Myasishchev M-4

Myasishchev M-4 Molot

Company type	Strategic bomber aircraft
Industry	Aerospace
Predecessor	Tupolev Tu-4
Founded	1953
Founder	Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev
Defunct	1963 (end of production)
Fate	Production ceased; aircraft retired by 1994
Successor	Myasishchev 3M (improved variant)
Headquarters	Soviet Union , Soviet Union
Area served	Soviet Long Range Aviation, Naval Aviation
Key people	Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev (designer)
Products	Strategic bomber aircraft, tanker aircraft conversions
Owner	Soviet Union
Parent	Myasishchev Design Bureau

Overview

The Myasishchev M-4 Molot (Russian: Молот (Hammer)), identified by the United States Air Force and Department of Defense as "Type 37", and designated Bison by the ASCC, was a strategic bomber powered by four jet engines. Developed in the 1950s by Myasishchev under Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev’s leadership, it was produced in the Soviet Union to serve Long Range Aviation with the objective of striking targets across North America.

Despite its ambitious design, the aircraft failed to achieve the necessary range to effectively reach key targets within the United States. This limitation led to the cessation of its initial production. Nevertheless, when 18 units were publicly displayed during a May Day parade in 1954, it triggered concerns in the West about a potential "bomber gap". This perception prompted the United States to accelerate production of thousands of Boeing B-47 and B-52 bombers to counteract this supposed threat.

Subsequent enhancements included more fuel-efficient engines, integration of inflight refuelling capabilities, replacement of the transparent nose section with a radar installation for bombing accuracy, which collectively marked the transition to the 3M variant. Despite these improvements, the platform remained suboptimal for strategic nuclear missions. Altogether, only 125 units combining both M-4 and 3M models were manufactured before final production ended in 1963, with just 19 maintained on nuclear alert status.

Primarily, M-4 and 3M aircraft fulfilled roles in extended-range maritime reconnaissance and strike operations, alongside various support functions. In subsequent decades—the 1970s and 1980s—many were converted into tanker aircraft, especially as the Tupolev Tu-22M assumed maritime responsibilities. These tanker variants continued service until 1994. Following the Cold War, most remaining airframes were dismantled under arms reduction agreements.

Significantly, the M-4 holds the distinction as the Soviet Union’s first operational four-engine jet bomber.

Design and development

File:Soviet M-4 Bison bomber in flight 1982.JPEG

A Soviet Myasishchev 3MD in 1982

In the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union focused on creating a strategic bomber with extended range capable of delivering atomic weapons. Their initial model was the Tupolev Tu-4, essentially a reverse-engineered copy of the American B-29 Superfortress. However, the Tu-4 served merely as a temporary measure since, unlike the U.S. strategic bomber fleet—which could operate from allied bases near the USSR—it lacked sufficient range to reach targets within the continental United States. Additionally, experiences during the Korean War revealed that piston-engine bombers were highly susceptible to interception by jet fighters. With Western advancements in jet-powered bombers such as the B-47 Stratojet and Vickers Valiant, Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev was tasked in spring 1951 to develop a strategichesky dalny bombardirovshchik (SDB) (стратегический дальный бомбардировщик (СДБ), meaning "strategic long-range bomber"). The prototype M-4 (Bison-A) had its maiden flight on 20 January 1953 and entered state acceptance testing by March 1954, with production commencing later that year. The aircraft was introduced into service in 1955, with a total of 34 units manufactured including two prototypes.

Constructed primarily from aluminum alloys with select steel and magnesium parts, the M-4 featured wings swept back at an angle of 35 degrees. Its initial propulsion consisted of four Mikulin AM-3A engines delivering up to 85.8 kN (8,750 kgp; 19,290 lbf) thrust each, later upgraded to RD-3M-500 turbojets providing a maximum thrust of 93.2 kN (9,500 kgp; 20,940 lbf). The aircraft housed eighteen bladder-type fuel tanks distributed across its fuselage and wings, holding a combined capacity of 123,600 liters (32,610 US gallons), which afforded it an operational range of approximately 9,500 km (5,900 mi)—short of the originally targeted 12,000 km (7,500 mi). It could carry up to 24 tonnes (26.4 tons) of payload in various configurations. Defensive weaponry included six AM-23 23 mm cannons, each firing at a rate of 1,250 rounds per minute: these were mounted in a manned twin tail turret equipped with 400 rounds per gun, along with two twin remote-controlled turrets located on the upper and lower fuselage sections carrying 300 rounds per gun. The crew complement consisted of eight members: navigator/bombardier stationed in the nose; pilot and copilot situated in the cockpit; radar operator/navigator, flight engineer/gunner, radio operator/gunner, and dorsal turret gunner positioned behind the cockpit; and a tail gunner.

3M

Although the M-4 did not match the Tupolev Tu-95 in range, it offered superior speed and payload capacity—advantages that justified further development. In 1954, authorization was granted for an enhanced version of the M-4, which took to the skies on 27 March 1956 and commenced state trials by early 1958. The upgraded model, designated 3M "Bison-B," was powered by four Dobrynin RD-7 turbojets delivering thrust comparable to the RD-3M but achieving approximately 25% better fuel efficiency; additionally, an inflight refueling probe was incorporated into the nose section to extend operational reach. Significant redesigns included a lighter and more aerodynamically efficient central fuselage structure along with wings featuring increased span and surface area. Production totaled 74 Bison-B aircraft.

Tanker

When it became evident that the M-4's operational range was inadequate, Myasishchev initiated research into inflight refueling (IFR) solutions. In 1955, the second production unit was adapted into a hose-and-drogue tanker version, while the first production aircraft was equipped with an IFR probe mounted above the nose. Two additional aircraft were modified for testing purposes the following year. By the late 1950s, the entire M-4 fleet underwent conversion to tanker roles by installing a hose-drum unit (HDU) and additional fuel tanks within the bomb bay, alongside removal of all defensive weaponry. Comparable modifications were applied to the 3M series during the 1970s and 1980s; specifically, the 3MS-1 "Bison-B" was redesignated as the "3MS-2" tanker, and the 3MN-1 was transformed into the "3MN-2" tanker.

Operational history

File:F-14A Tomcat VF-102 intercepting Myasischev 3M Bison c1983.jpg

A U.S. Navy Tomcat intercepting a Myasishchev 3M, 1983

The M-4 made its public debut in Red Square during the May Day celebrations of 1954. This unveiling took the United States by surprise, as American intelligence had been unaware that the Soviets possessed a jet-powered bomber. However, it quickly became apparent that this bomber lacked sufficient range to strike targets in the United States and safely return to Soviet territory. Only a limited number of initial production M-4s entered active service. To address this limitation, Myasishchev developed the 3M, known in the West as 'Bison-B', which featured significantly enhanced power compared to its predecessor. The 3M's maiden flight occurred in 1955. Notably, two of the original five gun barbettes were eliminated to reduce overall weight.

In July 1955, American observers noted 28 Bisons flying in two formations during a Soviet air show. The U.S. government inferred that these bombers were being produced on a large scale, with CIA estimates projecting as many as 800 units by 1960. This demonstration was deceptive; the first formation of ten aircraft repeated their pass alongside eight additional planes. Despite this ruse, classified assessments contributed to U.S. political concerns over a perceived "bomber gap."

Contrary to initial assumptions, this aircraft was intended not for the Soviet Air Force (VVS), but rather for Naval Aviation (AV-MF). Although still incapable of reaching Washington, D.C., the 3M possessed adequate range to meet requirements for a long-range maritime patrol aircraft. In 1959, it set multiple world records related to payload and altitude performance, including lifting 10,000 kilograms (22,000 lb) to 15,317 metres (50,253 ft) and 55,220 kilograms (121,740 lb) to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).

Western analysts continued to confuse the 3M with the original M-4 until at least 1961, leading to considerable overestimation of its capabilities by intelligence agencies.

The early 1960s saw introduction of the 'Bison-C', equipped with specialized search radar. By this period, many original M-4 airframes had been converted into M-4-2 fuel tankers for inflight refueling operations. Subsequent conversions included transforming 3Ms into 3MS-2 and 3MN-2 tanker variants.

Neither the M-4 nor its successor, the 3M, participated in combat operations nor were adapted for low-level attack missions like numerous American B-52 bombers. Additionally, none were exported to allied nations of the Soviet Union. However, aerial refueling variants did see extended use.

Production of Bison models ceased in 1963 after manufacturing a total of 93 units. The final example—a converted M-4-2 tanker—was retired from service in 1994.

Three VM-T heavy-lift aircraft originated from conversions of 3MN-2 tankers; these carried oversized payloads mounted atop their fuselages. To counteract turbulence induced by these external loads, their single vertical fin and rudder were replaced by twin large rectangular fin/rudders positioned at each horizontal stabilizer tip.

Following retirement of Myasishchev bombers and tankers, most decommissioned airframes were dismantled in compliance with applicable arms control agreements.

Prototype

File:Bv m4 02.jpg

Myasishchev M-4 '63 Red' (c/n 5301518) stationed at Ukrainka Airbase, Amur Oblast

File:Myasishchev 3M Bison in flight 1968.jpg

A Myasishchev 3M in flight, 1968

File:Myasishchev Bison variants nose silhouettes.png

Side profile silhouettes showing the noses of various Myasishchev M-4 / 3M variants

• Izdeliye M (Product M) – The internal designation assigned to the SDB, Project 25, M-4 aircraft.
• SDB (Strategichesky Dalny Bombardirovshchik – strategic long-range bomber) – Official government title for the M-4 initiative.
• [Tema Dvadtsat Pyat] Subject 25 – The VVS identification for the strategic bomber project.
• Myasishchev 3M-5 – An enhanced version of the M-4 fitted with Dobrynin VD-7 engines that deliver increased thrust and improved specific fuel consumption compared to the Mikulin AM-3A engines. It was designed as a launch platform for the KSR-5 air-to-surface missile. Only one prototype, converted from a 3MN-1 bomber, was produced; further conversions were halted due to the limited service life of available aircraft. (NATO reporting name Bison-B)
• Myasishchev 3ME – This single unit was a production 3M bomber (c/n 8301101) modified to test an extensive avionics upgrade. It incorporated new navigation and radar systems along with a fully overhauled fire detection and suppression setup. The prototype was irreparably damaged after being struck by the Myasishchev M-50 prototype, which broke free during engine ground tests, resulting in one fatality among the engineers on board the 3ME. (NATO reporting name Bison-B)
• 101M – Prototype model of the M-4; only one unit constructed.
• 102M – A ground test model of the M-4 intended solely for structural testing; not designed for flight. One unit built.

Bomber variants

• M-4 – Designation for production models; a total of 32 units were manufactured. (NATO codename Bison-A)
• 3M – An upgraded variant of the M-4 powered by Dobrynin VD-7 engines offering greater thrust and improved fuel efficiency compared to the Mikulin AM-3A engines. The first prototype was converted from an existing M-4 airframe. (NATO codename Bison-B)
• 3MD – A production version configured to carry cruise missiles such as the P-6, KSR, or Kh-10 air-to-surface missiles. Only nine units were produced in 1960 before production ceased and the Myasishchev design bureau was disbanded. (NATO codename Bison-C)
• 3MS-1 (S:Starye [dvigateli] – old engines) – A newly produced long-range bomber capable of being equipped with VD-7 engines but instead fitted with Mikulin RD-3M-500a, RD-3M, or AM-3A engines due to unavailability of operational VD-7s. (NATO codename Bison-B)
• 3MN-1 (N:Novye [dvigateli] – new engines) – The initial production batch of the 3MN long-range bomber featuring derated VD-7 engines aimed at enhancing reliability following compressor blade issues. (NATO codename Bison-B)
• 3MSR-1 (S:Starye [dvigateli], Radioapparatura – old engines, avionics upgrade) – A newly built long-range bomber equipped with Mikulin RD-3M series or AM-3A engines instead of VD-7s due to their limited availability, but incorporating an updated avionics package. (NATO codename Bison-B)
• 3MSN-1 (N:Novye [dvigateli], Radioapparatura – new engines, avionics upgrade) – Several newly manufactured long-range bombers fitted with Mikulin RD-3M series or AM-3A engines rather than VD-7s because of their scarcity, and outfitted with enhanced avionics systems. (NATO codename Bison-B)

Air-to-air refueling aircraft models

• M-4-2 (also known as M-4-II) – This variant involved modifying the standard M-4 production bomber into an aerial refueling tanker. It was designated by NATO as Bison-A.
• 3MS-2 (S:Starye [dvigateli] – meaning old engines) – A newly manufactured tanker designed for in-flight refueling that could house VD-7 engines; however, due to the unavailability of flight-ready VD-7s, it was equipped with Mikulin RD-3M-500a, RD-3M, or AM-3A engines instead. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, most of the remaining 3MS bombers were converted into this tanker version. NATO identified it as Bison-B.
• 3MN-2 (N:Novye [dvigateli] – meaning new engines) – The initial production tanker variant of the 3MN series, fitted with VD-7 engines that were de-rated to enhance reliability following issues with compressor blade failures. This model was also recognized by NATO as Bison-B.
• Subject 36 (Russian: Tema Tridtsat Shestt) – This was the government’s official designation for the M-4 variant fitted with new engines. NATO referred to this version as Bison-B.

Cargo transport aircraft model

• VM-T (Vladimir Myasishchev-Transportny) – A modification of three 3MN-2 aircraft adapted for oversized cargo missions, featuring a large cargo container mounted above the fuselage on supporting struts and prominent rectangular fins attached at the tailplane tips. This type was notably employed to transport components of the Buran orbiter and Energia launch vehicle prior to the availability of the Antonov An-225.

Conceptual variants

• Myasishchev 3M-A (Atomny – nuclear-powered) – A conceptual reconnaissance aircraft powered by a nuclear indirect heat transfer reactor situated in the bomb bay, which supplied nuclear gas turbines embedded in the wing roots; crew quarters were designed as a windowless, lead-shielded cockpit.
• Myasishchev 3M-M (Morskoy – naval) – A proposed flying boat featuring a boat-shaped fuselage and wingtip floats intended for maritime operations.
• Myasishchev 3M-R (Razvedchik – reconnaissance) – Planned as a reconnaissance platform equipped with high-speed photographic cameras for intelligence gathering.
• Myasishchev 3M-K (Kompleks – weapons system) – Designed as a strategic strike bomber capable of carrying the Kh-20 long-range cruise missile.
• Myasishchev 3MP – Envisioned as a versatile quick-change tanker/bomber based on the 3MD model, intended to support all AV-MF receiver aircraft. This project was discontinued following the halt of 3MD production and the closure of Myasishchev's design bureau.
• Myasishchev 3M-T (Toplivozapravshchik – aerial refueling tanker) – An attempt to develop a convertible tanker/missile carrier derived from the 3MD, aimed at supporting the anticipated Myasishchev M-52 supersonic bomber, Tu-95s, and remaining 3M bombers. No physical prototypes were produced before the design bureau ceased operations in September 1960.
• Myasishchev M-29 – Also referred to as M-6p, this was a proposed airliner based on the M-4 platform; no aircraft were constructed under this designation.

Operators

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• Long Range Aviation under the Soviet Air Forces
  • 1230th Aviation Regiment of Tanker Aircraft, based at Engels airfield in Saratov Oblast.
• Soviet Naval Aviation

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• Russian Air Force

Aircraft on display

There are four known surviving aircraft:

• 3MD '30 Red' (c/n 6302831) housed at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino, Moscow Oblast
• M-4 '60 Red' (c/n 0301804) exhibited at the Long Range Aviation museum located in Dyagilevo, Ryazan Oblast
• M-4 '63 Red' (c/n 5301518) stationed at Ukrainka, Amur Oblast
• 3MS-2 '14 Red' (c/n 7300805) positioned at Engels-2, Saratov Oblast

Specifications (M-4)

File:Myasishchev M-4.svg

Myasishchev M-4

See also

Bibliography

• Gordon, Yefim. Myasishchev M-4 and 3M. Hinckley, Lancashire, UK: Midland, 2003. ISBN 1-85780-152-0.
• Grant, R.G. and John R. Dailey. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. Harlow, Essex, UK: DK Adult, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-1902-2.