Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
Born	(1937-12-29) December 29, 1937 Machangoalhi, Malé, Maldives
Occupation(s)	Statesman, diplomat, scholar, politician
Years active	1969–2008
Known for	3rd President of the Maldives (1978–2008), longest-serving president in Maldivian history and longest-tenured leader in Asia

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom ( ; originally named Abdulla Maumoon Khairi; born 29 December 1937) is a prominent Maldivian statesman, diplomat, scholar, and politician who held the office of the 3rd president of the Maldives from 1978 until 2008. Prior to his presidency, he served as Minister of Transport between 1977 and 1978, and was the Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations from 1976 to 1977. Gayoom is recognized as both the longest-serving president in Maldivian history and the longest-tenured leader in Asia.

Originating from Malé, he initially worked as a lecturer at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria before returning to his homeland in 1971 to teach at Aminiya School. Subsequently, he took charge of the government’s shipping department. Following his criticism of then-President Ibrahim Nasir, Gayoom was placed under house arrest in 1973 and exiled to Makunudhoo for four years; however, he was released after five months following Nasir’s re-election. In 1974, after expressing continued dissent, he was detained again but freed after 50 days and appointed Special Undersecretary in the Prime Minister's Office in 1975. He later served as deputy ambassador to Sri Lanka and deputy minister of transport before his appointment as Permanent Representative to the United Nations in 1976. He then assumed the role of Minister of Transport. When Nasir chose not to seek re-election, Gayoom was nominated by the Citizen's Majlis and secured victory in the July 1978 presidential referendum with 92.96% approval.

During his presidency, Gayoom focused on advancing infrastructure and expanding tourism, which substantially accelerated economic progress. His government introduced educational reforms that broadened access to primary and secondary education while enhancing healthcare through new facility constructions. In response to political turmoil, he pursued constitutional changes shifting from a presidential to a semi-presidential system aimed at increasing political engagement and transparency. Nonetheless, his administration faced accusations of limiting political liberties and suppressing opposition voices. The 1988 coup attempt prompted an emphasis on bolstering military capabilities. The devastating 2004 tsunami inflicted severe economic damage, wiping out 62% of GDP and erasing nearly two decades of development gains, thereby necessitating large-scale reconstruction initiatives. Despite these difficulties, Gayoom’s extended rule combined with stringent governance earned him a reputation for authoritarianism.

Following defeat in the 2008 presidential election—the nation’s inaugural multi-party contest—by Mohamed Nasheed, Gayoom retreated from public prominence. During the 2018 Maldives political crisis, he was detained on allegations of plotting to overthrow the government and later sentenced to 19 months for obstructing justice after refusing cooperation with officials. Due to health issues, he was confined under house arrest in September 2018 and subsequently released on bail within that month. In October 2018, all charges against him were dismissed.

Early life

Born on 29 December 1937 in Machangoalhi, Malé, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom entered the world as Abdulla Maumoon Khairi. He was the eldest son of Abdul Gayoom Ibrahim—a lawyer who served as the 7th Attorney General of the Maldives from 1950 to 1951—and Khadheeja Moosa. His lineage traces back to both the Hilaalee and Dhiyamigili dynasties, incorporating Arab and African heritage.

Raised at his family home known as Kaamineege, he was affectionately called Lhaseedi within his household while being addressed as Abdulla Maumoon at school. A clerical error on his passport during preparations for overseas studies in 1947 resulted in his name being recorded as Maumoon Abdul Gayoom by merging his personal name with that of his father’s.

Education

Gayoom's initial learning was conducted at home under his father's guidance, followed by enrollment at what was then known as the Saniyya School, where he studied subjects including religion, the Dhivehi language, mathematics, and history. In 1947, he received a government-sponsored scholarship and traveled to Ceylon; however, due to the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, he remained there and continued his English studies with a private instructor.

His academic path included attendance at Al Bahjathul Ibraheemiyyah Arabic College located in Galle before transferring to Royal College, Colombo. In 1950, he relocated to Cairo, Egypt to pursue studies at Al-Azhar University, where he acquired proficiency in Arabic and completed both bachelor's and master's degrees specializing in Islamic Sharia and Law. Additionally, he earned a Master of Arts in Shariah and Law and embarked on a doctoral thesis. However, financial support from Egypt was withdrawn after the Maldives established diplomatic relations with Israel, resulting in his blacklisting and a temporary prohibition from returning to the Maldives—a restriction that was eventually lifted.

During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Gayoom volunteered to support Palestine amid the Israeli military offensive against Egypt. He successfully graduated from Al-Azhar University in 1966.

He pursued further education at the American University in Cairo, obtaining a secondary-level certificate in English while continuing his studies in Islamic Sharia and Law.

Marriage and children

In 1965, at the age of 27, Gayoom met 15-year-old Nasreena Ibrahim in Cairo, where she was engaged in her own studies. They married on 20 July 1969 in Cairo before relocating to Nigeria for Gayoom’s professional assignment at Ahmadu Bello University. The couple welcomed twins—Dunya and Yumna—on 20 March 1970. Their first son, Ahmed Faris, was born on 31 March 1971 in Malé, followed by their second son, Mohamed Ghassan, who arrived on 12 June 1980 during Gayoom’s presidency.

Career

Between 1969 and 1971, Gayoom served as a lecturer in Islamic studies at Abdullahi Bayero College, affiliated with Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. Upon returning to the Maldives in early 1971, he taught English, arithmetic, and Islamic studies at Aminiya School in Malé until 1972, earning significant appreciation from parents. Subsequently, he assumed responsibility for managing the government shipping department.

In 1974, Gayoom was appointed undersecretary and subsequently director of the government telecommunications department. That same year, he took on the role of special undersecretary within the office of Prime Minister Ahmed Zaki. Following Zaki’s dismissal and the abolition of the prime ministership in March 1975, Gayoom spent some time in Colombo before returning to serve as deputy ambassador to Sri Lanka. In addition to this diplomatic post, he also held the position of undersecretary at the Department of External Affairs during 1975.

In 1976, Gayoom was named deputy minister of transport and on 24 September was appointed as the Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations. He later resumed duties as minister of transport from March 1977 until November 1978.

Minister of Transport (1977–1978)

After coming back from his assignments in the United States and at the United Nations, Gayoom agreed to President Nasir's invitation to take on the role of Minister of Transport in March 1977, filling a previously unoccupied post. His efforts centered on improving the Maldives' transport network, encouraging the use of motorized boats, and modernizing Hulhulé Airport facilities. Additionally, Gayoom worked to broaden the aviation industry by increasing the number of international flights, which supported tourism expansion and enhanced travel opportunities for Maldivian citizens. His service in this capacity concluded when he was sworn in as president in November 1978.

Imprisonments

During the early 1970s, as President Nasir sought to develop tourism, friction arose between Gayoom and government officials due to his outspoken criticism of alcohol and drug use. In March 1973, he was confined under house arrest and subsequently sentenced to four years of exile on Makunudhoo Island; however, he was freed after five months following Nasir's re-election. A further arrest occurred in July 1974 because of his persistent critiques, leading to a 50-day period in solitary confinement before his release. Afterward, he refrained from making public dissenting statements.

1978 presidential election

In 1978, Gayoom’s nomination for president came from his brothers-in-law. Both then-incumbent President Nasir and Gayoom contended for the singular nomination; Nasir secured 41 votes compared to Gayoom’s five. Nevertheless, Nasir declined to pursue a third term citing health concerns. The Citizen's Majlis put forward three candidates: Abdul Sattar Moosa Didi, Moomina Haleem, and Gayoom. By July 1978, Gayoom was chosen as the sole candidate.

Throughout his campaign, Gayoom committed to visiting every inhabited island within five years and vowed to advance tourism alongside educational improvements. In the referendum held on July 28, he achieved victory with 92.96% of votes cast, becoming president-elect despite some public skepticism regarding his qualifications.

1983–1998 presidential elections

In the 1983 presidential election, Gayoom stood as the only candidate and was re-elected president on September 30, 1983, obtaining 57,913 votes (95.62%). During the 1988 Maldivian presidential election, he garnered 69,373 votes (96.47%), with 2,537 opposing ballots.

The 1993 election featured both Gayoom and his brother-in-law Ilyas Ibrahim as contenders; however, the People's Majlis ultimately nominated Gayoom as the exclusive candidate. He secured a fourth term by winning 92.8% of the vote on October 1, 1993. Subsequently, on October 16, 1998, Gayoom was re-elected for a fifth term with a total of 86,504 votes (90.90%).

2003 presidential election

Gayoom was unanimously endorsed by all fifty members of the People's Majlis as their candidate for the presidential referendum. He won a sixth term with 90.28% of the vote (102,909 ballots cast). Despite widespread protests against his rule, his victory was anticipated and portrayed by authorities as a demonstration of popular backing. Nonetheless, doubts about electoral integrity persisted due to the absence of opposing candidates and continued prohibition of political parties.

Following this election, analysts predicted that Gayoom’s sixth term would face increasing difficulties amid growing public calls for political reform and democratization.

2008 presidential election

In August 2007, Gayoom declared his intention to run in the 2008 Maldivian presidential election representing the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (DRP), where his leadership position secured him an automatic nomination. His candidacy encountered legal obstacles stemming from a newly established constitutional two-term limit; nevertheless, the Supreme Court of the Maldives determined that only terms served under the updated constitution were applicable, thereby permitting his participation.

On 5 August 2008, Gayoom appointed atoll minister Ahmed Thasmeen Ali as his vice-presidential candidate and officially launched his campaign three days later. He highlighted progress made in education and healthcare during his tenure and promised continued advancement in economic and social sectors. Gayoom also challenged his primary rival, Mohamed Nasheed, questioning Nasheed’s administrative competence and cautioning against policies that could erode the Islamic principles integral to Maldivian culture.

Throughout the campaign, concerns were raised regarding Gayoom’s age, alongside allegations from the Maldivian Democratic Party accusing him of electoral manipulation. Media forecasts anticipated a runoff contest between Gayoom and Nasheed. This election was notable for being the Maldives' inaugural multi-party presidential race and marked the first occasion on which Gayoom faced opposition candidates.

Gayoom secured 40.63% of votes in the initial round but was defeated by Nasheed in the subsequent runoff. He promptly conceded defeat and affirmed his commitment to a peaceful handover of authority.

Presidency (1978–2008)

Gayoom assumed office as the third president of the Republic of Maldives at midnight on 11 November 1978. His presidential oath was administered by judge Moosa Fathhy. Early in his presidency, he focused on enhancing the nation’s education system and healthcare services.

1980 assassination attempt

In February 1980, former president Ibrahim Nasir, along with his brother-in-law Ahmed Naseem, Health Minister Mohamed Musthafa Hussain, and businessman Mohamed Yusuf, engaged nine former operatives of the British Special Air Service (SAS) to attempt an assassination and coup against Gayoom. Operating out of a base in Sri Lanka, these mercenaries conducted reconnaissance missions and were promised payments of US$60,000 each. However, doubts about the operation's feasibility led the SAS members to abandon their plan before execution.

1987 Great wave

On 11 April 1987, a catastrophic tidal surge, referred to as the "Great Wave," struck Malé and inflicted severe damage on 16 islands spanning 13 atolls, with estimated losses reaching MVR 90 million. This calamity stands as one of the most severe in Maldivian history.

In an interview from the early 2000s, Gayoom reflected on the event:

The wave inflicted considerable destruction on both the outer and inner seawalls protecting Malé. The Maldivian government sought aid from Japan, which sent a team of scientists to evaluate the damage. Following this assessment, the Japanese government contributed to rebuilding the seawalls, supporting recovery efforts after the disaster.

This incident exposed the fragility of small island nations. At the 1987 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Gayoom proposed establishing a panel of experts to investigate climate change effects on small island and low-lying countries. His initiative was approved, and he became the first global leader to highlight climate change at the United Nations General Assembly, elevating international awareness about these threats.

1988 coup attempt

On 3 November 1988, an attempted overthrow targeted President Gayoom, orchestrated by Maldivian entrepreneur Abdullah Luthufi alongside armed mercenaries from the Sri Lankan Tamil militant faction, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE). Dissatisfied with Gayoom’s administration and limited political freedoms, Luthufi allied with PLOTE to assemble an 80-strong raiding party, receiving backing from some sympathetic Maldivian military members. Planning for this operation began in 1987 amid regional unrest connected to the Indian Peace Keeping Force's presence in Sri Lanka.

Gayoom requested military aid from India, the UK, the US, and Singapore. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi promptly initiated Operation Cactus. Indian paratroopers were deployed to Malé within hours, securing vital sites and restoring stability. The swift Indian intervention effectively quashed the coup attempt, capturing or forcing many PLOTE fighters to flee.

This rapid resolution reinforced Gayoom’s authority and highlighted India’s pivotal role in maintaining regional security. Gayoom publicly expressed gratitude toward India for its prompt assistance.

Following the coup attempt, conspirators Abdullah Lutfi and Sagar Nasir received death sentences; however, Gayoom later commuted these to 25-year prison terms. A small Indian military contingent remained stationed in Malé for one year to protect Gayoom against further threats.

2004 tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had a profound effect on President Gayoom’s administration. In response, he addressed citizens nationwide, urging cooperation with government recovery initiatives.

The catastrophe caused widespread destruction, erasing over thirty years of development progress and reducing approximately 62% of the Maldives’ GDP, with damages estimated near US$460 million. According to World Bank figures, GDP growth plummeted from 13.75% in 2003 to -11.223% in 2004 due to the tsunami’s impact. Despite efforts toward rehabilitation, many damages remained unaddressed by the conclusion of Gayoom’s presidency.

Immediately after the disaster, Gayoom declared a state of emergency and formed a dedicated task force to manage relief distribution and aid coordination. Rescue efforts were hampered by disrupted communication networks across more than 1,000 islands and insufficient disaster preparedness measures.

Malé bombing

After the bomb detonated on 29 September 2007 in Malé, targeting international visitors, President Gayoom's administration voiced significant alarm over the surge in Islamic extremism. To address this, the government introduced measures aimed at curbing religious radicalism and militancy; including a prohibition on bearded clerics entering the country unless officially invited by authorities.

2008 assassination attempt

On 8 January 2008, during a visit to Hoarafushi, Mohamed Murshid tried to attack Gayoom with a kitchen knife; the assault was prevented by 16-year-old scout Mohamed Jaisham Ibrahim from Kudahuvadhoo, who intercepted the blade with his hands. Jaisham suffered injuries that required medical attention at Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital. Gayoom expressed gratitude to Jaisham, describing him as a "true hero" and wished for his swift recovery.

Palestine and Israel

A central element of Gayoom's foreign policy was his resolute position on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Within days of assuming office in 1978, he cut diplomatic ties with Israel that had been established by the prior government under Ibrahim Nasir. He championed the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, reflecting the Maldives' consistent endorsement of Palestinian autonomy. In 1984, he hosted Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat on an official visit to the Maldives.

Gayoom also pursued economic collaboration to bolster relations with Palestine. His government initiated "Maldives Airways" in partnership with the Palestinian government, operating four aircraft. Unfortunately, due to international sanctions and financial constraints, the airline went bankrupt by 1984. Subsequently, his administration sustained support for Palestine through nationwide fundraising efforts, placing donation boxes across the country.

South and East Asia

Throughout Gayoom's tenure, his foreign policy prioritized reinforcing connections with significant regional powers such as India, China, and Japan. He maintained a strong alliance with India, which proved crucial during the 1988 coup when India intervened with "Operation Cactus" to restore his administration. Concurrently, he fostered relations with China amid its expanding influence in the Indian Ocean via infrastructure projects and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This balanced strategy allowed the Maldives to benefit from both nations without becoming overly reliant on either.

China's involvement was evident in key infrastructure developments including airports and bridges; however, Gayoom's government refrained from allowing Chinese military bases to preserve regional equilibrium. In October 1984, Gayoom became the first Maldivian president to visit China since establishing diplomatic relations in 1972. Upon invitation from Chinese president Li Xiannian, he signed an agreement on economic and technical cooperation that strengthened bilateral relations.

Africa and the Middle East

Throughout Gayoom's tenure as president, the Maldives enhanced its diplomatic relations with more than 25 African nations. Utilizing multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations, the country addressed mutual concerns including climate change and developmental issues. Gayoom was an outspoken supporter of abolishing apartheid and backed African liberation efforts, thereby elevating the Maldives' global reputation through persistent advocacy for racial equality.

In the Middle East, Gayoom focused on cultivating strong connections with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. Saudi Arabia became a significant ally, offering financial assistance, religious scholarships, and investments that contributed to Maldivian progress. Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1981, the relationship with Saudi Arabia has been characterized by regular exchanges and a shared commitment to Islamic unity. Additionally, the Maldives broadened its economic partnerships with Gulf nations such as Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, attracting Gulf investments that supported vital infrastructure projects essential for national development.

United States and Europe

The Maldives aimed to deepen its relationship with the United States to bolster national security and promote regional stability. Positioned strategically in the Indian Ocean, the Maldives played a crucial role in U.S. initiatives targeting piracy and terrorism. Under Gayoom's administration, the country engaged in maritime security collaborations and took part in global security forums, gaining increased international recognition while advancing U.S. maritime objectives.

During Gayoom's presidency, cooperation between the U.S. and Maldives included economic assistance primarily delivered through international programs. Following the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a bilateral aid agreement allocated $8.6 million for reconstruction efforts concentrated on restoring harbours, sewage infrastructure, electrical systems, and strengthening the Ministry of Finance's capacity to manage aid resources effectively.

The Maldives also fostered robust relations with European countries in areas such as trade, tourism, and developmental partnerships. European visitors—particularly from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy—significantly contributed to economic growth and diversification of income streams. These countries played an instrumental role in advancing Maldivian tourism by supporting expansion in hospitality services and infrastructure development.

International trips

Over his 30-year presidency, Gayoom traveled to more than 35 nations. His inaugural official visit was to Libya to participate in celebrations marking the 1 September revolution. He was the first Maldivian head of state to visit Libya, Senegal, and South Africa. By the conclusion of his leadership, he had conducted over sixteen visits to India, making him the Maldivian president with the highest number of trips to that country.

Health and education policy

Education and healthcare were key priorities throughout Gayoom's tenure.

When Gayoom took office in 1978, the Maldives had no structured education system outside the capital city of Malé, featuring only two secondary schools and limited facilities. A 1979 assessment identified an illiteracy rate of 24.77%, leading to the initiation of the "Basic Education Project" in January 1980, which aimed to eliminate illiteracy. This program succeeded in lowering illiteracy to just 1.06% by 1999. Expanding educational opportunities nationwide was a major focus, with primary schools established across various atolls, including South Miladhunmadulu Atoll in March 1979.

A unified national curriculum was implemented, designed to provide seven years of primary schooling for children. To reduce the need for students to relocate to Malé, two secondary schools were opened in the atolls. Student enrollment rose dramatically from roughly 15,000 in 1978 to 97,323 by 1998, while literacy rates improved from 70% to 98.82%. The number of candidates sitting for GCE Ordinary Level examinations increased from 102 in 1978 to 6,495 in 2002. By 1999, the country had 254 schools staffed by 2,646 teachers delivering education up to Grade 10.

Healthcare improvements commenced in the late 1970s when medical services were scarce. Under Gayoom's leadership, maternal and child health care was enhanced, contributing to a rise in life expectancy from 48 years in 1978 to 71 years by 1998. Universal immunization coverage was achieved by 1990, alongside targeted efforts against communicable diseases and public health initiatives promoting healthy habits and awareness of tobacco-related risks.

By the end of the decade, the ratio of doctors to population improved significantly from one physician per 20,700 individuals in 1978 to one per 1,300 people in 1998, while hospital bed availability increased nearly tenfold.

Human rights policy

Gayoom's administration encountered considerable criticism regarding human rights practices. Various international bodies and foreign governments accused his regime of employing measures against political opponents such as arbitrary arrest and detention, torture, coercion into false confessions, and politically motivated killings. Security forces were alleged to have been used as tools for suppressing dissent.

Organizations like the European Union and the Commonwealth of Nations condemned his lengthy rule as authoritarian. Critics highlighted issues such as abuse of power and restricted political liberties, whereas proponents emphasized developmental achievements during his time in office. His legacy remains a subject of debate between these contrasting viewpoints.

In the final stages of his presidency, Gayoom expressed regret for any suffering caused by his policies or decisions and sought forgiveness from those affected.

Economic policy

Throughout Gayoom's administration, tourism emerged as the dominant sector within the Maldives economy—a position it continues to hold. By the 1980s, tourism contributed approximately 28% of GDP and accounted for more than 60% of foreign exchange earnings. This industry's expansion fueled economic growth, with GDP per capita increasing by 265% during the 1980s and another 115% throughout the 1990s. The rapid development of tourism provided a consistent revenue stream and foreign currency inflows that stabilized the economy during Gayoom’s leadership.

The Tourism Act enacted in 1979 restructured this sector by controlling visitor numbers through capacity regulations and enhancing resort quality and profitability. By the end of the century, tourism had become essential to the Maldivian economy, significantly supporting GDP and foreign reserves.

Economic liberalization efforts began in 1989 with the removal of import restrictions and opening key sectors to private export businesses. Regulations on foreign investment were relaxed to attract external capital. Consequently, GDP expanded from MVR 440 million in 1980 to MVR 10,458 million by 2005.

Inflation remained subdued throughout the 1980s while real GDP growth averaged near 10%. Growth peaked at an impressive rate of 16.2% in 1990 but slowed down to about 4% by 1993. Between 1995 and 2004, real GDP growth averaged above 7.5%, propelled by tourism, fisheries, and rising foreign investment—factors that helped Maldives navigate regional economic difficulties.

The devastating Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 triggered a severe economic downturn—GDP contracted by nearly 62%. Nevertheless, recovery was rapid; a robust growth rate of around 13% was recorded in 2006 driven by tourism resurgence, infrastructure reconstruction, along with international aid and investments. Under Gayoom’s stewardship, Maldives sustained stable economic expansion despite external shocks while progressively fostering a more open and diversified economy.

Environmental policies

Throughout his tenure as president, Gayoom was a strong advocate for environmental conservation and climate diplomacy, positioning the Maldives at the forefront of raising awareness about climate change threats faced by low-lying countries. After the capital city, Malé, experienced severe flooding in 1987, he recognized that rising sea levels and environmental damage posed critical risks to the nation’s survival. Gayoom became the pioneer among global leaders to speak at the United Nations General Assembly about the perils of climate change, calling for immediate international measures to address this escalating challenge.

His address titled "Death of a Nation" delivered at the UNGA is regarded as a seminal appeal for global collaboration against climate change, highlighting the particular vulnerability of small island countries such as the Maldives. This advocacy helped establish the Maldives as an active participant in international climate diplomacy and underscored its dedication to safeguarding environmentally sensitive states.

On a regional level, Gayoom promoted environmental partnerships within the framework of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), supporting research on natural disasters and ecological conservation. Under his guidance, the Maldives hosted the inaugural Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise in 1989, which produced the "Malé Declaration on Global Warming and Sea Level Rise," a landmark agreement calling for recognition of sea level rise as a critical global security issue. Later, in 2007, Small Island Developing States endorsed the "Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change," establishing a connection between climate change and human rights concerns.

Gayoom’s government also spearheaded SAARC and Commonwealth initiatives examining climate change impacts on the region, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation. These endeavors reinforced the Maldives’ standing as a leading voice in global climate advocacy for small island nations.

Political reforms

Shortly after assuming office, Gayoom oversaw constitutional amendments passed by the Citizen's Majlis. By 1980, he convened a special constitutional assembly comprising cabinet members and legislators to undertake revisions. After nearly two decades of deliberation, a revised constitution was ratified in November 1997 and implemented in 1998, officially designating the Maldives as a democratic republic, although it did not yet embody full democracy.

In June 2004, Gayoom introduced a "democratic reform agenda" aimed at responding to calls for political openness and expanded civil rights. Significant changes included establishing a National Human Rights Commission aligned with global norms, permitting political parties from 2005 onward, enhancing press freedom, and reforming the criminal justice system.

By 2007, discussions with opposition groups—most notably the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP)—resulted in agreements such as releasing political prisoners and pledges to expedite reforms. Nevertheless, doubts about the government’s genuine commitment remained widespread.

In 2008, Gayoom emphasized achievements under his reform program. A new constitution was nearing finalization to facilitate a transition toward full liberal democracy. This constitution introduced clearer separation of governmental powers, bolstered human rights safeguards, and created independent bodies including an autonomous Elections Commission and Supreme Court.

Adopted later that year, the 2008 constitution represented a landmark political shift by introducing a multi-party system, restricting presidential terms to two five-year durations, and promoting greater transparency and accountability. Concurrently, Gayoom’s administration prepared for the nation’s first multi-party presidential election by proposing legislative adjustments to align with international democratic standards.

Post-presidency (2008–present)

Following Mohamed Nasheed's assumption of office in November 2008, Gayoom withdrew to his private home in Malé and largely stayed out of the public eye until his detention in 2018. In 2010, he established the non-governmental Maumoon Foundation, aiming to utilize his influence and connections to enhance the quality of life within the Maldives.

Although Gayoom declared his political retirement in January 2010, he re-entered the political arena in 2011 after stepping down from the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (DRP), the party he originally founded. He attributed his departure to allegations of corruption and disagreements with DRP leader Ahmed Thasmeen Ali. Subsequently, he created the Z-DRP faction before formally severing ties with DRP in September 2011. Shortly thereafter, he founded the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), which was officially registered in October 2011.

Tensions between Gayoom and then-President Abdulla Yameen sparked leadership disputes within PPM by 2016. The internal conflict culminated in a 2017 vote by party members to remove Gayoom from the leadership position amid ongoing legal proceedings initiated by PPM parliamentarians.

In 2019, Gayoom launched the Maldives Reform Movement (MRM), initially serving as its interim leader until his son, Ahmed Faris Maumoon, was elected party president. During the 2021 MRM primaries, Gayoom stood for party leadership and was elected unopposed. Since then, he has underscored his exclusive dedication to MRM.

Views on later presidents and diplomacy

Gayoom held the role of special envoy for the president of the Maldives, maintaining a collaborative rapport with his half-brother Abdulla Yameen following Yameen’s election in 2013. Early in Yameen’s tenure, Gayoom represented him at various official engagements, including delivering correspondence to former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad. In 2014, he acted as Yameen’s envoy at the Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States held in Samoa.

During Chinese president Xi Jinping’s state visit to the Maldives in 2014, Gayoom met with him personally. Additionally, he conveyed condolences on behalf of Yameen to former Singaporean prime minister Lee Kuan Yew in 2015. That same year, Gayoom traveled to Oman as a special envoy to discuss strengthening bilateral ties.

Perspectives on Presidents

Gayoom openly criticized the administration of Mohamed Nasheed, alleging poor economic governance and expressing apprehension about its handling of religious and democratic issues. Between 2011 and 2012, he spearheaded demonstrations opposing Nasheed’s government, which the latter characterized as "violent" and tantamount to a "coup." These protests played a significant role in the political turmoil that eventually led to Nasheed’s resignation.

Although initially an ally of President Yameen, Gayoom’s relationship with him deteriorated after 2015 due to political conflicts and leadership struggles within Gayoom’s own Progressive Party of Maldives. By 2017, Gayoom publicly expressed regret over his earlier support for Yameen’s ascent to power.

During the tenure of the Ibrahim Mohamed Solih administration, Gayoom avoided extensive criticism but voiced dissatisfaction regarding certain policies and unmet commitments.

Involvement in Presidential Politics

Following his defeat in the 2008 presidential election and the subsequent swearing-in of Mohamed Nasheed, Gayoom initially took a passive stance towards Nasheed’s government. Leading up to the 2013 presidential election, there was speculation about Gayoom potentially running again; however, he announced in February 2013 that he would not pursue additional terms as president. The Progressive Party of Maldives primary was then won by Gayoom’s half-brother, Abdulla Yameen, who received Gayoom’s endorsement.

In the 2018 presidential race, after being incarcerated by Yameen’s administration, Gayoom threw his support behind Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, opposing Yameen’s bid for re-election.

During the 2023 presidential contest, Gayoom’s eldest son, Ahmed Faris Maumoon, ran as an independent candidate after the Elections Commission rejected his nomination under the Maldives Reform Movement due to insufficient party membership. Gayoom publicly backed Faris along with his running mate Abdul Sattar Yoosuf.

Detention and Imprisonment

On 5 February 2018, Gayoom was detained on allegations of conspiring to overthrow his half-brother Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom’s government, alongside his son-in-law Mohamed Nadheem. This arrest came shortly after then-President Abdulla Yameen declared emergency martial law, citing a conspiracy and attempted coup. The declaration triggered widespread protests as a state emergency was imposed nationwide.

Before his arrest, Gayoom shared a video on Twitter denying any criminal activity and encouraging continued reform efforts. Reports emerged indicating that both Gayoom and his son Faris were denied necessary medical care while in custody.

On 13 June 2018, he received a 19-month sentence for "obstructing justice" due to non-cooperation with police and judicial authorities following his arrest. Because of health issues, he was placed under house arrest in September 2018. He was granted bail on 30 September and subsequently acquitted on 18 October 2018.

Responses

International bodies such as the United Nations condemned Gayoom’s detention amidst the 2018 Maldives political crisis, interpreting it as part of a larger "assault on democracy" within the Maldives. The UN called on the Maldivian government to uphold judicial independence and protect fundamental rights, criticizing actions against political adversaries. Various human rights organizations demanded his immediate release and stressed adherence to democratic principles.

Within the country, Gayoom’s arrest deepened political rifts. Opposition figures including former President Mohamed Nasheed denounced the detention and called for international intervention. Nasheed appealed to governments in India and the United States, warning that Yameen’s conduct endangered both the rule of law and democratic institutions. The political crisis is widely considered instrumental in Yameen’s defeat during the 2018 presidential election.

Public image

Gayoom is widely regarded as one of the most impactful personalities in Maldivian history. At , he holds the distinction of being the eldest living former president and, following Ibrahim Nasir's passing in 2008, the longest-serving former president still alive. His governance played a pivotal role in molding the nation’s political framework.

Acknowledged as both a modernizer and a source of stability, Gayoom's period in office saw significant progress in infrastructure, education, and healthcare sectors, which garnered him considerable popular backing. He is credited with enhancing the Maldives' international reputation and raising living standards during what many refer to as the "Golden 30 years."

Nonetheless, his administration attracted criticism over its approach to political opposition and human rights, with accusations including authoritarian practices, suppression of dissenting voices, and curtailment of freedom of expression. This led to a polarized perception among the public—some viewed him as a benevolent stabilizer, while others saw him as an autocrat resistant to democratic change.

Gayoom consistently rejected claims of authoritarianism, asserting that he would step down if mandated by the people but would oppose any unlawful attempts to remove him by force.

A 2024 survey conducted by Maahdhaa4 placed him among the highest-rated presidents. He continues to be regarded as a senior political figure wielding lasting influence. Admirers hail him as the "father of the modern Maldives," whereas detractors describe him using terms such as dictator, autocrat, authoritarian, and political strongman.

During his presidency, opposition groups derisively referred to him as "Golhaaboa" to express their disapproval, while his supporters affectionately called him "Zaeem," which translates to "leader."

Health

Concerns about Gayoom's well-being have been prominent, particularly during his time in detention. He was diagnosed with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), a condition that hindered his capacity to carry out daily tasks. In September 2018, his health deteriorated further, necessitating medical intervention at Maafushi Jail. Physicians recommended house confinement and restricting head movements to avoid further health risks. Experts cautioned that his condition might rapidly decline while incarcerated. In August 2020, Gayoom contracted COVID-19, but has since maintained stable health.

Other activities

An enthusiastic reader, Gayoom has devoted considerable attention to works on religion, science, and history following his presidency. His keen interest in astronomy is well documented, with significant time spent exploring lunar phenomena and other celestial objects. Moreover, he is an accomplished calligrapher, with Arabic script pieces exhibited at the Islamic Centre since 1984. Gayoom has also published poetry and prose.

As a dedicated sports enthusiast, he has consistently engaged in badminton and cricket both during his presidency and afterward. His foundation as an Islamic scholar enriches his varied pursuits, frequently participating in religious debates and delivering lectures.

Gayoom’s passion for astronomy originated during his teaching tenure in Nigeria in 1969 when he observed lunar cycles that challenged his initial beliefs. This curiosity led him to study astronomy literature extensively, expanding his understanding despite limited access to resources.

Religion

Gayoom identifies as a Sunni Muslim, aligning with the constitution of the Maldives, which requires all citizens to adhere to Sunni Islam. Nevertheless, some have questioned his religious affiliation, suggesting he might be Shia Muslim or not Muslim at all.

During the 2008 Maldivian presidential election, the Adhaalath Party contested Gayoom’s eligibility before the Supreme Court of the Maldives, arguing that statements implying he was not Sunni Muslim violated constitutional stipulations for holding the presidency. The Supreme Court ultimately rejected the petition due to a lack of sufficient proof that he was anything other than Sunni Muslim.

Awards and honors

Throughout his career, Gayoom has been the recipient of multiple distinguished awards. In 1988, he was named to the Global 500 Roll of Honour by the United Nations Environment Programme. He received the Man of the Sea Award from Lega Navale Italiana in 1990 and was honored with the International Environment Award from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit in 1998. The Energy and Resources Institute presented him with its Sustainable Development Leadership Award in 2008.

For his diplomatic achievements, Gayoom was bestowed with the Grand Order of Mugunghwa by South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan in 1984 and was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997. His contributions to public health earned him the WHO Health-for-All Gold Medal in 1998.

Additional accolades include the Shield of Al-Azhar University (2002), the Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana (2008), and the Maldives’ top national honor, the Order of the Distinguished Rule of Ghazi, awarded in 2013. In recognition of five decades safeguarding Maldives’ sovereignty, he received the Golden Jubilee Shield of Honour in 2015. More recently, in 2022, Gayoom was honored with both the President's Tourism Gold Award and a lifetime achievement award.

See also

• Mohamed Amin Didi
• Fathulla Jameel
• List of presidents of the Maldives
• Vice President of the Maldives
• Cabinet of the Maldives

External links

• Profile of Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom on the official presidential website
• Collection of speeches by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom accessible via the president's office portal
• Maumoon Abdul Gayoom library records in the WorldCat database
• Coverage of Maumoon Abdul Gayoom on BBC News platform
• Articles on Maumoon Abdul Gayoom found on The Independent website

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