] Following the October public offering that year, the Dayton family retained approximately 85% ownership of the company,[12] and still held about 43% by 1977.[13]

The decade concluded with The Dayton Corporation merging with J.L. Hudson (Hudson's) based in Detroit, Michigan.[14] At that time, J.L. Hudson was recognized as the largest independently owned department-store company nationwide. The merger formed Dayton Hudson Corporation, positioning it as the fourteenth-largest non-food retailer in the United States with combined sales exceeding $800 million.

Target Stores

In July 1961, Dayton's announced the launch of a new discount retail chain that would operate independently from its traditional department stores. This innovative concept involved building stores across the Twin Cities region, each encompassing approximately 125,000 square feet of retail space. This initiative marked the first time a department store chain in the upper Midwest ventured into the discount retail sector. The chain was named Target, and over time, it set a benchmark for success in U.S. retail, maintaining a distinctive position even as it neared its 60th year. The chain's remarkable growth eventually enabled Target Corporation to outlast Dayton's, its original parent company.

The inaugural Target store opened its doors in May 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. By the end of that year, the brand had expanded to four locations, including stores in Roseville, Crystal, Duluth, and St. Louis Park, Minnesota.

B. Dalton

In April 1966, Dayton's revealed plans to establish B. Dalton Booksellers, a bookstore chain fully owned by the company. After conducting market research, Dayton's identified bookstores as a promising retail segment, driven by rising education levels and increased disposable income among Americans. The chain was named after Bruce Dayton—the then-president of Dayton's and one of George Nelson Dayton’s five sons—with the goal of developing a nationwide bookstore presence. At that time, typical bookstore chains averaged around 2,500 to 2,900 square feet per location; however, B. Dalton’s initial store was designed to be significantly larger at 7,200 square feet. The first B. Dalton Bookseller opened in August 1966 inside Southdale Center in Edina, a suburb owned by Dayton's. Growth followed swiftly: by February 1967, a second store debuted in St. Louis, Missouri, with plans underway for six additional outlets.

Dayton Hudson Corporation Era

File:Dayton's logo 1974.svg
The 1974 emblem showcasing the "amaranth" symbol, utilized from 1968 through 1989

1970s

In 1970, an explosive device detonated in the women's restroom of the St. Paul Dayton's location.[15] A second, more substantial bomb was discovered nearby but did not explode. The individual convicted for this act was a 15-year-old juvenile at the time.[16][17]

In January 1972, plans were revealed for Ridgedale, the fourth installment of Dayton’s “Dales” shopping centers in the Twin Cities area, which included a Dayton's store at that location.[18] The project faced criticism from environmental advocates who labeled it as "ecologically damaging."[19][20] Despite these concerns, Dayton's proceeded with construction but abandoned plans for a new road adjacent to the site and consented to a moratorium on further development in the vicinity until at least 1980.[21] The Ridgedale shopping center and its Dayton's store officially opened in July 1974, becoming the last of the “Dale” centers.

In 1972, Dayton's relocated its Rochester store from the downtown area to the newly established Apache Mall. The mall had only recently opened when Dayton’s chose to move its operations there and construct a new facility spanning approximately 150,000 square feet.[22][23] At that time, Apache Mall ranked as Minnesota’s third-largest shopping complex and was the biggest outside the Twin Cities region. This move represented a pivotal shift in retail commerce away from Rochester's downtown core.

Following an announcement made in 1971,[24] Dayton's debuted its first store outside Minnesota in August 1973 with a location in Fargo, North Dakota.[25] This $5 million outlet served as one of the anchor stores for the newly built West Acres Shopping Center, encompassing roughly 100,000 square feet and employing nearly two hundred workers.

The Crossroads Center in St. Cloud, Minnesota, initially opened in 1966 featuring Sears and J.C. Penney as anchor tenants.[26] An expansion in 1976 added an extra 200,000 square feet of retail space and introduced a Dayton's store to the St. Cloud market.[26] This Dayton’s branch commenced operations in July of that year.[27]

In an uncommon move for Dayton’s, which usually developed or managed its own centers, it agreed in 1973 to participate as an anchor tenant in Homart Development Company's planned Burnsville Center located in Burnsville, Minnesota.[28][29] The Burnsville Dayton's store measured approximately 180,000 square feet and became the tenth Dayton’s location upon its July 1977 opening.[30][31][32]

September of 1976 saw Dayton-Hudson Corporation reveal plans for a new shopping center and accompanying Dayton’s store in Grand Forks, North Dakota.[33] This marked their inaugural development project within North Dakota. The Columbia Mall (Grand Forks) commenced operations in 1978,[34] although ownership changed hands just one year later.[35]

After having exited Sioux Falls by selling Fantle's Department Store in 1967, Dayton’s announced plans for a new store there in 1977—the first to bear its own nameplate within South Dakota.[30] The decision to enter Sioux Falls was influenced by local brand recognition and a customer base of approximately fifteen hundred Dayton’s credit cardholders residing about two hundred fifty miles away.[36] Opening its doors in July of that year within the Empire Mall, this location offered roughly one hundred thousand square feet of retail space and stocked inventory valued around $3 million (~$Template:Format price adjusted for inflation). Unlike other Minnesota locations, this store lacked substantial furniture and home décor departments but was praised as Dayton’s most modern design-wise upon launch.[37]

In a notable career shift during 1978, Bob Dayton—son of former Dayton's president Donald Dayton—resigned from his executive role to acquire Harold, a rival upscale women's apparel retailer situated on Nicollet Mall near Dayton’s flagship Minneapolis store.[38] Harold had been experiencing declining sales partly due to absentee ownership. Bob Dayton sought new challenges by owning Harold and also developed The Conservatory shopping center directly across Nicollet Mall from Dayton’s flagship; however, this venture ultimately failed and was demolished.[39] Harold ceased operations in 1990.[40]

Continuing its expansion efforts in early 1978,[41] Dayton’s announced development of its fifth shopping center and first location within Wisconsin, situated in La Crosse. Valley View Mall (La Crosse, Wisconsin) launched in July of 1980 with Dayton’s among its four anchor tenants.[42]

March of that same year saw Dayton’s move its Home Store from Southdale Center to a newly built facility nearby within Edina.[43] This relocation was notable because it separated the Home Store from being housed within the same mall as the main Dayton’s outlet.

1980s

In June 1983, Kenneth Dayton, the final remaining Dayton brother involved with the company and instrumental in steering Dayton's into the contemporary business landscape, declared his retirement. This marked a historic moment for the company, as it was the first instance where no member of the Dayton family remained employed by Dayton's.

November 1984 saw the announcement of Dayton's third store in North Dakota. Situated within the Kirkwood Mall in Bismarck, North Dakota, this location occupied a space previously held by F.W. Woolworth Company and later Woolco. The store officially opened its doors on August 1, 1985.

Dayton's established itself as an innovator in holiday marketing with exclusive plush toys. In 1985, it launched Santabear, a bear-themed toy that achieved remarkable success, generating $300 million in revenue over nine years (adjusted for inflation). This achievement prompted competitors such as Macy's, Walmart, and Dayton's affiliate Target Corporation to develop their own seasonal plush offerings aimed at attracting holiday shoppers.

By July 1988, Dayton's revealed plans for expansion involving larger store footprints at its Southdale and Rosedale centers—the first new construction since the Bismarck store debut in 1985. This strategic move was largely viewed as a competitive response to the upcoming Mall of America project in nearby Bloomington, Minnesota. The expansions included building new structures adjacent to existing stores, which themselves were slated for renovations to host an additional 50 retailers at Southdale and 30 at Rosedale.

1990s

In April 1990, the department-store segment of Dayton–Hudson Corporation purchased Marshall Field's from Batus Inc. for $1.04 billion (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year). The acquiring company intended to maintain the Marshall Field's brand due to its strong reputation and recognition.

Dayton's continued its expansion into Wisconsin by launching a new store in August 1991 at Oakwood Mall in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.[44] Following earlier plans announced in 1988,[45] Dayton-Hudson also opened a Dayton's store in the summer of 1991 at Fox River Mall in Appleton, Wisconsin, replacing a nearby Marshall Field's location that had been closed.[46]

With the debut of the Mall of America in 1992, Dayton's reportedly reached an agreement with Equitable Real Estate Investment Management Inc., which owned both Southdale Center and Rosedale Center. Under this arrangement, Dayton's committed to remain at Southdale and Rosedale rather than relocating to the Mall of America. In return, Equitable provided $40 million for Dayton's to build larger stores at these two malls. Dayton's then transferred ownership of its older stores to Equitable, which converted those spaces into additional mall retail areas.[47]

The new Dayton's store at Southdale Center opened in August 1990. This four-story location encompassed 370,000 square feet and offered numerous contemporary features,[48] replacing the original smaller Dayton's store. The corresponding Rosedale Center store, measuring 260,000 square feet, began operations in summer 1991.[49]

In October 1996, Dayton's opened a new Twin Cities location at Maplewood Mall in the suburb of Maplewood, marking its first new Twin Cities store since the Edina Home Store launch in 1978.[50][51] This store occupied the former space of Carson's, one of eight Carson's locations acquired by Dayton's in a $74 million (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) cash transaction completed in 1995 after Twin Cities Carson's stores had closed.[52][53]

Dayton's also inaugurated a remodeled former Carson's site within Ridgedale Center, establishing a second location there dedicated to men's apparel and home goods.[54] Having experienced space limitations for years at Ridgedale, expanding into two separate stores was advantageous and also served as a strategic effort to deter Nordstrom from entering the mall, as Nordstrom had shown interest in Ridgedale Center.[55] Ultimately, Nordstrom did open a location within the mall.

Target Corporation

In January 2000, Dayton-Hudson Corporation officially changed its name to Target Corporation. Recognizing that Target stores accounted for 80% of its total revenue and that the Target brand enjoyed greater national recognition, the company decided to adopt the name that best represented its future direction. Although it was uncommon for a corporation to take on the name of one of its retail brands, Target had been Dayton-Hudson’s leading revenue generator for over two decades, and investors responded positively to the rebranding.

Name change

By January 2001, Dayton's and Hudson's stores in Minneapolis-St. Paul and Detroit were rebranded under the Marshall Field's banner, a name with broader national appeal. This strategic rebranding aimed to unify the company's presence in an increasingly digital marketplace. Consequently, Dayton's well-known seasonal sales events, such as the Daisy Sale in summer and Jubilee Sale in fall, were renamed "Field Days" starting in 2001. The transition began with the shutdown of Dayton's website in May 2001, redirecting customers to Marshall Field's online platform. Later that year, all Dayton's locations—including eight in the Twin Cities, plus stores in St. Cloud, Rochester, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin—officially adopted the Marshall Field's nameplate.

Sale and final name change

Following speculation dating back to 1995 about May Department Stores' interest in acquiring Dayton's, Target Corporation announced in 2004 the sale of the Marshall Field's department store division. This transaction included 62 stores across Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. In the same year, Target divested its Mervyn's chain through a $1.65 billion deal with a private investment group; Mervyn's later filed for bankruptcy in 2008.

In February 2005, May Department Stores merged with Federated Department Stores—the parent company of Macy's—in an $11 billion transaction. By September of that year, plans were unveiled to rebrand all Marshall Field's locations as Macy's stores. This marked the end of Marshall Field’s identity as a distinct upscale Midwestern department store brand—along with the recently retired Dayton’s and Hudson’s names.

Macy’s announced in 2017 that its downtown Minneapolis flagship store—originally Dayton’s before becoming Marshall Field’s in 2001 and Macy’s in 2006—would close its doors permanently. The final day of operation was March 19, 2017, concluding over a century of retail history at that site. The building was acquired for $40 million by 601W Cos., an investment company specializing in renovating and reselling historic skyscrapers. In a creative redevelopment honoring its heritage while modernizing for contemporary use, the property was transformed into "The Dayton's Project," a mixed-use complex featuring retail outlets, office space, and entertainment venues that incorporate restored elements from the original Dayton’s store.

Dayton's Store Locations

Dayton’s Retail Sites
Location City State Opening Year Closing Year
Southdale Center Edina Minnesota 1956 Closed August 1990; relocated within Southdale Center to a new building
Downtown Minneapolis Minnesota 1902 Shut down by Macy's in 2017; site redeveloped
Southdale Home Store Edina Minnesota 1978 Operated as Macy's Home Store; closed in 2024 and slated for demolition
Southdale Center Edina Minnesota 1990 Currently functions as Macy's
Rochester Rochester Minnesota 1954 Closed in 1972; operations moved to Apache Mall location
Apache Mall Rochester Minnesota 1972 Continues operating as Macy's
Downtown St Paul Schuneman’s Building St Paul Minnesota 1958 Closed in 1963; relocated to Wabasha Street
Downtown St Paul Wabasha Street St Paul Minnesota 1963 Closed by Macy's in 2013
Brookdale Center Brooklyn Center Minnesota 1966 Macy's closed in 2009; building demolished
Rosedale Center (original) Roseville Minnesota 1969 Closed summer of 1991; moved to new Rosedale Center building
Rosedale Center (new) Roseville Minnesota 1991 Operates under Macy's brand
Ridgedale Center (main) Minnetonka Minnesota 1974 Expanded in 2014; currently Macy's location
Ridgedale Center Men’s and Home Store Minnetonka Minnesota 1995 Closed by Macy's in 2013; demolished for Nordstrom construction
Crossroads Center St. Cloud Minnesota 1976 Functions as Macy's store
Burnsville Center Burnsville Minnesota 1977 Operated as Macy's until early 2025; now closed
Empire Mall Sioux Falls South Dakota 1978 Continues operation as Macy's
Valley View Mall La Crosse Wisconsin 1980 Closed by Macy's in 2017
West Acres Shopping Center Fargo North Dakota 1973 Currently operates as Macy's
Columbia Mall Grand Forks North Dakota 1978 Closed by Macy's in 2017
Kirkwood Mall Bismarck North Dakota 1985 Closed by May Department Stores in 2005; demolished for Target development
Oakwood Mall Eau Claire Wisconsin 1991 Shut down by Macy's in 2017
Fox River Mall Appleton Wisconsin 1991 Remains open as Macy's
Maplewood Mall Maplewood Minnesota 1996 Operated as Macy's until March 2025; now closed

See also

References

Template:Ref list

External links

Further reading

  • Atwater, Isaac (1893). History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Munsell.
  • Leebrick, Kristal. Dayton's: A Twin Cities Institution (The History Press, 2013). excerpt
  • Rowley, Laura (2003). On Target. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-25067-8

Template:Marshall Field's history

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  29. ↑ http://burnsvillehistory.org/cpg/albums/userpics/10002/BV_Center__30million.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
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