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Ilyushin Il-28

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Ilyushin Il-28
Company typeMilitary aircraft
IndustryAerospace
Founded1950
Headquarters
Soviet Union
ProductsMedium-range jet-powered bomber


Template:Infobox aircraft

The Ilyushin Il-28 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-28; NATO reporting name: Beagle) is a medium-range jet-powered bomber initially produced for the Soviet Air Forces, entering service in 1950. It was the Soviet Union's first jet bomber to be manufactured in significant quantities, with total Soviet production reaching 6,316 units.

The Harbin H-5 represents a Chinese-built version produced without official licensing. China manufactured more than 319 of these bombers, alongside 187 training model variants designated HJ-5. The Korean People's Army Air Force remains the sole current operator, operating roughly 80 aircraft believed to be a combination of Soviet and Chinese origin.

This bomber served as the USSR’s mainstay for both nuclear and conventional missions until the late 1950s, equipped to carry the RDS-4 nuclear weapon. China continued to operate it until around 2000. The Il-28 gained global prominence during the Cuban Missile Crisis, where it was deployed with tactical nuclear armaments. It was also distributed among Warsaw Pact members; notably, both Soviet forces and Hungarian insurgents flew Il-28s during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Chinese H-5 models saw action in the First Taiwan Strait Crisis and the 1959 Tibetan uprising. Egypt utilized Il-28s during the War of Attrition and the North Yemen civil conflict, including deployment of chemical weapons. Additionally, these bombers were extensively employed by forces in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Ba'athist Iraq, Nigeria, and briefly by North Vietnam.

Within U.S. military designation systems, the Il-28 carries the USAF/DoD code "Type 27" and is known by NATO as "Beagle". Its trainer version, the Il-28U, is identified as "Type 30" by USAF/DoD and carries the NATO codename Mascot.

Design and development

Following several efforts to create a four-engine bomber, such as the Lyulka TR-1 powered Ilyushin Il-22 and the unbuilt Rolls-Royce Derwent powered Ilyushin Il-24, the Ilyushin Design Bureau initiated work on a new jet-powered tactical bomber in late 1947. While Western intelligence concentrated on the four-engine projects, the twin-engine Ilyushin Il-28 was developed to fulfill a requirement for a bomber capable of carrying a 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb) bomb load at a speed of 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph). The design leveraged the acquisition of several Rolls-Royce Nene jet engines sold by Great Britain to the Soviet Union, enabling Soviet engineers to rapidly produce an unlicensed version of the Nene, known as the RD-45. Consequently, Ilyushin designed the new bomber around two RD-45 engines.

The Il-28 was more compact compared to earlier designs and housed a crew of three members: pilot, navigator, and gunner. It was also smaller than Tupolev’s competing design, the three-engine (two Nenes and one Rolls-Royce Derwent) Tupolev Tu-73, which had been underway well before the Il-28 project and had flown prior to its official approval.

File:C01 152 Il 28, Heckschützenstand.jpg
An Il-28 painted in Finnish markings, highlighting the tail-mounted gun turret with a window for the rear gunner. This example was configured as a target tug; the orange target is deployed by the device visible beneath it.

The Il-28 featured a conventional design with high-mounted, unswept wings and a swept horizontal tailplane and vertical fin. The engines were housed in prominent nacelles mounted directly beneath the wings. Its nosewheel retracted rearward, while the main landing gear retracted forward into the engine nacelles. The three crew members occupied separate pressurized compartments: the navigator, doubling as the bombardier, sat in a glazed nose section equipped with an OPB-5 bombsight inspired by the American Norden bombsight from World War II; the pilot was positioned under a sideways-opening bubble canopy featuring an armored windshield; and the gunner was located in an aft fuselage compartment operating a power-driven turret armed with twin Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 23 mm cannons loaded with 250 rounds each. In some operational instances, this turret was removed to reduce weight. While both pilot and navigator were provided with ejector seats, the gunner had to exit through a floor hatch and parachute out in emergencies. Additionally, two fixed forward-firing 23 mm cannons with 100 rounds each were installed beneath the nose and controlled by the pilot. The bomb bay within the fuselage could accommodate either four 100 kg (220 lb) bombs in individual racks or single large bombs weighing up to 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) suspended from a beam.

File:Il-28 bomb rack.JPG
Bomb bay of an Il-28

A distinctive aspect of the Il-28’s construction was its modular assembly: wings and tail sections were horizontally split through their midsections, while the fuselage was divided vertically along its centerline. This allowed each segment to be built separately and outfitted with systems before being bolted together during final assembly. Although this approach slightly increased structural weight, it simplified manufacturing processes and proved cost-effective.

The first prototype flew on 8 July 1948, powered by two imported Nene engines and piloted by Vladimir Kokkinaki. Flight tests were successful, demonstrating good handling characteristics and achieving speeds of up to 833 km/h (518 mph). The second prototype followed on 30 December 1948, featuring domestically produced RD-45 engines instead of imported Nenes. After completing state trials in early 1949, large-scale production was authorized on 14 May 1949, incorporating an improved RD-45 variant—the Klimov VK-1—to enhance performance. The initial pre-production aircraft equipped with VK-1 engines took flight on 8 August 1949; these models included redesigned engine nacelles aimed at reducing drag and repositioned navigation radar radomes from the rear fuselage to just behind the nosewheel.

Mass production commenced across three factories in September 1949, with deliveries to service units beginning early in 1950. This enabled approximately 25 Il-28s to be showcased during Moscow’s May Day parade that year—a display mandated by Joseph Stalin upon ordering production in 1949. The Il-28 rapidly became the Soviet Union’s primary tactical bomber and was extensively exported worldwide.

Operational history

File:Polski bombowiec IŁ-28 ląduje ze spadochronem hamującym - 1959 r.jpg
Polish Il-28 landing with drag chute, 1959
File:EAF IL-28 Attrition.jpg
Egyptian Il-28 conducting strikes against IDF positions in Sinai during the War of Attrition (1967).
File:A formation of five brand-new EAF Il-28 bombers, seen at low level over Cairo during a parade in September 1956. As it seems the EAF Il-28s were initially not given serials, but wore code-letters, like E, F, N etc. instead..jpg
Five newly delivered EAF Il-28 bombers flying low over Cairo during a parade in September 1956. Early Egyptian Il-28s appeared to use code letters such as E, F, N rather than serial numbers.
File:Ilyushin Il-28 bombers at Uiju airfield, North Korea, 2013.jpeg
Il-28/H-5 aircraft at Uiju Airfield, North Korea, 2013. As of Template:Lc=y, the Korean People's Army Air Force remains the sole operator of this model.

The Il-28 enjoyed extensive export success, serving with approximately 20 air forces worldwide, including Warsaw Pact members as well as various Middle Eastern and African nations. Egypt was among the first operators; consequently, Egyptian Il-28s were prime targets for the Royal Air Force during the Suez Crisis and later by the Israeli Air Force throughout the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War.

During the North Yemen Civil War, which began in 1963, Egyptian Il-28s were deployed not only against royalist factions but also conducted bombing raids on Saudi Arabian cities such as Jizan, Najran, and Khamis Mushait. In 1966, it is believed that two Egyptian Il-28s were downed near Sanaa by Royal Saudi Air Force Hawker Hunters piloted by British aviators.

Plans for local assembly of the Il-28 in Cuba were underway before being halted due to the Cuban Missile Crisis, after which Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev consented to their removal. The aircraft also saw limited deployment in Vietnam and among Afghan forces during conflicts in Afghanistan. The Nigerian Air Force operated six Il-28s—four formerly Egyptian and two Soviet—with Egyptian crews during the Biafra Wars. Meanwhile, Finland acquired four Il-28s between 1961 and 1966 primarily for target towing; these remained active into the 1980s.

By the late 1950s, the Soviet Union had reassigned the Il-28 to secondary roles. The introduction of the supersonic Yak-28 in the early 1960s replaced the Beagle's function in low-level attack missions; nonetheless, certain Il-28 variants continued in Soviet service through to the 1980s. The final Soviet-produced units remained operational in Egypt into the 1990s.

China received over 250 Soviet-built Il-28s starting from 1952. Following the onset of the Sino-Soviet split in the late 1950s, China proceeded to manufacture its own versions without an official license. Chinese-built models featured modifications such as a redesigned wing structure eliminating the horizontal manufacturing joint, reducing weight by approximately 110 kilograms (240 lb) but complicating construction. Additionally, Chinese versions incorporated a different tail turret inspired by that of the Tupolev Tu-16, armed with faster-firing AM-23 cannons.

On 11 November 1965, an H-5 pilot defected to Taiwan along with two crew members; one crewman committed suicide before landing. Taiwan hailed them as anti-communist heroes; however, only two survivors joined the Republic of China Air Force without flight duties. Another defection occurred on 25 August 1985 when an H-5 pilot crash-landed in a South Korean rice field after running out of fuel while being directed to Gunsan airfield. This incident resulted in fatalities including the navigator and a local farmer. The pilot received asylum in Taiwan, whereas a radio operator and aircraft were returned to China.

Chinese-manufactured Il-28s—designated H-5 and produced by HAMC—remained operational into the 1990s within China itself and in smaller numbers with both North Korean and Romanian air forces. The primary Chinese variants include the H-5 bomber, HJ-5 trainer, H-5R (HZ-5) long-range reconnaissance platform (in contrast to reconnaissance variants of the Shenyang J-6), and subsequently the HD-5 electronic countermeasures/electronic warfare support measures model; however, both reconnaissance and ECM versions have since been retired.

The Korean People's Army Air Force continues to operate some Il-28/H-5 aircraft, though details remain scarce regarding whether their fleet comprises original Soviet deliveries from the 1960s or exclusively Chinese-produced H-5s. It is likely that some airframes are maintained for spare parts to support a small number—estimated around a dozen—of operational units. These aircraft provide North Korea with a capability to strike targets within South Korea and western Japan despite their vulnerability to contemporary surface-to-air missile systems and interceptors.

Several examples of Ilyushin Il-28 bombers have been preserved as museum exhibits or monuments across Russia, Germany, Hungary, and other countries.

Soviet Union variants

Note: Variants are listed in chronological order based on their development or production dates.

Il-28
The standard three-seat bomber model, equipped with two VK-1 engines.
File:Egyptian Il-28 Beagle.JPEG
An Il-28U trainer operated by the Egyptian Air Force in 1981.
Il-28U
A training variant without armament, featuring a redesigned nose with an instructor's cockpit, while the trainee occupied the original pilot seat. Its maiden flight occurred on 18 March 1950.
Il-28R
A tactical reconnaissance aircraft with three crew members, incorporating additional fuel tanks in the bomb bay and wingtip tanks, and removal of one forward-firing cannon. The landing gear was strengthened to support increased weight. It first flew on 19 April 1950.
Il-28RTR
An ELINT adaptation of the Il-28R.
Il-28REB
A version specialized in electronic warfare and jamming, equipped with electronic pods mounted on the wingtips replacing former wing tanks.
Il-28T
A Torpedo bomber variant designed for the Soviet Naval Aviation, capable of carrying either two small torpedoes or a single large torpedo—including RAT-52 rocket-propelled types—in an extended weapons bay.
Il-28N
A nuclear-capable bomber for the Soviet Air Force featuring a modified bomb bay and upgraded avionics systems. Known also as Il-28A, where "N" stands for Nositel (carrier) and "A" for Atomnyy (atomic).
Il-28P
A civilian conversion intended for Aeroflot, serving as a jet transition trainer and transporting high-priority cargo such as newspaper matrices used to print Pravda and Izvestia simultaneously across Moscow, Sverdlovsk, and Novosibirsk. Also referred to as Ilyushin Il-20.
Il-28S
A proposed swept-wing design powered by more potent Klimov VK-5 engines. This version was never constructed.
Il-28RM
A modified Il-28R fitted with VK-5 engines. Only one prototype was built along with two similarly converted bombers lacking distinct designations; no mass production followed.
Il-28TM
A single conversion of the Il-28T incorporating VK-5 engines; it did not enter production.
Il-28PL
An anti-submarine warfare adaptation of either the Il-28 bomber or Il-28T torpedo bomber, capable of deploying sonobuoys or acoustic homing torpedoes under guidance from other anti-submarine units.
Il-28Sh
A ground attack (Shturmovik) modification of the Il-28 featuring twelve underwing pylons for rocket pods. Only a limited number were converted and saw restricted operational use.
Il-28ZA
Designed for atmospheric sampling missions.
Il-28M
An Il-28 variant converted into a target drone, also known as M-28.

Czechoslovak Variants

B-228
This was the Czechoslovak label for Il-28 aircraft produced in the Soviet Union.[1]
CB-228
Used by Czechoslovakia to identify Soviet-manufactured Il-28U models.[1]

Chinese Variants

H-5
Known as Hongzhaji (meaning bomber), this is the standard three-seat tactical bomber. The design merged structural elements from both halves of the Soviet Il-28 airframe into a unified construction. It is powered by WP-5 engines. Modifications to the tail structure were necessary due to the installation of H-6 tail turrets.[2]
H-5A
A presumed designation for an H-5 variant capable of carrying nuclear weapons.[3]
HD-5
Referred to as Hongzhaji Dian (bomber/electronic reconnaissance), this Chinese version serves as an ECM jamming platform.[4]
HJ-5
Known as Hongzhaji Jiaolianji (bomber trainer), this is a Chinese trainer model that closely follows the layout of the Il-28U.[2][5]
HZ-5
Called Hongzhaji Zhenchaji (bomber/reconnaissance), this tactical reconnaissance aircraft features underwing drop tanks instead of the Il-28R’s tip tanks.[2][4]
B-5
The export version of the H-5 bomber.[3]
B-5R
Export model derived from the HZ-5 reconnaissance variant.[4]
BT-5
The export trainer variant based on the HJ-5.[4]
H-5 Ying
The Ying (meaning eagle) served as an avionics testbed for the Xian JH-7 program.[6]
H-5B
A speculative label for an unflown H-5 test platform intended for WS-5 turbofan engines.[6]

Operators

File:World operators of the Il-28.png
Map showing Il-28 operators worldwide

Current

Template:PRK

Former

Template:Country data Afghanistan
Acquired a total of 54 aircraft, including four Il-28U trainers, beginning in 1957. Only trainer versions remained in service beyond 1994.[8][9] These aircraft were grounded during the civil conflict in the 1990s. Some units were showcased during military parades such as in 1984.[10]
Template:Country data Albania
The Aviation Regiment 4020 operated one Il-28 acquired in 1957 within 2 Skuadrilja (2nd Squadron). This aircraft was exchanged for a Chinese-built H-5 in 1971 and withdrawn from service in 1992.[11]
Template:DZA
Placed orders for fourteen Il-28s from the Soviet Union between 1965 and 1966. At least a dozen were subsequently transferred to Egypt following the Six-Day War.[12]
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1971–1990).svg Bulgaria
Received fourteen Il-28R reconnaissance variants and one Il-28U trainer in 1955, all retired by 1974.
Template:CHN
File:038 Harbin H-5 PLAAF (3223304620).jpg
This image depicts a Russian Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle' bomber manufactured under license in China as the Harbin H-5.
Template:CUB
A total of forty-two units were delivered in 1962 but were soon returned to the USSR following the Cuban Missile Crisis.[15]
Template:CZS
File:Ilyushin Il-28RT Beagle 2404 (8128775993).jpg
Reconnaissance variant with tip fuel tanks visible, msn 52404 at Vyskov Museum, Czech Republic, June 2012
File:Il-28R 47 pzlp.jpg
Ilyushin Il-28R LZ‑32 from the Czechoslovak Air Force's 47th Reconnaissance Regiment, spring of 1957
Designated locally as B‑228 for bombers and CB‑228 for trainers, these operated between 1954 and their retirement in 1973. Deliveries included approximately ninety Il‑28 bombers, thirty Il‑28RT reconnaissance variants, and an unspecified number of Il‑28Us.
Template:DDR
Operated twelve Il‑28 bombers and one trainer between 1954 and their phase-out in 1982, mainly utilized for target towing and engine testing roles.
Template:EGY
Received seventy Czechoslovak-built Il‑28s in advance of the Suez Crisis in 1956. The Israeli Defense Forces prioritized these aircraft as primary targets during the Six-Day War.[16]
Template:FIN
Acquired four aircraft during the 1960s—one IL‑28 bomber and three reconnaissance versions coded NH‑1 through NH‑4. They were employed for target towing, maritime patrols, reconnaissance missions, and aerial mapping until their retirement in 1981. The code NH originated from Neuvostoliittolainen Hinauskone (Soviet towplane), but pilots nicknamed them Nikita after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (spelled Hruštšov in Finnish).[17]
Template:Country data Hungarian People's Republic
Template:IDN
The 21st Air Squadron based at Kemayoran Air Force Base, Jakarta received fourteen Il‑28 bombers, two Il‑28T torpedo bombers, two reconnaissance Il‑28Rs, and four trainers between 1959 and 1961. During Operation Trikora in 1962 aimed at Western New Guinea’s conquest, two units were lost. The fleet was retired by Indonesian Air Force in 1964 before being transferred to Indonesian Navy service.[18]
The navy’s 500th Squadron, stationed at Juanda Naval Air Station, Surabaya received eleven Il‑28T torpedo bombers and two trainers in 1965 along with later ex-Air Force transfers. The final unit was withdrawn from service by 1972.[19][20]
File:II‑28 Beagle Iraq 2.jpeg
An Iraqi Il‑28 bomber left abandoned at Al Taqaddum, Iraq
Template:Country data Iraq
Began receiving twelve Il‑28s along with two trainers and two BM target tugs starting January 1959. Additional examples may have been sourced from Egypt during the sixties.[21] All units were either destroyed or grounded following Desert Storm.
Template:MAR
Operated two Il‑28 bombers.[20]
Template:NGA
Template:Country data North Yemen
Received four Il‑28s donated by Libya in October 1972.[23]
Template:PAK
Operated sixteen Harbin H‑5 aircraft designated B‑56 between years 1966 to 1969 alongside Martin B‑57B Canberra jets built by America. These models proved unpopular among Pakistani pilots and were eventually traded back to China for additional Shenyang F‑6Cs.
Template:POL
File:Ilyushin Il‑28R, Poland ‑ Air Force AN2202871.jpg
Ilyushin Il‑28R
Template:ROM
Approximately twenty-two bombers along with three reconnaissance variants and eight trainers—both Soviet-made and Chinese-produced—served from around 1955 until full retirement by June 2001.
Template:SOM
Template:Country data South Yemen
Received one bomber variant alongside one reconnaissance model and two trainers from USSR circa 1972.[25]
File:Airplane monument.jpg
Monument commemorating a Soviet Il‐28 bomber located in Tokmok (Chüy Region), Kyrgyzstan
Template:USSR
The Soviet Union deployed roughly fifteen hundred units within both its air force and naval aviation branches starting operations around 1950. Frontline use persisted throughout the fifties with some examples lingering into the eighties. A limited number were demilitarized for Aeroflot civil use.[8]
Template:Country data Syria
Syria operated six Il‐28 bombers with two lost during the Six-Day War while four others were abandoned at various airbases across Syria.[26][27] These were replaced during the eighties by Su‐24 aircraft.
Template:VIE

Specifications (Il-28)

File:Ilyushin Il-28 3-view line drawing.svg
Three-view illustration of the Ilyushin Il-28

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 136.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JAWA82 p36-7
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 115.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 117.
  5. ↑ Gordon and Komissarov 2008, pp. 115–116
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 118.
  7. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Goebel, Greg. Template:Usurped Air Vectors. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "Afghanistan (AFG), World Air Forces - Historical Listings." Archived 2007-01-15 at the Wayback Machine worldairforces.com. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.
  10. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ↑ " Albania Air Force: Aviation Regiment 4020 (7594 Regiment)." Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine aeroflight.co. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.
  12. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  14. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ↑ Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 21.
  16. ↑ Gordan, Yefim, and Dmitry Komissarov. "Egypt Pg.8–68." Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft in the Middle East. N.p.: Hikoki, 2013. pp.164–165.
  17. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 23.
  21. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  22. ↑ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 87
  23. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 96
  25. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  26. ↑ Gordan, Yefim, and Dmitry Komissarov. "Syria Pg.164." Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft in the Middle East. N.p.: Hikoki, 2013. pp.164–165.
  27. ↑ Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p.24.

Bibliography

  • Bernád, Dénes. "Rumanian 'Beagles': The Ilyushin Il-28 in Rumanian Service". Air Enthusiast, No. 78, November/December 1998, pp. 68–72.
  • Cooper, Tom. Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Helion & Company Publishing, Solihull, UK, 2017.
  • Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark. African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Harpia Publishing, Houston, 2011.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Dmitry Komissarov. Chinese Aircraft: China's Aviation Industry since 1951. Hikoki Publications, Manchester, UK, 2008.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Dmitry Komissarov. "Soviet Canberra: Ilyushin's incredible Il-28". Air Enthusiast, No. 71, September/October 1997.
  • Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergei. OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and Its Aircraft. Midland Publishing, Hinckley, UK, 2004.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Il-28 ... A Quadragenarian Ilyushin". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-six, May–August 1988.
  • Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1975–1995. Osprey Publishing, London, 1995.
  • "Methodical Manual for Piloting and Combat Use of the Il-28 Aircraft". Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Moscow, 1954.
  • "Instruction to the pilot on the operation and piloting of the IL-28 aircraft with two VK-1 engines". Military Publishing House of the Military Ministry of the USSR. Moscow — 1951.
  • Nemecek, Vaclav. The History of Soviet Aircraft from 1918. Willow Books, London, 1986.
  • "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Issue 2.
  • Stroud, John. Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. Putnam Publishing, London, 1968.
  • Sweetman, Bill and Bill Gunston. Soviet Air Power: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Warsaw Pact Air Forces Today. Salamander Books, London, 1978.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. Jane's Yearbooks, London, 1982.
  • Winchester, Jim (ed.). "Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle'." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). Grange Books plc., London, 2006.

External links

Template:Ilyushin aircraft Template:AircraftDesignationNavboxShell

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