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Messerschmitt Bf 110

From Alfawiki
Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)
IndustryAircraft manufacturing
Founded1930s
FateBecame Messerschmitt AG in July 1938
Headquarters
Augsburg
,
Germany

Overview

The Messerschmitt Bf 110, commonly referred to as the Me 110 in informal contexts, was a twin-engine heavy fighter, fighter-bomber, and night fighter developed by the German manufacturer Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW), which later became Messerschmitt. Although often called Me 110, this designation was never officially assigned since the aircraft was designed before BFW transitioned to Messerschmitt AG in July 1938. Primarily deployed by the Luftwaffe, the Bf 110 remained operational throughout the entirety of the Second World War.

Development and Design

Development of the Bf 110 began in the early 1930s, with strong advocacy from figures such as Hermann Göring, who anticipated that its combination of heavy firepower, speed, and extended range would establish it as the Luftwaffe’s leading offensive fighter. Initial models were equipped with two 20 mm MG FF cannons, four 7.92 mm MG 17 machine guns, and a rear defensive 7.92 mm MG 15 machine gun. Subsequent variants upgraded the forward armament to MG 151 cannons and replaced the rear gunner’s weaponry with twin-barrel MG 81Z machine guns. Efforts to develop a successor began prior to World War II with the Messerschmitt Me 210; however, persistent issues during its testing phase meant that the Bf 110 continued in service until war’s end, fulfilling multiple roles. Neither the Me 210 nor its improved successor, the Me 410 Hornisse, fully supplanted the Bf 110.

Operational History

The Bf 110 demonstrated notable success during early conflicts such as the invasions of Poland, Norway, and France. Its main deficiency was limited agility compared to single-engine fighters, a shortcoming sometimes offset by tactical adjustments. This vulnerability was exploited by Royal Air Force pilots during the Battle of Britain when Bf 110s were assigned to bomber escort duties. As British nocturnal bombing raids intensified over Germany, several Bf 110 units transitioned into night fighter roles—an assignment well suited to the aircraft’s capabilities. Following the Battle of Britain, the Bf 110 excelled as an air superiority and strike platform in various theatres and defended German airspace against daylight raids from the United States Army Air Forces’ Eighth Air Force until evolving American escort tactics diminished its effectiveness by early 1944.

During campaigns in the Balkans, North Africa, and on the Eastern Front, the Bf 110 provided effective close air support for ground forces as a versatile fighter-bomber. Later in the war, it evolved into a highly effective radar-equipped night fighter and became the Luftwaffe’s primary aircraft for this role. Most of Germany’s leading night fighter aces operated the Bf 110 at some point during their careers; notably, Major Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer flew exclusively on this type and achieved 121 aerial victories over 164 missions. Besides its extensive use by the Luftwaffe, operators of this aircraft included the Hungarian Air Force, Italy’s Regia Aeronautica, and Romania’s Air Force.

Origins and rivals

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-360-2095-23, Flugzeuge Messerschmitt Me 110.jpg
Bf 110s operating over France in 1942

During the 1930s, numerous leading air forces were transitioning from biplane to monoplane aircraft designs. While most efforts centered on single-engine fighter aircraft, the challenge of extending operational range became apparent. Encouraged by Hermann Göring, the German Ministry of Aviation (RLM, short for Reichsluftfahrtministerium) issued a specification for a versatile long-range fighter, termed the Kampfzerstörer (battle destroyer). This concept called for a twin-engine, three-seat, all-metal monoplane equipped with cannon armament and an internal bomb bay. Out of seven manufacturers invited to participate, only Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (later known as Messerschmitt), Focke-Wulf, and Henschel submitted designs.[1][2]

The Focke-Wulf entry, the Focke-Wulf Fw 57, featured a wingspan of 25.6 m (84 ft) and was powered by two DB 600 engines. Its armament included two nose-mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon and a third cannon housed in a dorsal turret. The Fw 57 V1 first flew in 1936 but suffered from inadequate performance and eventually crashed.[3] The Henschel Hs 124 shared a similar structural layout to the Fw 57,[3] initially powered by two Jumo 210C engines for its V1 prototype. The V2 variant employed more powerful BMW 132Dc radial engines producing 870 PS compared to the Jumo's 640 PS. Its armament was limited to one rear-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun and a single forward-firing 20 mm MG FF cannon.[3]

Bayerische Flugzeugwerke chose to omit the RLM’s requirement for an internal bomb bay in order to enhance firepower. The resulting Bf 110 design outperformed competitors by delivering superior speed, range, and weaponry aligned with its intended role.[4] Consequently, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke's proposal surpassed those from Focke-Wulf, Henschel, and Arado, leading to funding for multiple prototype units.[5] By late 1935, the Bf 110 had developed into an all-metal, low-wing cantilever monoplane with semi-monocoque construction, featuring twin vertical stabilizers and powered by two DB 600A engines. The design incorporated leading-edge slats on the wings known as Handley-Page slots.[4][2]

Initial models

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-669-7340-27, Flugzeuge Me 110 über Budapest.jpg
Bf 110s flying over Budapest, 1944

Following reconsideration prompted by Ernst Udet, the RLM shifted focus from the Kampfzerstörer concept to that of the Zerstörer. This change aligned well with Bayerische Flugzeugwerke’s design approach. On 12 May 1936, Rudolf Opitz piloted the first Bf 110 prototype from Augsburg airfield.[2] As was common among pre-war designs, engine reliability posed challenges; despite issues with the temperamental DB 600 engines, the Bf 110 demonstrated speeds exceeding original requirements and surpassed even the frontline Bf 109 B-1 fighter.[2][6] An initial batch of four pre-production A-0 aircraft was ordered and delivered beginning January 1937. During this testing phase, competing models such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 187 and Henschel Hs 124 were rejected in favor of full-scale production of the Bf 110.[7]

Early deliveries of the Bf 110 faced delays due to shortages of DB 600 engines, compelling Bayerische Flugzeugwerke to equip initial units with less powerful Junkers Jumo 210B engines. This substitution left the aircraft underpowered with a maximum speed limited to approximately 431 km/h (268 mph).[8][9] The armament on these A-0 models consisted of four nose-mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns only. Production continued through mid-1937 utilizing Jumo engines as DB engine availability remained problematic; later models employed Jumo 210G engines delivering about 515 kW (700 PS), an improvement over the earlier Jumo 210B’s output of around 471 kW (640 PS). Three variants of the Bf 110B were produced: the B-1 armed with four MG17 machine guns and two MG FF cannons, the reconnaissance-focused B-2 which replaced cannons with cameras, and the trainer-oriented B-3 outfitted with additional radio equipment instead of cannons.[8] Production ceased after only forty-five Bf 110Bs due to discontinuation of Jumo engine manufacturing.[6] A distinctive feature of both -A and -B series was large radiator intakes resembling open mouths located beneath each engine nacelle.

By late 1938, sufficient quantities of DB 601 B-1 engines became available and were incorporated into the Bf 110C model.[10][11] With this upgrade, radiators previously mounted under each engine nacelle were removed and replaced by water/glycol radiators positioned just outboard under each wing—a configuration similar in function and appearance to those used on the Bf 109E. The installation also included compact oil coolers with air scoops beneath each nacelle that remained standard throughout subsequent production runs. Powered by DB601 engines, the Bf110 achieved a top speed near 541 km/h (336 mph) and an operational range around 1,094 km (680 mi).

File:Me 110D-0 with Dackelbauch tank 1940.jpg
Bf110D-0 equipped with early “dachshund’s belly” auxiliary fuel tank

Conceived during late 1939, the Bf110D introduced enhancements aimed at extending flight endurance.[12] The initial D-series model, designated Bf110D-0, featured a large streamlined ventral fuel tank holding approximately 1,050 liters (277 U.S. gallons). This tank necessitated an extended fuselage fairing running from mid-nose beneath the cockpit area to its rear section—earning it the nickname Dackelbauch (meaning dachshund’s belly).[13][14] The subsequent D-1 variant was designed to carry two fin-equipped drop tanks under each wing with a capacity of about900 liters (238 U.S. gallons) apiece—boosting total fuel capacity to roughly4,120 liters (1,088 U.S. gallons).[15] Testing revealed that drag from the early “dachshund’s belly” ventral tank significantly impaired performance; thus production D-1 models omitted this feature but remained compatible with a more refined streamlined version. Versions equipped accordingly were labeled D-1/R1 while those fitted with twin900-liter drop tanks plus an85-liter droppable oil tank were designated D-1/R2. Later D-series variants such as D-2 and D-3 maintained support for dual underwing drop tanks via multipurpose racks capable of carrying either fuel tanks or bombs.[16][17]

Later production versions

File:FuG 220 and FuG 202 radar of Me 110 1945.jpg
FuG 220 and FuG 202 (center) "Lichtenstein" SN-2 VHF band, alongside B/C UHF band night fighter radar antennas mounted on the nose of a Bf 110 G-4 undergoing maintenance by Luftwaffe ground personnel at Grove airfield, Denmark, in August 1945, prior to the aircraft's transfer to the UK for research purposes.

In 1941, production of the Bf 110 was deprioritized as the Me 210 was anticipated to replace it. During this period, two new variants emerged: the E and F models. The E version was developed as a fighter-bomber (Zerstörer Jabo), equipped to carry four 50 kg (110 lb) ETC 50 racks beneath the wings plus a central ETC 500 bomb rack.[18][19] Initially, the Bf 110 E-1 utilized the DB 601B engine but transitioned to the DB 601P as availability increased. A total of 856 Bf 110E units were manufactured from August 1940 through January 1942.[20] This model also featured enhanced armour and structural reinforcements to accommodate additional weight. However, many pilots found the Bf 110E sluggish and difficult to handle, with one veteran describing it as "rigged and a total dog."

The subsequent Bf 110F was powered by DB 601F engines delivering 993 kW/1,350 PS—nearly twice the output of the original Jumo engines—enabling further armour upgrades, structural strengthening, and increased weight capacity without sacrificing performance.[21] There were three prevalent F model variants. Pilots generally regarded the Bf 110F as the finest iteration of the series, fully aerobatic and in some ways more stable than the Bf 109, despite being slower. Production of this model reached 512 units between December 1941 and December 1942, after which manufacturing shifted to the Bf 110G.[20]

Bf 110G production specifics

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-659-6436-12, Flugzeug Messerschmitt Me 110.jpg
An early Bf 110G from 9./NJG 3 fitted with Matratze UHF radar antennas designed for FuG 202/212 systems

Although introduced in mid-1941, the Me 210 suffered from significant issues and was subsequently withdrawn for improvements.[22][23] Following this setback, the Bf 110G was developed as its successor.[24][25] This variant was equipped with DB 605B engines generating up to 1,085 kW (1,475 PS) under Notleistung (war emergency) mode at maximum altitude, and producing around 997 kW (1,355 PS) at approximately 5.8 km (19,000 ft). The G model featured improved nose armament and aerodynamic refinements.[26] Access to the rear cockpit was redesigned from a transversely hinged rear canopy section that tilted open to a side/top hinged opening on the main canopy’s port side; meanwhile, a new fixed framed glazing replaced the former rear window segment. There was no Bf 110 G-1 variant produced; thus, the G-2 served as the standard baseline for this series. Numerous Rüstsätze field modification kits were available for this type, making it the most adaptable version produced.

Initial production included six pre-series G-0 aircraft built in June of 1942 followed by series production comprising approximately 797 G-2s, around172 G-3s, and roughly2,293 three-seat night fighter dedicated G-4s manufactured between December1942 and April1945.[20][27] Pilot feedback on the Bf110G was mixed due to numerous modifications compared to previous F models. Nonetheless,the G variant earned a reputation as an excellent gun platform with outstanding visibility all around,and prior to introduction of the Heinkel He219, it was regarded as one of Luftwaffe’’’s premier night fighters.[28]

Armament

The Bf 110 was notably distinguished by its capacity to carry exceptionally potent air-to-air weaponry. Initial models featured four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns mounted in the upper section of the nose, complemented by two 20 mm MG FF/M cannons positioned in the lower nose area. Subsequent variants replaced the MG FF/M with the more formidable 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, and numerous G-series aircraft, particularly those assigned to the bomber-destroyer role, were equipped with a pair of 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons instead of the MG 17. The defensive armament originally comprised a single, flexible 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun. Later F-series models and prototype G-series aircraft upgraded this to a 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 81 machine gun offering a higher firing rate, while the G-series featured the twin-barreled MG 81Z. Many night fighter variants within the G-series were either factory-fitted or retrofitted with the Schräge Musik system, an off-axis upward-firing armament designed to attack bombers from below; this system commonly housed two 20 mm MG FF/M cannons, though field modifications sometimes included either 20 mm MG 151/20 or 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons. The Schräge Musik armaments were typically installed just ahead of the rear cockpit.

The Bf 110 G-2/R1 variant was also capable of mounting heavy weaponry such as the Bordkanone series 37 mm (1.46 in) BK 3,7 autocannon, installed in a conformal ventral gun pod beneath the fuselage. A single strike from this weapon was generally sufficient to neutralize any Allied bomber.

In its initial fighter-bomber configuration, the Bf 110 C-1/B could carry two bombs ranging from 250 kg (551 lb), 500 kg (1,102 lb), up to two 1,000 kg (2,204 lb) bombs on two ETC 500 racks located under the fuselage. Beginning with the Bf 110 E-0 model, this loadout could be augmented by four additional 50 kg (110 lb) bombs mounted on ETC 50 racks beneath the wings.

Night fighter

Following its early deployment in bombing and reconnaissance roles, the aircraft found its specialized function as a night fighter during defensive missions in the winter of 1940-41. Initially, the three-person crew operated without any dedicated night-fighting equipment, relying solely on visual detection to locate enemy aircraft at night. From mid-1941 onwards, ground-controlled interception systems were introduced, enabling the Bf 110 to inflict significant losses on RAF bombers and quickly earn a reputation as a formidable adversary. Experimental airborne radar was employed during 1941, effective up to approximately 3.5 km (2.2 miles) and capable of guiding the Bf 110 within about 200 m (655 ft) of its target. However, its operational success fluctuated greatly during the later stages of the war due to both Allied countermeasures and advancements in German radar technology.

The Bf 110F-4, which entered service around July 1942, was the first version purpose-built specifically for night fighting duties. Although somewhat provisional in nature, it was armed with four 7.92 mm (.31 in) machine guns and two 20 mm (.78 in) cannons. The Bf 110 continued to serve as the Luftwaffe’s primary night fighter until well into 1944.

Operational service

Main article: Messerschmitt Bf 110 operational history

Variants

Bf 110 V1

File:Me110.jpg
Bf 110 equipped with twin 900-litre drop tanks featuring vertical fins, from 9.Staffel/ZG 26, shown in a Regia Aeronautica photograph
This prototype first took to the skies on 12 May 1936, powered by two Daimler-Benz DB 600 engines[29].

Bf 110 V2

Finished on 24 October 1936, also utilizing two Daimler-Benz DB 600 engines. It was assigned directly to the Luftwaffe test facility at Rechlin. While test pilots appreciated its speed, they found its agility lacking[29].

Bf 110 V3

Built on the same airframe as the V1 and V2, this variant was designed for weapons testing and featured modifications to the nose for armament. Completed and flown on 24 December 1936, it was likewise sent to Rechlin for evaluation[29].
Bf 110 A
Prototype series powered by two Junkers Jumo 210 B engines.[30]
Bf 110 A-0
The initial four pre-production aircraft. Armament included four fixed MG 17 7.92 mm machine guns mounted in the nose and one flexible MG 15 7.92 mm machine gun operated from the rear cockpit canopy.[30]
Bf 110 B

Produced in limited numbers with twin Jumo 210 engines.

Bf 110 B-0
The first pre-production model, closely resembling the B-1.
Bf 110 B-1
Zerstörer variant armed with four fixed 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns and two nose-mounted 20 mm MG FF cannons.
Bf 110 B-2
Reconnaissance model, with both MG FF cannons removed and various camera systems installed.
Bf 110 B-3
Trainer version featuring removal of MG FF cannons and addition of extra radio equipment. Some worn B-1 units were later converted to this standard.
Bf 110 C
File:Me 110C-5 RAF NAN15Jun43.jpg
Captured Bf 110C-5 operated by No. 1426 Flight RAF

The first significant production batch fitted with Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines.

Bf 110 C-0
Ten pre-production units.
Bf 110 C-1
Zerstörer equipped with DB 601 B-1 engines.
Bf 110 C-2
Zerstörer variant upgraded with FuG 10 radio replacing the FuG III system.
Bf 110 C-3
Zerstörer featuring improved MG FF/M cannons replacing earlier MG FFs.
Bf 110 C-4
Zerstörer with enhanced crew armor protection.
Bf 110 C-4/B
A fighter-bomber based on the C-4, fitted with two ETC 500 bomb racks and powered by upgraded DB 601 Ba engines.
Bf 110 C-5
A reconnaissance adaptation of the C-4, with both MG FF cannons removed and an Rb 50/30 camera installed, powered by enhanced DB 601P engines.
Bf 110 C-6
Experimental Zerstörer fitted with an additional single MK 101 cannon (30 mm/1.18 in) mounted beneath the fuselage, utilizing DB 601P powerplants.
Bf 110 C-7
Fighter-bomber variant derived from the C-4/B, equipped with two ETC 500 centerline bomb racks capable of carrying bombs weighing either two times 250 kg, or single loads of up to 1,000 kg (2,204 lb), powered by uprated DB 601P engines.
Bf 110 D

Heavy fighter/fighter-bomber variants designed for extended range missions based on the C-series airframes, configured to operate with external fuel tanks and often deployed in Norway.

Bf 110 D-0
A prototype built from modified C-3 airframes featuring a belly-mounted fuel tank of approximately 1,050 L (277 US gal), nicknamed Dackelbauch ("dachshund's belly").
Bf 110 D-1
A long-range Zerstörer using modified C-series airframes capable of carrying the Dackelbauch ventral tank along with underwing drop tanks.
Bf 110 D-1/R1
Long-range Zerstörer fitted with the Dackelbauch ventral tank plus optional wing-mounted drop tanks each holding around 900 L (240 US gal).
Bf 110 D-1/R2
Long-range Zerstörer configured to carry a jettisonable oil tank of about 85 L beneath the fuselage instead of the Dackelbauch, along with two wing-mounted drop tanks of approximately 900 L each.
Bf 110 D-2
A long-range Zerstörer equipped with two wing-mounted drop tanks holding about 300 L (80 US gal) each and centerline bomb racks suitable for two bombs weighing up to 500 kg (1,100 lb).
Bf 110 D-3
A long-range Zerstörer featuring an extended tail section designed to accommodate a rescue dinghy. It could be fitted either with two wing-mounted drop tanks of either approximately 300 L or larger ones of about 900 L capacity. The use of ETC500 bomb racks was optional but incompatible when using the larger drop tanks.
Bf 110 D-4
A long-range reconnaissance model where both MG FF cannons were removed and an Rb50/30 camera installed, equipped with two wing-mounted drop tanks of either roughly 300 L or alternatively larger ones around 900 L capacity.
Bf 110 E
File:Bf 110 end.jpg
Bf 110 E-1 from Ergänzungs-Schlachtgruppe at Dęblin-Irena (Poland, 1942).

Primarily fighter-bombers featuring reinforced airframes capable of carrying bomb loads up to approximately 1,200 kg (2,650 lb).

Bf 110 E-0
Pre-production model powered by Daimler-Benz DB 601 B engines, equipped with a pair of ETC50 bomb racks positioned outboard of the engines and armed similarly to the C-4 variant.
Bf 110 E-1
The production standard version using DB 601P engines.
Bf 110 E-1/U1
A two-man night fighter conversion outfitted with the early Spanner-Anlage infrared homing system.
Bf 110 E-2
Powered by DB 601P engines and featuring a rear fuselage extension similar to that used on the D-3 model.
Bf 110 E-3
A long-range reconnaissance version where both MG FF cannons were removed and an Rb50/30 camera installed.
Bf 110 F

Similar to the E series but further reinforced structurally and armored more heavily, powered by two DB 601F engines rated at approximately 993 kW (1,350 PS).

Bf 110 F-1
Fighter-bomber configuration.
Bf 110 F-2
A long-range Zerstörer, frequently deployed against Allied heavy bomber formations.
Bf 110 F-3
A long-range reconnaissance variant.
Bf 110 F-4
The first purpose-built night fighter model designed specifically for this role, crewed by three personnel.
Bf 110 G
File:Me110G4 2.jpg
Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4
File:ME-110G-2 at RAF Hendon.jpg
A Bf 110 G-4 night fighter displayed at the Royal Air Force Museum London.
File:Bf-110 G-4 cockpit RAF Museum London.jpg
Cockpit view of a Bf‑110 G‑4 at the Royal Air Force Museum London.

An enhanced development of the F-series featuring two more powerful Daimler-Benz DB 605 B engines rated at approximately 1,085 kW (1,475 PS) each and enlarged tail rudders for improved control.

Bf 110 G‑1
This variant was never produced.
Bf 110 G‑2
Fighter-bomber and fast bomber roles as well as destroyer missions, commonly employed against Allied heavy bombers and often armed with rockets.
Bf 110 G‑2/R1
Equipped with a BK 3.7 autocannon mounted under the fuselage.
Bf 110 G‑2/R4
Armed with a BK 3.7 under-fuselage cannon combined with two MK 108 cannons installed in the nose section.
Bf 110 G‑3
A long-range reconnaissance adaptation.
Bf 110 G‑4
A three-man night fighter fitted with FuG202/220 Lichtenstein radar systems and optionally armed with Schräge Musik, typically mounted midway along the cockpit area so that cannon muzzles barely protruded above the canopy glazing. Various configurations combining engine boosts via GM‑1 systems, Schräge Musik installations, radar setups, and forward-firing weapons were available through multiple Rüstsatz and Umrüst-Bausatz kits.[31]
Bf 110 H

The final planned iteration resembled the G series but was cancelled before prototype completion due to critical documents being destroyed during an air raid on the Waggonbau Gotha factory responsible for its development.Template:Fix/category[citation needed]

Operators

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Surviving aircraft

File:Me 110 G-4.JPG
Bf 110 Werk Nr. 5052, Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin. The aircraft features the dachshund nose art emblem of 10.(Z)/JG 5.

There are two preserved Bf 110 aircraft still intact:

Messerschmitt Bf 110 G Werk Nr. 730301

This example is exhibited fully assembled at the Royal Air Force Museum London, located in Hendon, North London. As a G-series night fighter, it was probably manufactured in 1944. It served with Nachtjagdgeschwader 3, the night defense unit for Denmark and northern Germany until Germany capitulated in May 1945. Captured by British forces, it was one of five Bf 110s taken for technical analysis. In 1946, the Air Historical Branch chose it for preservation. It was transferred to the RAF Museum in 1978 and has remained there since.

Messerschmitt Bf 110 F2 Werk Nr. 5052

This aircraft is on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.

In addition, the Technik Museum Speyer holds wings and other components from a Bf 110 recovered from a Swedish lake in 1995. This aircraft had landed on the ice after being hit by Swedish anti-aircraft fire during the war.

Messerschmitt Bf 110 G4 (unknown Werk Nr.)

File:BF110 G4 on display in Denmark.jpg
An intact Bf 110 night-fighter (G4) assembled by "Gillelejegruppen" using spare parts sourced globally.

Constructed from numerous original spare parts collected worldwide, this aircraft is currently owned and exhibited by a private foundation in Denmark.

Specifications (Bf 110 C-1)

3-view line drawing of the Messerschmitt Bf 110
3-view line drawing of the Messerschmitt Bf 110

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

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Notes

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Mackay 2000, pp. 6–7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay 493
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mackay 2000, p. 7.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mackay 2000, p. 9.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lepage 120
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named askey 125
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay 4934
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay 494
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weal 89
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay 4945
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weal 9
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay496
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weal28
  14. ↑ "German Aircraft of World War II Blog — Mid-Series Messerschmitt Bf110". germanaircraftwwii.com, April13,2011.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay4967
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smithkay497
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named askey1256
  18. ↑ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 498.
  19. ↑ Askey 2013, p. 126.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Mankau & Petrick 2003, pp. 323–327.
  21. ↑ Smith and Kay 1972, p. 499.
  22. ↑ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 527-528.
  23. ↑ Forsyth 2019, pp. 7-12.
  24. ↑ Munson,1983,p=154
  25. ↑ Weal2012,p.43
  26. ↑ Smith and Kay 1972, p.500.
  27. ↑ Smith and Kay1972,pages500–501.
  28. ↑ Smith and Kay1972,pages499–502.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Hirsch & Feist 1967, p. 3.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hirsch & Feist 1967, p. 4.
  31. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Bibliography

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Further reading

  • Bergström, Christer. Black Cross – Red Star, Air War over the Eastern Front. Volume 4. Stalingrad to Kuban. Vaktel Books, 2019. ISBN 978-91-88441-21-8.
  • Campbell, Jerry L. Messerschmitt BF 110 Zerstörer in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas, 1977. ISBN 0-89747-029-X.
  • Caldwell, Donald, and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defence of the Reich. Greenhill Books, London, UK, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
  • Ciampaglia, Giuseppe. Destroyers in Second World War. IBN editore, Rome, Italy, 1996. ISBN 88-86815-47-6.
  • Deighton, Len. Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain. Pimlico, London, UK, 1996. ISBN 0-7126-7423-3.
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  • Lawrence, Joseph. The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. Frederick Warne & Co., London and New York, 1945.
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  • Treadwell, Terry C. Messerschmitt Bf 110 (Classic WWII Aviation). Cerberus Publishing Ltd., Bristol Avon UK, 2005. ISBN 1-84145-107-X.
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External links

Template:Messerschmitt aircraft Template:RLM aircraft designations Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 159: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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