Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.
	File:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.svg MGM logo
Company type	Subsidiary
Industry	Film and television production and distribution
Founded	April 17, 1924; 102 years ago in Culver City, California, United States
Founder	Marcus Loew (by consolidation of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures)
Headquarters	Culver City, California, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Products	Motion pictures, television programs
Owner	Amazon MGM Studios (Amazon)
Parent	Amazon MGM Studios

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.—also referred to as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures or simply MGM—is a prominent American company specializing in film and television production and distribution, with its headquarters located in Culver City, California. Established on April 17, 1924, MGM has been under the ownership of Amazon MGM Studios, a division of Amazon, since 2022.

The formation of MGM was orchestrated by Marcus Loew through the consolidation of three entities: Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures. It rapidly rose to prominence as a major Hollywood studio, distinguished by its large roster of contracted actors and critically acclaimed musical films that garnered multiple Academy Awards. MGM’s assets extended beyond production, encompassing studios, theaters, and technical operations. Its golden era spanned from 1926 to 1959, highlighted by landmark films such as Ben Hur. Following the sale of its Loews theater chain in 1956, MGM ventured into television production.

In 1969, investor Kirk Kerkorian acquired a significant 40% ownership stake and redirected MGM’s business approach by scaling back film production and branching out into the hospitality sector through the establishment of MGM Resorts International. The original MGM entity separated its studio operations in 1980, rebranding as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Film Co., and subsequently purchased United Artists in 1981. After undergoing numerous ownership transitions—including transfers to Ted Turner and reacquisitions by Kerkorian—the company broadened its portfolio by acquiring Orion Pictures and the Samuel Goldwyn Company during the 1990s. In 2005, Kerkorian divested MGM to a group including Sony Pictures.

MGM was listed on the New York Stock Exchange until 1986 and resumed public trading following its initial public offering in 1997. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2010 but successfully emerged later that year under creditor control. During this restructuring period, former Spyglass Entertainment leaders Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum served as co-CEOs. After Barber's exit in 2018, MGM actively pursued acquisition opportunities to address ongoing financial challenges.

In May 2021, Amazon revealed plans to acquire MGM for $8.45 billion—a transaction finalized in March 2022. By October 2023, Amazon Studios integrated MGM Holdings and rebranded itself as Amazon MGM Studios. Among MGM’s flagship franchises are James Bond and Rocky, alongside recent television projects like Fargo and The Handmaid's Tale. As part of Amazon MGM Studios, MGM continues to be a member of the Motion Picture Association, having been one of its founding members prior to the 2005 acquisition.

Overview

While MGM was the last major Hollywood studio to embrace sound films, it dominated the industry from the silent film era through the late 1950s. Despite consistent box office hits, the studio faced financial difficulties during the 1960s due to slow adaptation to evolving industry trends. In 1966, Canadian businessman Edgar Bronfman Sr. acquired MGM; his son would later go on to purchase Universal Studios. By 1969, facing unprofitability, MGM was sold to Kirk Kerkorian, who implemented cost-cutting measures, lowered production quality standards, and ceased theatrical distribution in 1973. Subsequently, MGM produced a limited slate of films annually, with distribution primarily handled by United Artists (UA). Kerkorian expanded film production and acquired UA in 1981, capitalizing on the profitable James Bond franchise to increase revenue streams.

Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, MGM accumulated substantial debt amid frequent changes in ownership. In 1986, Ted Turner briefly gained control of MGM but soon sold it back to Kerkorian while retaining ownership of its film library assets. In 1990, Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti acquired MGM via Pathé Communications but defaulted on loans, resulting in creditor Crédit Lyonnais taking over management. A consortium including Kerkorian and Australia's Seven Network purchased MGM in 1996; however, persistent debt issues continued to limit its operational independence.

Following a competitive bidding process involving Time Warner and General Electric, a consortium led by Sony Corporation of America, along with Comcast, TPG Capital, and Providence Equity Partners, completed their acquisition of MGM on September 23, 2004. After filing for bankruptcy protection in 2010, MGM restructured by converting $4 billion of debt into equity held by creditors under MGM Holdings—a privately held entity—and appointed new leadership to oversee its film and television divisions.

This historical trajectory underscores MGM’s ongoing struggle to balance investment in content creation with financial sustainability while striving to maintain its market position within the global entertainment sector.

Establishment and Initial Development

The origins of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer trace back to 1924 when theater entrepreneur Marcus Loew aimed to guarantee a steady supply of quality films for his Loew's Theatres chain. He first acquired Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919, followed by the purchase of Goldwyn Pictures in 1924. To manage these Hollywood assets, Loew bought Louis B. Mayer Pictures for $75,000 and appointed Mayer to lead the newly formed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the young Irving Thalberg, aged 24, overseeing production activities. While production was based in Culver City, final budget approvals were retained by Loews Inc. in New York.

Within two years, MGM had produced over 100 feature films, including the highly lucrative Ben-Hur (1925), which yielded profits of $4.7 million. That same year, MGM collaborated with Paramount and UFA to establish Parufamet, a German distribution company.

After Marcus Loew passed away in 1927, control of the company transferred to Nicholas Schenck. In 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation purchased the Loew family's shares with Schenck's consent; however, this acquisition faced opposition from Mayer and Thalberg. Utilizing his political influence, Mayer delayed the merger on antitrust grounds. The deal ultimately collapsed following Fox’s accident and the stock market crash of 1929. This failed merger exacerbated tensions between Mayer and Schenck, straining MGM’s corporate environment.

The 1920s and 1930s Era

From its earliest days, MGM capitalized on the public's appetite for elegance and glamour. Initially lacking major stars, executives Mayer and Thalberg focused on cultivating emerging talent such as Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, William Haines, and Norma Shearer. At the same time, they recruited well-established actors including Wallace Beery, Lon Chaney, Buster Keaton, and William Powell. The transition to sound films in 1928–29 introduced future box office icons like Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Myrna Loy, and Spencer Tracy.

MGM was an early adopter of Technicolor technology, incorporating color sequences into productions such as Ben-Hur and releasing The Viking, recognized as the first full-length Technicolor feature with synchronized sound effects. Although MGM was among the last major studios to fully embrace sound films, its first all-talking musical The Broadway Melody (1929) achieved both commercial success and earned Best Picture at the Academy Awards.

Throughout the 1930s, MGM advanced color filmmaking with notable Technicolor titles like Sweethearts and Northwest Passage. The studio also distributed popular comedy shorts from Hal Roach Studios featuring Laurel and Hardy and Our Gang; MGM later acquired rights to Our Gang in 1938.

In addition to film production, MGM expanded into music publishing by acquiring prominent companies such as Miller Music Publishing Co., Robbins Music Corporation, and Leo Feist, Inc. during the mid-1930s. Politically active, MGM opposed Upton Sinclair’s 1934 campaign for California governor through employee-funded propaganda films.

During the Great Depression, MGM maintained an output of approximately 50 films annually, focusing on elaborate productions aimed at urban audiences while economizing by reusing sets and costumes. Unlike some competitors, MGM did not operate off-site movie ranches but remained profitable throughout the decade, consistently paying dividends despite occasional financial disappointments like Parnell (1937).

MGM’s business strategy revolved around a roster of contracted stars managed via the American Musical Academy of Arts Association to enhance public appeal. Leading earners included Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, Jeanette MacDonald, Norma Shearer, and Jean Harlow—who emerged as a prominent sex symbol. Clark Gable’s career flourished after winning an Oscar for It Happened One Night (1934).

Creative differences surfaced between Mayer and Thalberg regarding production focus; Thalberg favored literary costume dramas whereas Mayer preferred family-friendly fare. Following Thalberg’s untimely death in 1936 at age 37, Mayer took over production management and became the first American studio executive to earn a million-dollar salary. Under his leadership, MGM increased its output of series pictures featuring franchises like Andy Hardy, Maisie, and The Thin Man. Ida Koverman, Mayer’s secretary, was instrumental in studio administration.

In 1937, Mayer appointed former Warner Bros. producer/director Mervyn LeRoy as chief producer. LeRoy convinced Mayer to purchase rights to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for $75,000 in 1938.

Among MGM’s significant releases in 1939 were The Wizard of Oz, Ninotchka starring Greta Garbo; The Women, featuring Joan Crawford and Norma Shearer; as well as Gone with the Wind, starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable. Although produced by Selznick International Pictures, MGM handled distribution under an agreement that secured Gable’s participation and provided financial support for Selznick. MGM eventually acquired full rights after Selznick International dissolved in 1944. Despite receiving critical acclaim upon release, The Wizard of Oz took nearly twenty years to recover its considerable production expenses.

1940s

Beginning in 1942, Mayer terminated the contracts of MGM's top five highest-paid actresses: Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo, Myrna Loy, Jeanette MacDonald, and Norma Shearer. Branded as "box office poison," Crawford moved to Warner Brothers and successfully revitalized her career; however, Garbo and Shearer did not return to filmmaking. Loy and MacDonald were brought back in 1947 and 1948, respectively, while Crawford made a comeback after Mayer's exit with the film Torch Song (1953).

Throughout World War II, Mayer increasingly delegated authority to his so-called "College of Cardinals," a group of senior producers responsible for overseeing studio productions. This collective management style resulted in fewer emerging stars and a heavier dependence on sequels and low-risk projects. Nevertheless, MGM upheld its reputation for high production quality, ensuring even lower-budget films were made with considerable care and expense. The studio reduced its annual output from 50 to roughly 25 films but continued to achieve success with musicals featuring Fred Astaire, Judy Garland, Gene Kelly, and Frank Sinatra.

1950s

With television's growing popularity in the late 1940s, MGM experienced a decline in theater attendance and shrinking profits due to substantial overhead costs. Nicholas Schenck advocated for discovering "a new Thalberg" to enhance film quality while reducing expenses. Mayer responded by appointing Dore Schary, an accomplished RKO producer known for lavish musicals such as Easter Parade (1948), Annie Get Your Gun (1950), and Mario Lanza's hits like The Great Caruso (1951), helping to maintain MGM’s profitability.

In August 1951, Mayer was removed by East Coast executives and succeeded by Schary. To cut costs, Schary terminated expensive contracts—including those of Judy Garland and Clark Gable—and reused sets and costumes. Although his focus on socially conscious films met with limited commercial success, MGM’s musical division under producer Arthur Freed thrived with iconic productions like An American in Paris (1951), Singin' in the Rain (1952), and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954). Despite critical praise, several lavish musicals released between 1954 and 1957 failed to perform well financially.

Following the antitrust rulings from United States v. Paramount Pictures, Loews Inc. began relinquishing control over MGM in 1952; this separation process extended over five years amid ongoing financial losses. Schary was dismissed in 1956 after internal power disputes and expensive flops such as Raintree County (1957). His period at the studio produced few major successes; after Schenck retired in 1955, Joseph Vogel took over as president with Sol Siegel appointed head of production.

By 1957—the year of Mayer’s passing—MGM reported its first financial deficit in 34 years. The studio gradually discontinued its system of contract players; by 1960 only Robert Taylor remained under contract before his release.

In 1958, MGM released its final major musical under Arthur Freed’s leadership: the critically acclaimed Gigi, which earned nine Academy Awards including Best Picture. Adapted by Lerner and Loewe from Colette’s novel, it featured memorable songs such as "Thank Heaven For Little Girls." This film marked the last MGM musical to win Best Picture honors, following earlier victories with titles like The Broadway Melody (1929) and An American in Paris.

The Freed Unit’s concluding musical was Bells Are Ringing (1960), starring Judy Holliday and Dean Martin. Subsequently, MGM produced musicals intermittently, including titles such as The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) featuring Debbie Reynolds.

MGM's foray into television

The inaugural television series from MGM, titled The MGM Parade, was created by its trailer division as a promotional program, drawing parallels to Disney's Disneyland on ABC. This show was discontinued in early 1956. That same year, MGM contemplated selling its film archive and received a $50 million offer from Lou Chesler but ultimately chose to enter the TV industry directly. In June 1956, Bud Barry was appointed to head MGM Television, which concentrated on film distribution to networks, producing original TV content, and acquiring broadcast stations. Production commenced during the 1957–58 season with half-hour adaptations or series inspired by MGM films, initially aimed at network distribution.

By 1957, MGM had shut down its animation department after concluding that re-releasing older cartoons yielded profits comparable to producing new ones. Consequently, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera departed to establish Hanna-Barbera Productions, which grew into a prominent television animation studio.

In 1956, MGM sold the television rights for The Wizard of Oz to CBS, marking the first complete prime-time airing of a major American theatrical fiction film. Between 1959 and 1991, yearly broadcasts of The Wizard of Oz became a significant revenue stream and cultural milestone for MGM, greatly enhancing the film’s market presence. Even today, the movie continues to be shown on Turner-owned networks, preserving its position as one of MGM’s most treasured properties.

MGM animation history

In 1930, MGM secured distribution rights for a cartoon series featuring Flip the Frog, produced by Ub Iwerks. The initial cartoon, Fiddlesticks, was notable as the first sound cartoon created in two-color Technicolor. After the Flip the Frog series concluded in 1933, MGM distributed Iwerks' subsequent series starring Willie Whopper.

In 1934, MGM contracted former Warner Bros. producers Hugh Harman and Rudolph Ising to develop color cartoons called Happy Harmonies, akin to Merrie Melodies. Due to repeated budget excesses, MGM terminated their contract in 1937 and established its own animation studio.

Following early difficulties with The Captain and the Kids, Harman and Ising returned in 1939; Ising introduced Barney Bear. The studio’s most successful franchise debuted in 1940 when William Hanna and Joseph Barbera created Tom and Jerry, which won seven Academy Awards from 1943 through 1953. Tex Avery joined MGM in 1941, influencing the studio’s creative direction with popular works such as Red Hot Riding Hood and the Droopy cartoons.

After Avery left in 1953, Hanna and Barbera concentrated on producing Tom and Jerry and Droopy. Starting in 1955, all cartoons were made using CinemaScope until MGM shut down its animation division in 1957.

MGM revived the production of Tom and Jerry shorts in 1961 through Rembrandt Films in Prague under Gene Deitch’s oversight; however, these were less well received. Production returned stateside in 1963 under Chuck Jones’ Sib Tower 12 Productions (later renamed MGM Animation/Visual Arts), which earned an Oscar for The Dot and the Line (1965) and produced the acclaimed TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966). The animation unit ended Tom and Jerry production in 1967 but continued creating television specials and one feature film, The Phantom Tollbooth. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation saw a brief revival from 1993 until 1999.

MGM during the 1960s

In 1959, MGM experienced a major financial triumph with the release of the nearly four-hour Technicolor spectacle Ben–Hur, featuring Charlton Heston. The film secured 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record that would only be equaled decades later by Titanic and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.

At this time, MGM pursued a high-risk approach, depending on a single large-scale epic each year to drive its revenue. While the success of Ben–Hur was sufficient to sustain the studio through 1960, subsequent large productions like Cimarron (1960), King of Kings (1961), Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1961), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) failed to meet financial expectations. Additionally, the Cinerama feature The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) did not perform well commercially. Nevertheless, MGM achieved success with the star-studded epic How the West Was Won (1962). These financial setbacks led to changes in leadership, with Sol Siegel and Joseph Vogel being replaced by Robert M. Weitman as head of production and Robert O'Brien as president.

During O'Brien and Weitman’s tenure, MGM experienced a brief resurgence with acclaimed films such as David Lean's Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), and Where Eagles Dare (1968). Despite these successes, the company encountered proxy battles from corporate raiders and further commercial disappointments including the musical remake Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) and Ryan's Daughter (1970). Weitman departed for Columbia in 1967, followed by O'Brien’s resignation several years later.

In the mid-1960s, MGM expanded its business scope by investing in real estate ventures. Edgar Bronfman Sr. secured a controlling stake in MGM in 1966 and briefly held the chairman position in 1969. By 1967, Time Inc. had become the studio’s second-largest shareholder, highlighting an evolving corporate structure and broadened investment portfolio during this period.

Kirk Kerkorian investment

In 1969, Kirk Kerkorian purchased a 40% ownership interest in MGM, drawn by the company’s valuable assets including its subsidiaries, real estate holdings, and its renowned brand associated with a Las Vegas hotel and casino. Under James T. Aubrey Jr.’s management, MGM’s unprofitable film division was drastically reduced in scope, focusing on fewer productions, increased location filming, and independent distribution arrangements. Aubrey also divested key studio assets and sold backlot land for real estate development. A planned merger with 20th Century-Fox in 1971 ultimately did not come to fruition. Additionally, MGM sold off MGM Records and its international theater holdings.

Throughout the 1970s, MGM scaled back film production to approximately four or five mid-budget movies annually, supplemented by lower-budget projects. In 1973, MGM contracted United Artists (UA) to handle film distribution for a decade; UA acquired MGM’s music publishing division along with part ownership of a Canadian record label. Kerkorian concentrated on expanding the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas with an investment of $120 million while continuing to sell backlot properties.

Under Dan Melnick’s guidance from 1972 onward, MGM released several notable films including Westworld (1973), Soylent Green (1973), Network (1976), and Coma (1978), although it never fully restored its former industry prominence. The sale of MGM Recording Studios occurred in 1975. By 1979, Kerkorian characterized MGM primarily as a hotel enterprise. In 1980, David Begelman—previously dismissed from Columbia Pictures due to embezzlement allegations—was appointed president and CEO of MGM.

That same year marked Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s division into two distinct companies: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Film Co., handling movie production, and MGM Grand Hotels, Inc., overseeing casino operations. The growth of ancillary revenue streams allowed MGM to increase its annual film output to between 10 and 15 titles from the prior decade’s three to six releases, contingent upon revitalizing its distribution network.

MGM/UA Entertainment

In 1981, MGM broadened its international presence by purchasing United Artists (UA) from Transamerica Corporation, which was divesting following the commercial failure of Heaven's Gate (1980). After this acquisition, the entity was rebranded as "MGM/UA Entertainment Company". By 1982, MGM/UA had created three distinct divisions: MGM/UA Home Entertainment Group, MGM/UA Classics, and MGM/UA Television Group, reflecting a strategy of diversified operations. Although Kerkorian aimed to take the company private by acquiring remaining shares, opposition curtailed this effort. Additionally, in 1983, MGM/UA sold its music publishing arm to CBS Songs under a co-publishing agreement spanning five years.

Following the takeover, David Begelman led UA but was dismissed in July 1982 after overseeing predominantly unsuccessful projects; Poltergeist (1982) stood out as the sole commercial success. Later releases such as WarGames (1983) and Octopussy (1983) achieved respectable results but did not fulfill Kerkorian’s profitability expectations. Increasingly, the studio shifted focus to distribution agreements rather than funding production directly, utilizing its valuable film catalog to sustain its market position.

Forming strategic alliances became a key component of MGM/UA’s expansion. Initial partnerships included Fred Silverman’s InterMedia and a 1982 distribution arrangement with mini-major The Cannon Group, Inc.. Further collaborations with producers like Dino De Laurentiis and PSM Entertainment broadened MGM/UA’s portfolio and extended its market presence during this time.

MGM Entertainment

On August 7, 1985, Turner Broadcasting System proposed acquiring MGM/UA with the intention of exploiting MGM's film archive for his Superstation WTBS. Before finalizing the merger, MGM/UA Distribution Co. transitioned into a joint venture named UA/MGM Distribution Co., overseeing sales and operations for both MGM and UA titles. The acquisition was completed on March 25, 1986, through a $1.5 billion cash-and-stock deal, resulting in the company being renamed "MGM Entertainment Co." Turner promptly sold the UA division back to Kerkorian for approximately $480 million.

Facing financial difficulties caused by substantial corporate debt, Turner was compelled on August 26, 1986, to divest MGM's production and distribution assets back to UA for $300 million. The MGM studio lot and laboratory facilities were sold to Lorimar-Telepictures, which subsequently sold the Metrocolor Film Laboratory to Technicolor for $60 million. Turner retained ownership of the MGM film library produced before May 1986 alongside the RKO Radio Pictures and pre-1950 Warner Bros. catalogs previously acquired by UA.

Contentions regarding Turner's ownership scope were settled, confirming his control over all pre-May 1986 MGM films, most of the pre-1950 Warner Bros. collection (excluding certain late-1940s features and shorts), Popeye cartoons released by Paramount through Associated Artists Productions, US and Canadian rights to the RKO library, as well as MGM’s television series. Turner utilized these holdings to launch Turner Network Television (TNT), significantly enhancing his media holdings and industry influence.

MGM/UA Communications

Following Kerkorian's reacquisition of MGM in August 1986, the company was rebranded as MGM/UA Communications Co., preserving the separate identities of MGM and United Artists. This rebranding became effective on September 10, 1986, coinciding with the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol changing from UA to MGM. In 1987, MGM/UA Communications collaborated with Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures to promote their film and television content within the Chinese market.

In July 1988, Kerkorian announced intentions to divest parts of MGM/UA by splitting MGM and UA into independent studios. His plan involved selling a 25% stake in MGM to Barris Industries, led by producers Burt Sugarman, Jon Peters, and Peter Guber. However, this proposed separation was abandoned a few weeks later. During 1989, Australian media firms sought to acquire the company: Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation offered $1.35 billion, while Qintex proposed $1.5 billion but ultimately failed due to financial instability. Ted Turner also made an unsuccessful bid to purchase MGM/UA.

MGM-Pathé Communications

In 1990, Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti purchased MGM/UA from Kirk Kerkorian with financial support from Crédit Lyonnais, despite his unsuccessful attempt to acquire Pathé amid concerns regarding his reputation. To finance this acquisition, Parretti licensed MGM/UA’s film library to Time Warner and Turner for home video and television rights through 2003. He then merged MGM/UA with his Pathé Communications Corporation (formerly The Cannon Group), creating MGM–Pathé Communications Co.

Alan Ladd Jr., previously president of MGM/UA, was named CEO in 1991. However, Parretti’s ownership unraveled by 1992 amid multiple lawsuits and a default on Crédit Lyonnais loans. Charges of securities fraud were filed against Parretti after it was revealed that his acquisition depended on fraudulent and highly leveraged financing; he had also dismissed most financial personnel, resulting in operational disorder and unpaid talent fees. During this turmoil, Danjaq, LLC filed suit against MGM when Parretti attempted to sell international TV rights for the James Bond franchise without authorization, causing delays in producing the seventeenth Bond installment and prompting Timothy Dalton’s exit.

With bankruptcy looming, Crédit Lyonnais assumed full control of MGM–Pathé in 1992 and restored the company’s name to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The bank replaced Ladd with former Paramount executive Frank Mancuso Sr., who appointed Michael Marcus as chairman and John Calley as head of United Artists. Additionally, a television production division was established. As part of his departure agreement, Ladd retained ownership of key assets including Braveheart.

In December 1992, MGM invested $30 million plus a $30 million convertible note in Carolco Pictures and began distributing Carolco films starting in 1994 after its contract with TriStar expired. Crédit Lyonnais’s position as lender facilitated this collaboration.

MGM Holdings, Inc. was created in 1993 to manage approximately $1 billion of MGM’s liabilities off the balance sheet. Crédit Lyonnais extended a $400 million credit facility, enabling a group led by Chemical Bank to provide an additional $350 million in financing during 1994. That year saw success with the release of Stargate. Strategic alliances included partnerships with Sega of America to develop television series and films based on Sega video game properties—although a planned Sonic the Hedgehog feature never materialized—and a multi-picture deal with Rysher Entertainment.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures

Crédit Lyonnais soon decided to sell MGM, drawing interest from a variety of bidders including News Corporation, The Walt Disney Company, General Electric, independent entities such as New Regency and Morgan Creek Productions, as well as international firms like France's Chargeurs, Germany's Bertelsmann, and the British-Dutch company PolyGram. Ultimately, Kirk Kerkorian repurchased MGM in October 1996 for $1.3 billion, marking his third tenure as the studio's owner; this transaction also involved MGM executive Mancuso and Australia's Seven Network, which Kerkorian acquired in 1998. Around this period, John Calley departed United Artists to lead Sony Pictures Entertainment, reportedly due to Mancuso's poor communication regarding the buyout and compensation concerns.

In 1997, MGM significantly expanded by acquiring Metromedia's film divisions—Orion Pictures, The Samuel Goldwyn Company, and Motion Picture Corporation of America—for $573 million, thereby strengthening its film and television library as well as production capabilities. This acquisition, combined with ownership of the James Bond franchise, became central to MGM's portfolio. That same year marked the debut of the cable series Stargate SG-1 on Showtime. MGM and Danjaq initiated legal action against Sony Pictures over a rival Bond franchise supported by Kevin McClory, alleging that former MGM executive Calley had improperly shared confidential information. In December 1997, MGM secured the rights to the unofficial Bond film Never Say Never Again from the estate of Jack Schwartzman.

MGM sought to purchase the Epic film library in December 1997 but was outbid by PolyGram. Nevertheless, in 1999 MGM successfully acquired two-thirds of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment's pre-1996 catalog from Seagram for $250 million, expanding its collection to approximately 4,000 titles. This deal was executed through MGM's Orion Pictures subsidiary to circumvent existing video distribution contracts. Additionally, MGM reacquired broadcast rights for more than 800 films previously licensed to Turner Broadcasting System.

By 1998, MGM had launched a specialty division under the Goldwyn Films brand but encountered trademark disputes with Samuel Goldwyn Jr., resulting in a 1999 agreement that led to rebranding as G2 Films. In mid-1999, MGM resolved a lawsuit with Sony by exchanging Spider-Man film rights for the rights to Casino Royale, thereby reinforcing its James Bond holdings.

In March 1999, MGM paid $225 million to end its home video distribution agreement with Warner Home Video, reclaiming rights to its post-1986 catalog while Warner retained titles released before 1986. That year also marked the conclusion of MGM’s international theatrical distribution deal with United International Pictures following allegations of cartel violations within the European Union. In June 1999, MGM entered into a three-year international distribution and strategic partnership with 20th Century Fox for theatrical and home video releases outside North America and explored collaborations in cable and satellite ventures; this arrangement began operations in 2000.

In 2001, MGM purchased a 20% interest in Rainbow Media Group (now AMC Networks) for $825 million but incurred losses after an unsuccessful attempt to acquire Universal Studios in 2003 compelled the divestiture of its cable channel assets.

January 2002 saw the establishment of the MGM Entertainment Business Group under president Darcie Denkert, responsible for managing theatrical operations alongside co-president Dean Stolber.

On May 27, 2003, MGM regained complete international home video distribution rights for its films while Fox maintained distribution responsibilities in select emerging markets.

Competitive bidding and corporate restructuring

In 2002, Kerkorian placed MGM on the market with an asking price near $7 billion. By 2004, multiple contenders, such as Time Warner and Sony Corporation of America (supported by Comcast alongside private equity investors TPG Capital, DLJ, and Providence Equity Partners), submitted offers. Sony’s primary objective was to secure Blu-ray Disc technology support at MGM, with secondary benefits anticipated through cost efficiencies at Sony Pictures Entertainment. After intense bidding, Sony acquired MGM for close to $5 billion, which included $2 billion allocated to settle MGM’s outstanding debt. Between 2005 and 2006, Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group handled domestic distribution for MGM and United Artists films.

Challenges emerged when Sony fell short of expected sales targets for MGM’s DVD library. Subsequently, Providence Equity appointed Harry Sloan as chairman of MGM; Sloan championed the studio’s autonomy from Sony ownership. This resulted in MGM reasserting itself as an independent entity.

In February 2006, MGM resumed theatrical distribution activities by collaborating with The Weinstein Company (TWC), Lakeshore Entertainment, Bauer Martinez, and other independent producers. The studio aimed to release over 20 films by 2007, with Lucky Number Slevin marking the initial release under this renewed approach. Although the TWC distribution agreement was originally set for three years, it concluded prematurely.

On May 31, 2006, MGM transitioned the majority of its home video distribution from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment while reorganizing its worldwide television distribution operations. Moreover, MGM oversaw syndication of New Line Television’s U.S. films and series until 2008.

A preliminary deal in March 2006 involving South Korean firm Glovit and Busan city officials proposed the development of MGM Studio City—a $1.02 billion theme park featuring attractions, a film academy, hotels, and retail outlets. Glovit was tasked with financing and managing the project; MGM retained content planning authority along with an option to acquire a 5–10% ownership stake.

On November 2, 2006, Tom Cruise and his producing partner Paula Wagner entered into an agreement with MGM to operate United Artists, appointing Wagner as CEO.

MGM adapting to the digital era

In subsequent years, MGM enhanced its strategy by embracing digital distribution and forging technology partnerships. In April 2007, the company expanded its international reach by offering roughly 100 titles for download on Apple’s iTunes platform, including films like Rocky, Ronin, Mad Max, along with classics such as Lilies of the Field. Later that year, MGM introduced MGM HD on DirecTV, providing a high-definition movie catalog designed to strengthen its product offerings.

Further strategic alliances broadened MGM’s market footprint: in November 2008, it co-founded the channel This TV alongside Weigel Broadcasting; in August 2008, it partnered with Comcast to launch Impact, a video-on-demand service; and in November 2008, MGM became one of the first studios to distribute full-length films on YouTube—leveraging emerging digital platforms to boost audience reach and revenue.

Regarding investments, in April 2008 MGM signed an agreement with South Korea’s Incheon International Airport Corporation to develop an MGM Studio Theme Park on Yeongjongdo island near Incheon Airport. Although initially planned as a sprawling 1.5 million square meter facility intended to expand brand presence and business opportunities across Asia, this theme park project was never brought to fruition.

MGM files for bankruptcy

By the middle of 2009, MGM was burdened with $3.7 billion in debt and faced annual interest obligations of approximately $250 million. Although the company generated roughly $500 million each year from its film and television catalog, the economic downturn of the late 2000s sharply diminished these earnings. MGM confronted significant debt maturities, including a $250 million credit line due in April 2010, a $1 billion loan maturing in June 2011, and loans totaling $2.7 billion by 2012. While the company's auditor initially provided a favorable assessment in May 2009, industry analysts expressed skepticism about MGM's ability to avoid Chapter 11 bankruptcy without restructuring its obligations through extensions or exchanging debt for equity.

Production output from MGM and its subsidiary United Artists was limited to a few films annually, with financial viability heavily dependent on box office performance, especially from the James Bond series. Debt holders such as Relativity Media and Elliott Associates acquired MGM’s debt stakes, potentially positioning themselves to force the company into involuntary bankruptcy.

On August 17, 2009, CEO Harry E. Sloan stepped down and was succeeded by Stephen F. Cooper, an executive with extensive experience in bankruptcy and corporate restructuring, indicating a strategic shift toward managing MGM’s financial difficulties. By October that year, MGM secured a forbearance agreement that postponed interest payments to alleviate immediate fiscal strain.

In early 2010, MGM announced intentions to sell the company within months; upcoming releases were expected to be among the last under the MGM banner, although the brand was anticipated to continue representing James Bond and other key franchises.

On November 3, 2010, MGM Holdings, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and related entities filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection with a prearranged plan that resulted in creditors assuming control. By December 20, 2010, MGM had emerged from bankruptcy with Spyglass Entertainment executives Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum appointed as co-Chairs and co-CEOs, ushering in a new era focused on growth and financial recovery.

Post-bankruptcy era

On January 4, 2011, MGM partnered with Weigel Broadcasting to launch MeTV on a national scale. The following month, on February 2, Jonathan Glickman was named president of MGM’s film division. Shortly thereafter, MGM secured a global distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment covering upcoming James Bond films Skyfall and Spectre, along with co-financing rights for select Sony titles such as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. This arrangement was finalized on April 13, 2011. Meanwhile, MGM’s prior distribution contract with 20th Century Fox was extended multiple times until it expired in June 2020 following Disney’s acquisition of Fox’s assets.

MGM pursued several projects including remakes of RoboCop and Poltergeist, which premiered in 2014 and 2015 respectively. The studio released its first post-bankruptcy film Zookeeper in July 2011 through co-distribution with Columbia Pictures. Under Barber and Birnbaum’s guidance, MGM transitioned toward a business model emphasizing co-investment in externally produced films while retaining control over international television distribution rights and maintaining internal production services. Distribution rights for completed films such as Red Dawn and The Cabin in the Woods were licensed to FilmDistrict and Lionsgate Films respectively.

In October 2012, Roger Birnbaum resigned from his executive role at MGM to focus solely on producing. By December of that year, co-president Denkert retired after contributing to numerous Broadway and West End productions. In May 2014, MGM launched The Works, a digital network reaching nearly one-third of U.S. households.

The Orion brand was revived in 2013 for television production ventures and expanded in late 2014 to handle smaller-scale domestic and international theatrical releases. In March 2017, MGM entered into a multi-year international distribution agreement with Annapurna Pictures, which included home entertainment rights. On October 31 of that year, both companies established Mirror Releasing for U.S. distribution; this partnership operated on a non-exclusive basis and did not involve Orion Pictures. In February 2019, Mirror Releasing rebranded as United Artists Releasing, commemorating the centennial anniversary of United Artists.

Following the public exposure of Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations, MGM emerged as one of several interested buyers for The Weinstein Company in late 2017. That same month saw Gary Barber’s contract extended as chairman and CEO through December 2022. In February 2018, Chris Brearton joined as chief operating officer; however, Barber was abruptly dismissed by the board in March without an official explanation. Interim leadership was managed by an "Office of the CEO."

In April 2019, MGM entered into a two-year first-look agreement with Smokehouse Pictures (owned by George Clooney and Grant Heslov), initiating development on a biopic about John DeLorean. Simultaneously, MGM forged a multi-film creative deal with AGBO Films to co-develop and finance projects drawn from its library including a remake of The Thomas Crown Affair. In June that year, MGM agreed to a $100 million co-financing slate deal with Bron Creative encompassing at least nine films including three under the Orion Pictures label.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, MGM was among the initial studios to postpone releases such as No Time to Die. Subsequently, in April 2020, approximately seven percent of its workforce was laid off.

Leadership changes occurred swiftly: Jonathan Glickman departed in January 2020; Michael De Luca succeeded him as chairman of motion pictures; Pamela Abdy was appointed president of motion pictures by April; co-presidents Cassidy Lange and Adam Rosenberg exited by May.

In May 2020, MGM invested in Audio Up—a podcast studio and network—securing exclusive first-look rights to its productions alongside commissioning five podcasts annually. Later that month, it also signed a two-year first-look deal with Killer Films for both film and television projects.

Starz Entertainment secured exclusive licensing agreements for over 500 films and nearly 180 television series from MGM during deals made in 2013 and 2015. However, by August 2019 Starz discovered numerous MGM titles streaming on other platforms such as Amazon Prime Video and Epix outside their exclusivity parameters. Despite efforts to address tracking discrepancies amicably, Starz filed suit in May 2020 alleging widespread contractual breaches that diminished their channel's value proposition to cable providers.

Amazon subsidiary

Amid the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the rising dominance of streaming platforms affecting box office earnings, MGM initiated a potential sale process in December 2020, enlisting Morgan Stanley and LionTree Advisors to explore options. By May 17, 2021, Amazon commenced discussions to acquire MGM, engaging directly with Anchorage Capital Group’s board chairman, Kevin Ulrich. The acquisition deal was publicly revealed on May 26, 2021, valued at $8.45 billion and subject to regulatory clearance. Following the purchase, MGM was integrated as a label within Amazon’s content division alongside Amazon Studios and Prime Video. The European Union granted antitrust approval in March 2022.

Paul Thomas Anderson’s Licorice Pizza marked MGM’s first Best Picture Oscar nomination in over three decades on February 8, 2022. The merger was officially completed on March 17, 2022. Mike Hopkins, Senior Vice President of Amazon Studios and Prime Video, stated that collaborations with United Artists Releasing (UAR) for theatrical distribution would continue selectively while incorporating MGM personnel into Amazon’s corporate framework. No immediate modifications were planned for MGM’s production lineup or the James Bond series.

Following the merger, MGM’s executive team included Michael De Luca and Mark Burnett—Chairman of MGM Worldwide Television—alongside COO Chris Brearton, all reporting to Hopkins. On March 22, 2022, MGM secured its first acquisition under Amazon's ownership by obtaining worldwide distribution rights for Luca Guadagnino's Bones and All. In April 2022, De Luca and Pam Abdy departed for Warner Bros., which subsequently entered a multi-year international distribution agreement with MGM covering theatrical and home entertainment releases outside North America. This contract excluded certain titles such as Till, Women Talking, and the James Bond film distributed by Universal Pictures.

In November 2022, Jennifer Salke, head of Amazon Studios, assumed full oversight of MGM’s film and television divisions; concurrently, Chris Brearton transitioned to Vice President of PVS Corporate Strategy for MGM+ and Alternative Television. By March 2023, Amazon discontinued UAR operations, merging them into MGM as part of a strategic focus on theatrical releases including Air and Creed III, the latter being MGM’s inaugural self-distributed film under Amazon's banner. The industry mourned the passing of Erik Lomis, longtime head of MGM distribution, in March 2023.

Amazon introduced Amazon MGM Studios Distribution in May 2023 to manage international film and television distribution for both MGM and Amazon projects. Early titles released through this division included Saltburn, which premiered at the Telluride Film Festival, and Sitting in Bars with Cake, launched on Prime Video. In October 2023, Amazon Studios was renamed Amazon MGM Studios to signify deeper integration. Orion Pictures’ American Fiction earned the People’s Choice Award at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival.

In January 2024, Amazon announced extensive layoffs impacting Amazon MGM Studios, Prime Video, and Twitch as part of a strategy to concentrate on long-term business priorities. Celebrating its centennial anniversary beginning March 2024, MGM introduced a "100 Years" logo on new releases starting with the Road House remake. Additionally, a limited-time "100 Essential Movies" collection from its library was made available via Fandango at Home, Rotten Tomatoes, and iTunes. By September 2024, both Amazon MGM Studios and Prime Video joined the Motion Picture Association (MPA), marking MGM's return since its departure in 2005.

Headquarters

Amazon MGM Studios maintains its main offices in Culver City, California. Prior to this, MGM's corporate headquarters were situated in Beverly Hills, California within a 144,000-square-foot building originally constructed for the William Morris Agency. This facility included amenities such as a private screening room and an outdoor terrace.

Before relocating in 2003, MGM operated out of the Colorado Center in Santa Monica, California, where it occupied at least 150,000 square feet. In 2000, the company announced plans to move into a newly constructed high-rise in Century City, Los Angeles, later named the MGM Tower, which officially opened its doors in 2003. The tower was outfitted with upscale finishes and features, including expansive executive terraces, exclusive garage access, and three dedicated screening theaters. The lobby on the 14th floor displayed Oscar statuettes celebrating MGM’s award-winning productions. By 2010, MGM leased roughly 200,000 square feet at this location, paying close to $5 per square foot each month.

After emerging from bankruptcy protection in 2010, MGM decided to shift its headquarters to Beverly Hills as a cost-saving measure while managing nearly $5 billion in debt. This strategy aimed to reduce expenses by moving out of the costly Century City lease, which was set to expire in 2018. The relocation was part of a broader effort to enhance financial stability through overhead reduction. MGM officially vacated the MGM Tower on August 19, 2011.

Leo logo and mottos

The studio’s official motto, "Ars Gratia Artis" (Latin for "Art for art's sake"), was selected by chief publicist Howard Dietz. The emblem displays Leo the Lion roaring within a film reel that bears the motto. Originally created by Dietz in 1916 for Goldwyn Pictures and refreshed in 1924 for MGM, the logo draws inspiration from the lion mascot of Dietz’s alma mater, Columbia University. The lion’s roar was first incorporated into films in 1928.

During the 1930s and 1940s, MGM marketed itself with the phrase "more stars than there are in heaven," highlighting its extensive roster of top-tier talent under contract—a cornerstone of its business approach. This slogan was also coined by Dietz and first introduced in 1932.

On March 8, 2021, MGM unveiled a refreshed corporate identity that emphasized the "Ars Gratia Artis" motto by launching a photorealistic CGI rendition of Leo the Lion across social media and promotional channels. The redesign included a new print logo for television, digital platforms, and film posters that streamlined the studio’s name to its initials using its traditional typeface to improve brand visibility at smaller scales.

As of September 2023, this updated logo represents Amazon MGM Studios at the beginning of films produced or distributed by Amazon without direct MGM involvement, replacing the previous on-screen logo used from 2016 through 2023.

Turner Entertainment Co.

Following a brief acquisition of MGM in 1986, Ted Turner founded Turner Entertainment Co. to manage the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television catalog along with Warner Bros.’ pre-1950 film library. MGM continued distributing home video versions of these titles under license from Turner until 1990, when it transferred all home video rights to Warner Bros. After Time Warner acquired Turner’s assets in 1996, distribution rights were reassigned to Warner Home Video in 1999 once MGM ended its licensing agreement with Warner. Today, Turner Entertainment remains credited as the copyright holder as part of Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD).

Film Series

|' 'Barbershop' ' |' '2002–2016' ' |' '4' ' |' ' |' 'Agent Cody Banks' ' |' '2003–2004' ' |' '2' ' |' ' |' 'Hot Tub Time Machine' ' |' '2010–2015' ' |' ' |' 'Spud' ' |' '2010–2014' ' |' '3' ' |' ' |' 'The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo' ' |' '2011–2018' |' '2' |' ' |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |-

Top-grossing Movies

Title	Release Period	Number of Films	Remarks
Ben-Hur	1925–2016	5	The 1925 version is in the U.S. public domain; the 1959 remake and King of Kings are properties of Turner Entertainment
The Broadway Melody	1929–1940	4
Tarzan	1932–1942	6
The Thin Man	1934–1947	6
Andy Hardy	1937–1958	16
Dr. Kildare	1938–1942	9
Maisie	1939–1947	10
Nick Carter	1939–1940	3
Dr. Gillespie	1942–1947	6
Lassie	1943–1949	6
Father of the Bride	1950–1951	2
The Magnificent Seven	1960–2016	2	Acquired from United Artists
James Bond	1962–present	25
The Pink Panther	1963–present	11
Flipper	1963–1996	3
Space Odyssey	1968–1984	2
That's Entertainment!	1974–1994	4	Joint production with Turner Entertainment; owned by Warner Bros.
Rocky	1976–present	9	Purchased from United Artists
Fame	1980–2009	2	Held by Turner Entertainment Co.
Poltergeist	1982–2015	3
The Secret of NIMH	1982–2009	2
WarGames	1983–2008
Teen Wolf	1985–2023	3	Acquired from PolyGram Filmed Entertainment; co-produced with Paramount Pictures and MTV Entertainment Studios
RoboCop	1987–2014	4	Obtained from Orion Pictures
Child's Play	1988; 2019	2
All Dogs Go to Heaven	1989–1996
Bill & Ted	1989–2020	3	Acquired from Orion Pictures
Hannibal Lecter	1991–2007	2	Obtained from Orion Pictures; distribution rights only
Species	1995–2007	4
Carrie	1976–2013	Co-produced with Screen Gems
Legally Blonde	2001–present	5
Jeepers Creepers	2001–2003	2

Top-grossing films in North America
Position	Movie Title	Release Year	Box Office Revenue	Production Studios
1	Skyfall	2012	$304,360,277	Sony
2	The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey	2012	$303,030,651	Warner Bros.
3	The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug	2013	$258,387,334
4	The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies	2014	$255,138,261
5	A Star is Born	2018	$215,333,122
6	Gone with the Wind	1939	$200,882,193	MGM
7	Spectre	2015	$200,074,609	Sony
8	22 Jump Street	2014	$191,719,337	Sony
9	Dances with Wolves	1990	$184,208,848	Orion
10	Rain Man	1988	$172,825,435	UA

Top-grossing films globally
Position	Movie Title	Release Year	Worldwide Box Office Revenue	Production Studios
1	Skyfall	2012	$1,108,569,499	Sony
2	The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey	2012	$1,017,106,749	Warner Bros.
3	The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies	2014	$962,253,946
4	The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug	2013	$959,079,095
5	Spectre	2015	$880,707,597	Sony

Distribution

Within the United States, Amazon MGM Studios Distribution oversees the release of MGM’s own productions as well as third-party acquisitions. This includes films from the revived labels Orion Pictures and American International Pictures alongside the new iteration of United Artists launched in 2024. From 2019 through 2023, distribution responsibilities were managed by United Artists Releasing.

On the international front, MGM’s releases are handled by Sony Pictures Releasing International under a multi-year agreement initiated in 2025. This arrangement succeeded former partnerships with Warner Bros. Pictures and Universal Pictures—primarily through United International Pictures (UIP), an organization in which MGM previously held membership.

Historically speaking, MGM controlled most theatrical distribution globally from its inception in 1924 until 1973 and domestically from 1981 to 2010. This included distributing titles from United Artists after its acquisition in 1981 and Orion Pictures following its purchase in 1997. In 2017, MGM reentered U.S. theatrical distribution through a collaboration with Annapurna Pictures, jointly financing and releasing select features such as the 2018 remake of Death Wish.

At various times, MGM has delegated distribution duties: North American distribution was conducted by United Artists between 1973 and 1981; meanwhile overseas releases were managed by Cinema International Corporation (CIC). CIC later merged international operations to form UIP in 1981; MGM remained a partner until switching to distribution via 20th Century Fox internationally in 2000. Between 2005 and 2016, Sony’s Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group distributed certain MGM titles while Canadian distribution was handled by Alliance Films from 2006 to 2010. Universal Pictures International took over overseas distribution from 2019 until 2022.

MGM also undertook U.S. distribution for Carolco Pictures (1994–1995), Rysher Entertainment (1996–1997), and The Weinstein Company/Dimension Films (2006–2008). Currently, it manages select international releases for Annapurna Pictures.

From 2006 until September of 2008, MGM distributed films produced or acquired by The Weinstein Company under an agreement whereby Weinstein financed prints and marketing costs while MGM received fees for booking theaters. This partnership ended prematurely in early 2008 after Weinstein secured a direct deal with Showtime and MGM opted not to renew the contract.

Other international collaborations

In 2012, MGM formed a partnership with Forum Film to distribute its movies across Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Israel, and occasionally in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the Scandinavian region, MGM arranged distribution through AB Svensk Filmindustri (which was rebranded as SF Studios in 2016) covering Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Distribution responsibilities for Finland were assigned to FS Film (currently SF Film Finland), while in Portugal, NOS Audiovisuais managed the film releases.

By 2018, MGM had broadened its global distribution reach for selected titles by collaborating with various partners such as Entertainment One in Canada, Vertigo Releasing in the United Kingdom, Rialto Distribution in Australia, Ascot Elite Entertainment Group in Switzerland, BF Distribution in Argentina, Dutch FilmWorks in the Netherlands, Kinepolis Film Distribution in Belgium, Odeon in Greece, OctoArts Films in the Philippines, Universum Film in Germany, Filmax International in Spain, Hollywood International Film Exchange/Big Screen Entertainment Group in China, Shaw Organisation in Singapore, and Showgate in Japan. Additionally, Paramount Pictures oversaw the distribution of the 2018 remake of Death Wish within France.

External links

, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division