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Dreamland (Coney Island, 1904)

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Dreamland
Company typePrivate
IndustryAmusement park
Founded1904
FounderWilliam H. Reynolds
Defunct1911
FateDestroyed by fire; site redeveloped
Headquarters
Brooklyn, New York City
,
United States
Area served
Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City
Key people
William H. Reynolds, Samuel W. Gumpertz, Wells Hawks
ProductsAmusement park attractions and entertainment

Dreamland was an amusement park situated in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York City, active from 1904 until 1911. It was the final addition among Coney Island's trio of major original parks, alongside Steeplechase Park and Luna Park. Positioned between Surf Avenue and the Atlantic Ocean, Dreamland was designed in a horseshoe shape with a pier extending southward. Its attractions included enlarged versions of Luna Park rides, a human zoo, early roller coasters, a Shoot the Chute ride, and a Venice-themed replica. The park also presented theatrical performances with moral narratives and featured exhibit halls such as the Pompeiian, Electricity, and Submarine Boat buildings.

In July 1903, former state senator William H. Reynolds revealed plans for an amusement venue intended to rival Luna Park, initially named the Hippodrome. Construction commenced in December 1903, leading to Dreamland's grand opening on May 15, 1904. Operating seasonally from May through September, Reynolds regularly refreshed the park’s entertainment and attractions each year. Although Coney Island reached its height of popularity by the late 1900s, Dreamland found it difficult to match the success of the more efficiently run Luna Park.

On May 27, 1911, early in its eighth season, a fire ignited when a worker accidentally overturned a bucket of hot pitch. The blaze quickly engulfed most wooden structures, exacerbated by inadequate water pressure that hampered firefighting efforts; fortunately, no deaths were reported. The northern section along Surf Avenue was swiftly redeveloped with concession stands. In 1912, after extended disputes over compensation, the city acquired the southern portion through condemnation. By 1921, the site had been converted into a parking lot, later transformed into a recreational center in 1935, and eventually became home to the New York Aquarium starting in 1957.

Development

From 1880 through World War II, Coney Island stood as America’s largest amusement destination, attracting millions each year. The opening of Sea Lion Park in 1895 marked the first amusement park to charge admission fees and paved the way for George C. Tilyou's Steeplechase Park in 1897—the first major amusement park on Coney Island. In 1903, Frederic Thompson and Elmer "Skip" Dundy inaugurated Luna Park on the former Sea Lion Park grounds. Inspired by Luna Park’s success, former state senator and Brooklyn real estate developer William H. Reynolds sought to build Dreamland as a competitor with a more sophisticated design contrasting Luna Park’s bustling atmosphere.

In July 1903, Reynolds announced his vision for an amusement park rivaling Luna Park that would draw inspiration from London’s Hippodrome. He reportedly spent $180,000 acquiring a pier and $447,500 securing two parcels at Surf Avenue and West Eighth Street—properties previously owned by John Y. McKane and including sites such as the Coney Island Athletic Club arena and the Culver Depot. To purchase these lands below market value, Reynolds utilized nominal buyers acting as proxies. He also arranged with the New York City Board of Estimate to remove West Eighth Street from city maps since it bisected the parcels and contained a trolley terminal.

Initially called the Hippodrome, Reynolds and his partners established the Wonderland Company in August 1903 with $1.2 million capital to develop the park. Planned features included an amusement pier with a dance hall and bathing pavilion as well as a central tower intended to surpass Luna Park’s height. The company secured ownership of the land in September 1903 via a $200,000 mortgage loan from Title Guarantee and Trust Company. The Edison Company was contracted to provide illumination for Dreamland, anticipating that it would boast more electric lights than all of Coney Island combined during the previous season.

Construction began in December 1903 with approximately 2,000 workers employed around the clock by Edward Johnson Company. By January 1904, the name Dreamland had been adopted for the park. Reynolds reportedly invested $3.5 million to exceed Luna Park’s scale; Dreamland featured one million lights compared to Luna’s quarter million and offered more intricate firefighting demonstrations. It further distinguished itself by introducing innovative attractions alongside operating a private beach and bathhouse—amenities absent at Luna Park due to its inland location. Samuel W. Gumpertz played a key role in shaping the park’s development.

1904 to 1907

Dreamland commenced operations on May 15, 1904, debuting with a fire spectacle that involved 4,000 performers. The park launched burdened with $1.9 million in debt, surpassing the financial commitment made to rival Luna Park. Entry fees were set at 10 cents during weekdays and 15 cents on weekends, with individual rides costing up to 25 cents. The inaugural season concluded on September 24, 1904. Despite speculation about bankruptcy, Reynolds announced a net profit of $400,000 for that year. The Leapfrog Railway roller coaster was introduced in 1905.

For the 1905 season, running from May 13 to September 24, Reynolds allocated $500,000 towards new attractions. Among the highlights was a $250,000 Creation myth performance imported from the 1904 St. Louis Exposition, a Roman hippodrome display, replacement of the submarine ride with the Hell Gate boat ride, and a Japanese-themed theater. In May of that year, Dreamland’s pier was temporarily shut down due to safety concerns related to crowd capacity.

The 1906 season saw numerous shows replaced and the pier reconstructed. New features included a dramatization of the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, a Moqui Indian village exhibit, a revamped Creation show, and the Touring New York automobile exhibition. The park opened on May 20 and introduced vaudeville performances in June before closing on September 24.

Ahead of the 1907 season, concessionaire William Ellis launched the Orient attraction centered around a theater showcasing various performances. Dreamland also added a new administrative building and expanded entertainment options. Opening on May 18 with a $50 prize awarded to the first visitor, the park operated until September 21. By this time, several shows incorporated moralistic themes such as "The End of the World" and "Feast of Beshazzar and the Destruction of Babylon."

1908 to 1911

By the late 1900s, Coney Island was drawing millions of visitors annually. Despite numerous amusement options, Dreamland faced challenges competing with the more efficiently managed Luna Park. For its 1908 season, Dreamland implemented free admission on weekdays (excluding rides) to increase attendance. The park operated from May 23 to September 20, adding a new auditorium seating 1,000 and introducing shows like Freak Street and Moroccan Jugglers. Following the season’s end, Wells Hawks was appointed head of publicity while Gumpertz assumed general manager duties.

Prior to the 1909 season, approximately 4,000 workers refurbished many attractions. The ballroom was expanded to accommodate 1,500 couples; additional features included a wisteria garden, circus ring, scenic railway roller coaster, Deep Sea Divers exhibit, and a Filipino village. Dreamland’s sixth season spanned from May 15 to September 19. That year saw New York City Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. enforce blue laws restricting live Sunday performances from seven days to six per week despite opposition from Reynolds and park management. City authorities also criticized free circus acts and the costumes worn by Filipino villagers.

In February 1910, Kings County sheriff announced an auction of Dreamland on behalf of major bondholders Eugene Wood and Joseph Huber aiming for reorganization. By March, Huber and Wood had acquired ownership through this auction. The seventh season ran from May 14 to September 18 and introduced attractions such as Alligator Joe’s alligator and crocodile farm, a Bornean village exhibit, and the Trip to the North Pole ride.

For the 1911 season, Dreamland undertook strategic improvements: buildings were repainted in white and red; structures near Surf Avenue were replaced by a lighting plant featuring 130,000 bulbs; rides including Great Divide and Canals of Venice were expanded. The ballroom and restaurant relocated closer to Surf Avenue; the previous ballroom space was converted into a skating rink; and the bathing pavilion underwent significant enlargement. Thirty new shows premiered including Joseph Ferari’s animal act, a biblical Sacrifice performance, and an exhibit of "human curiosities." Additional additions featured a miniature subway system, carousel, and dual-tracked roller coaster. Popular existing attractions such as Bostock's Wild Animals continued drawing crowds. Omar Sami was hired as carnival barker for the eighth season opening on May 20, 1911.

Fire

Although certain sections of Coney Island had adopted fire prevention measures following a 1902 blaze, Dreamland itself lacked adequate safeguards and remained highly susceptible to fire hazards. In the early hours of May 27, 1911, during final repairs on the Hell Gate ride conducted by Samuel Engelstein's roofing firm, a worker inadvertently knocked over a bucket filled with hot pitch. This accident caused nearby light bulbs to shatter, sparking a fire. Driven by strong ocean winds, the flames quickly engulfed the park. This incident marked the first time the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) responded to a double-nine-alarm fire in Brooklyn, mobilizing units from across the borough.

Despite the presence of a high-pressure water pumping station near Coney Island Creek capable of delivering 150 psi, the water pressure dropped dramatically to 35 psi during the emergency. Although Coney Island’s firehouse was located nearby, other FDNY teams faced lengthy travel times, limiting firefighting efforts to containment from the park’s outer boundaries. Thousands of spectators gathered as firefighters concentrated on protecting neighboring structures. Several buildings along Surf Avenue’s southern side caught fire, while most structures on the northern side remained unscathed.

Park proprietors Bonavita and Ferari endeavored to rescue animals; some managed to flee, but approximately 60 perished. Among these incidents, a lion named Black Prince escaped and was fatally shot after climbing onto a roller coaster. Another animal, Sultan, succumbed after being shot multiple times and struck with an axe. Initial reports erroneously claimed that incubator babies had died; however, all infants were saved by NYPD sergeant Frederick Klinck and others. The New York Times later amended its report to reflect this.

The fire spread eastward to Balmer's bathing pavilion at West 5th Street and westward up to the Giant Coaster at West 10th Street. The coaster and several brick buildings near the central tower acted as natural firebreaks. The tower collapsed shortly after 3 a.m., with all attractions consumed by flames by 3:30 a.m. Water pressure returned to normal levels around 4 a.m., but by then Dreamland was largely destroyed. The fire was fully extinguished by 5 a.m.

Aftermath

Initial damage assessments by the NYPD estimated losses at $4 million, with other evaluations ranging between $2.25 million and $5 million. Nearly everything within Dreamland was obliterated, including the adjacent hotel owned by the Dicker family and both piers associated with the park. Only one structure survived without damage, and all concession stands were lost. The El Dorado Carousel, which had been relocated shortly before the blaze, escaped significant harm. Due to its construction primarily from flammable materials, Dreamland was deemed a high-risk property by insurers and carried only about $400,000 in coverage. A preliminary inquiry concluded that the fire originated from an electrical short circuit caused by tar spread across the floor.

As a consequence of the destruction, approximately 1,600 employees of Dreamland were rendered jobless, alongside 900 workers employed in surrounding businesses. Cleanup efforts commenced within hours after firefighting operations ended, with some attractions reopening as soon as the following day. On May 28, 1911, Coney Island drew an estimated crowd of 350,000 visitors; vendors took advantage of this influx by displaying debris and rescued animals from Dreamland. Attempts were also made to salvage parts of the Giant Racing Coaster. Following this disaster, the New York State Legislature passed laws prohibiting infant incubators in amusement parks.

The catastrophic fire at Dreamland adversely affected rival parks by discouraging potential visitors who might have otherwise chosen Dreamland as their destination.

Condemnation proceedings

Following the fire, Reynolds promptly declared he had no intention of reconstructing Dreamland.[1][2] Within two days, he suggested offering the property to New York City at a "fair price" to be transformed into a public park.[3][4] The Times Union cited a figure of $3 million,[5] which Reynolds contested, explaining that this sum pertained to a 40-acre area adjacent to the park.[6][7] In June 1911, the NYC Board of Estimate began evaluating the acquisition,[8][9] and by late July, they voted to obtain Dreamland through condemnation.[10][11] By October, the board authorized spending $1 million for a 7-acre segment,[12][13] excluding the northernmost 200 feet along Surf Avenue, effectively dividing the property.[14] Brooklyn borough president Alfred E. Steers supported selling the plot and constructing a boardwalk along the shoreline.[15][16]

Title disputes emerged concerning Dreamland's ownership.[17][18] The Morey and Lott families asserted that much of Coney Island was held under a quitclaim deed issued by Nicholas Johnson without legitimate authority.[17] In February 1912, Barnet Morey's descendants initiated legal action against Dreamland,[19] prompting the city to establish a condemnation commission tasked with determining appropriate compensation.[20] Title officially transferred to the city in March 1912.[21] However, litigation caused delays,[22][23] and in May 1913, a court rejected the Morey-Lott claims,[24][25] granting merely $1,000 in damages to the Dreamland Company.[26]

By late 1914, the condemnation commission had assigned awards totaling $2.189 million to property holders including Dreamland Company, Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad (PP&CI), and the Balmer family.[21][27][28][29] This amount was lowered to approximately $2.1 million in June 1915,[30] but subsequent appeals by the city prolonged the process.[14] In early 1916, the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division deemed the awards granted to Dreamland and PP&CI excessive.[31][32] A second commission reduced compensation to $1.4 million in February 1919,[33] notifying state officials that October;[34][35] by this point, condemnation-related expenses had accumulated to $800,000.[20] The State Supreme Court was petitioned in June 1920 to ratify the adjusted award, marking eight years since proceedings commenced.[36][37]

Northern section

By mid-1911, independent operators had reconstructed booths along the northern edge facing Surf Avenue, while the remainder of the park stayed in ruins. In 1912, this northern area featured various sideshows and shooting galleries. Starting in 1914, Gumpertz leased the property in sections, intending to revive the attractions. By 1915, under the name Dreamland, the area included roller coasters, sideshows, and shooting galleries. Film producer William Fox purchased the northern parcel at auction in March 1921 for $407,750 and subsequently sold it in June to Gumpertz and William M. Greve for $450,000. Although plans were made to reconstruct the park, these ambitions were never realized.

Southern section

Following the 1911 fire, the southern portion of the park remained undeveloped for many years; remaining structures were demolished by 1915. This land was designated for the proposed but never built Seaside Park. New York City aimed to rebuild Dreamland’s pier and stabilize it with rock fill by mid-1914; however, two years later the pier was still not reconstructed. A 1919 proposal to erect a bathhouse on this site was declined. By 1921, the city had transformed its section into a parking lot measuring approximately 1000 by 200 feet, which expanded to accommodate 2,000 vehicles by 1922 and included a seasonal ice-skating rink.

In 1926, Morris Auditore and Harry Shea secured a lease from the city for this land; despite initial legal disputes, their lease was upheld. The following year, proposals to sell or repurpose the property for public use were blocked by New York City’s Board of Aldermen. Auditore and Shea operated the parking facility until 1933 when they could no longer afford the $26,000 annual rent. The city then leased it to Irving Rosoff; however, park commissioner Robert Moses terminated this lease in 1934.

By 1935, new plans surfaced to redevelop Dreamland into an 11-acre recreational complex featuring handball courts, ping-pong tables, shuffleboard areas, an open space for archery, over 600 trees planted throughout, and a link to the Riegelmann Boardwalk.

In 1941, there was consideration to relocate the New York Aquarium to Dreamland’s site following Castle Clinton’s closure. Although a $1.5 million oceanarium spanning 10 acres was announced in 1943, it did not open until 1957. Today, the New York Aquarium occupies the entire former Dreamland location. A significant relic—a 500-pound bronze bell from Dreamland’s pier—was recovered from the Atlantic Ocean in 2009 and is regarded as one of the few major surviving artifacts from the original pier.

Description

Dreamland occupied a tract bordered by Surf Avenue, West 5th Street, the Atlantic Ocean, and West 10th Street. At its height, it employed approximately 14,000 workers and could accommodate over 100,000 visitors simultaneously. Its scale exceeded that of nearby Luna Park; Dreamland featured a larger central tower and was illuminated by one million electric bulbs outlining its structures—four times as many as Luna Park. A representative from Edison Company noted in 1903 that Dreamland’s lighting contract was the largest ever awarded in the United States and possibly worldwide. Lighting expenses reached $4,000 weekly with $100 spent nightly just to illuminate the central tower.

The Manhattan architectural firm Kirby, Petit & Green designed Dreamland’s buildings which were typically painted in pale hues and covered with artificial stone facades. Construction incorporated approximately 1,700 short tons of asbestos for fireproofing alongside ninety miles of utility piping. Nonetheless, building frameworks were made of lath covered with staff—a mixture of plaster and hemp fiber—rendering them highly susceptible to fire damage. Most attractions were painted white with green or yellow highlights except during the 1911 season when red and white colors predominated. Dreamland promoted itself as an educational venue symbolized by a female figure representing education positioned at its main entrance.

Layout and Attractions

The park was designed in a roughly horseshoe configuration, featuring a pier that extended southward toward the Atlantic Ocean. Several rides mirrored those found at Luna Park, including a submarine-themed attraction and a Shoot-the-Chutes replica. Various structures—such as the Pompeiian, Electricity, and Submarine Boat buildings—displayed exhibits. Each season introduced new attractions to the lineup. Walkways were constructed with gentle inclines and minimal steps to ensure smooth visitor movement.

Entrance and Lagoon

Dreamland’s primary entrance on Surf Avenue was marked by an arch resembling a theater’s proscenium arch, with dimensions approximately deep, high, and wide. Additional smaller entryways lined Surf Avenue. Visitors paid a ten-cent admission fee, followed by separate charges for individual attractions.

At the heart of the park lay a lagoon encircled by a promenade. Initially designed with flood gates intended to allow saltwater inflow during high tide, the lagoon measured about wide by long. It was crossed by a pedestrian bridge adorned with elaborate columns and sculpted lions. Beneath the promenade ran a miniature railway. Side shows were arranged around this central water feature. The surrounding buildings, crafted by Kirby, Petit & Green, showcased harmonious architectural styles that contrasted with Luna Park’s more eclectic aesthetic. A hippodrome track was constructed around the lagoon in 1906 but was replaced by bathhouses by 1910; additionally, a pergola was installed along the shoreline.

Positioned at the lagoon’s northern edge was the Beacon Tower, designed in French Renaissance style. The tower’s base measured , and it rose to approximately tall. Its facade, painted gold and white, included large arches, bas-reliefs carved by Perry Hinton, and was illuminated by 100,000 electric lights. Visitors could reach the rooftop via elevators; the top featured a decorative ball and eagle. The tower also housed water tanks with a capacity of . In 1905, Hiram Maxim’s Airships attraction was introduced north of the tower, consisting of airships suspended from a tall framework.

East Side

On the park’s north side, just left of the Surf Avenue entrance, stood a medieval-themed gateway showcasing the performance Our Boys in Blue. Slightly south of this entrance was an illusion act created by Ben Morris. At the northeast corner of the park was Bostock’s wild animal exhibit housed within a Grecian-style building adorned with wild animal motifs. Adjacent to this exhibit was Chilkoot Pass, an oversized bagatelle board where visitors used their bodies as playing pieces; this attraction occupied a classical-style edifice featuring a proscenium arch entrance. Nearby stood the Haunted Swing and Funny Room attractions inside a building designed in Mission Revival style. Southward from these was a fishing pond operated by comedian Andrew Mack, contained within a structure resembling a boat and lighthouse.

To the east of the lagoon and adjacent to the fishing pond was a papier-mâché replica of Venice, complete with canals navigated by gondolas and featuring a reproduction of the Doge's Palace. The Doge's Palace housed the Canals of Venice ride, which highlighted additional Venetian landmarks. Next to this stood Coasting Through Switzerland, a scenic railway roller coaster themed around Swiss alpine landscapes. Its building exhibited Art Nouveau design elements and boasted a golden proscenium arch approximately wide and high. Attached to this attraction was Fighting the Flames, a show where 2,000 participants simulated firefighting efforts every half hour. The building for this show resembled a seven-story hotel with small retail shops but was replaced in 1906 by an earthquake-themed performance inspired by San Francisco’s disaster that year.

West side

Positioned near the park's southwest boundary was the "Lilliputian Village," a so-called human zoo styled as a 15th-century German settlement. This area was staffed by around three hundred little people, who maintained their own dedicated livery tent, stable, laundry facilities, and fire brigade. Close by stood the Destruction of Pompeii exhibit, designed in Greek architectural style, illustrating the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The Electricity Building, characterized by a machinery-themed exterior, contained the park’s mechanical operations. Another venue featured a submarine ride named Over and Under the Sea, which was replaced in 1905 by the Hell Gate boat ride incorporating a whirlpool effect. Access to LaMarcus Adna Thompson’s Thompson Scenic Railway, which predated the park itself, was provided through an entrance styled in Art Nouveau fashion.

By 1907, this southwestern section was transformed with the introduction of the Orient attraction, highlighted by an enormous staff arch and surrounding structures including a theater. In 1909, Gumpertz introduced a "Filipino village," displaying two hundred Igorot hunters.

At the northwest corner of the park stood a baby incubator facility designed to resemble a traditional German farmhouse, featuring brick on the lower walls and timber framing above with a tiled gable roof. This building cared for and exhibited premature babies, including triplets from the Dicker family; at that time, incubators were prohibited in hospitals but permitted in sideshows. Notably, two of these triplets survived into adulthood. Another nearby structure housed Wormwood's Dog and Monkey Show, adorned with motifs representing monkeys and dogs.

Oceanfront

The oceanfront pier at Dreamland included a large building containing both a restaurant and a ballroom, reportedly the largest ballroom in New York State at that time; it spanned approximately and measured around in dimensions. The ballroom featured an encircling balcony with a ceiling height reaching , illuminated by 10,000 lightbulbs. Adjacent to it was another restaurant covering . The pier’s lower level served as a ferry terminal equipped with booths and small entertainment venues, offering connections to Harlem, 23rd Street, and the Battery in Manhattan. Ferry fares were up to 35 cents and included park admission. This deck became known as the Bowery, modeled after Manhattan’s Chinatown and described by the Times Union as a place "where the lid will be off." Nearby lay a private section of Coney Island Beach.

Also on the oceanfront stood a two-story Japanese-style structure featuring a central tower that led visitors to an airship attraction and tea rooms. The airship exhibit showcased Alberto Santos-Dumont's Airship No. 9. Another attraction titled Seven Temptations of St. Anthony catered primarily to male guests. Along the lagoon’s edge were two Shoot-the-Chutes ramps capable of accommodating up to 7,000 riders per hour; boats seating twenty people slid down these ramps into the ocean below. The Leap-Frog Railway, a switchback railway positioned on a pier, operated two carts each holding 40 passengers that accelerated toward one another at high speed before narrowly avoiding collision.

Concessions

To generate publicity, Reynolds assigned the park's peanut and popcorn sales to Broadway star Marie Dressler, who hired young boys dressed as red-flannel imps to serve as vendors. Dressler was reportedly captivated by Captain Jack Bonavita, Dreamland's one-armed lion tamer. Bonavita, who led the lions in the Bostock animal arena, had lost his hand due to a severe infection caused by claw injuries.

Impact

Upon its debut, the New-York Tribune remarked that only an in-person visit could truly capture the essence of the park. A writer from the Brooklyn Daily Eagle described Dreamland as "an amusement city unto itself," attributing its success to the "thoughtful application of unlimited funds" aimed at providing wholesome entertainment for visitors. During its final complete season in 1910, Billboard praised Dreamland as "a magnificent Dreamland this year, and thoroughly wholesome throughout." Marcia Reiss (2014) referred to the park as a "brilliant white city" and recognized it as "Coney Island’s most magnificent yet briefest-lived amusement park." Its architectural style served as inspiration for similar venues globally, including Magic-City in Paris.

Dreamland’s legacy extends into popular culture: artist Philomena Marano produced works influenced by the park using papier collé in her American Dream-Land series. Musician Brian Carpenter created a theatrical concept that informed his second studio album with Beat Circus, entitled Dreamland. This album features Coney Island veteran Todd Robbins, with historical Dreamland visuals provided by the Coney Island Museum. In 2018, The Public Theater presented Fire in Dreamland, a play dramatizing the 1911 fire that destroyed the park.

See also

Sources

External links

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  13. ↑ New York City to Buy Two Big Seaside Parks
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