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Piaggio-Selex P.1HH Hammerhead

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Adapted from the English Wikipedia article Piaggio-Selex P.1HH Hammerhead, available under CC BY-SA 4.0Updated 29 November 202581 sources
Piaggio Aero
IndustryAerospace
Founded1884
Headquarters
Genoa
,
Italy
ProductsAircraft, including Piaggio P.180 Avanti


The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is a light executive transport aircraft engineered and manufactured in Italy by Piaggio Aero. It is equipped with twin turboprop engines mounted on the wings in a pusher arrangement.[1] The cabin is pressurized and accommodates up to nine occupants, with the option for either single-pilot or dual-pilot operation. Its design follows a three-surface layout, incorporating a small forward wing (canard), a conventional tailplane, and the main wing, whose spars run behind the passenger compartment. According to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, it holds the record as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft with a maximum speed of 927.4 km/h (576.3 mph; 500.8 kn).[2]

Development

Piaggio P.180 Avanti II empennage with visible delta fins
Flight deck of the Avanti II
Aircraft in clean flight configuration

During the 1980s, a wave of innovative aircraft targeting high-end corporate clients emerged, including Piaggio’s Avanti and Beech Aircraft Corporation’s comparable Beechcraft Starship.[3][4] Initial engineering for what became the Avanti commenced in 1979, with aerodynamic testing performed in wind tunnels across Italy and the United States during 1980 and 1981. These tests were overseen by Professor Jan Roskam of the University of Kansas, utilizing facilities such as Wichita State University’s tunnel and Boeing’s transonic tunnel in Seattle,[5] alongside Professor Gerald "Jerry" Gregorek at Ohio State University, who employed OSU’s two-dimensional pressure wind tunnel.[6]

The aircraft's unique design was patented in 1982 by Piaggio's lead engineer, Alessandro Mazzoni [], who holds the US patent for the three-lifting-surface configuration.[7][8] Starting in 1983, Piaggio collaborated with Gates Learjet to develop the fuselage under the designation Gates Piaggio GP-180.[9][10] Elements of Learjet's influence are evident in features such as the sharply angled windshield and twin large ventral delta fins beneath the tail.[11] These fins generate a nose-down pitching moment at high angles of attack to prevent stalls,[12][13][14] while also enhancing flight stability by damping yaw oscillations and mitigating Dutch roll.[1]

Following Gates Learjet's financial difficulties which terminated their involvement in January 1986,[11] Piaggio proceeded independently, achieving first flight of the prototype on 23 September 1986.[15] Italian certification was granted on 7 March 1990,[16][17] with FAA approval following on 2 October 1990.[18][19]

The initial dozen fuselages were produced in Wichita, Kansas by H & H Parts and Plessey Midwest before being transported to Italy for final assembly.[16] Financial setbacks led Avanti Aviation Wichita to insolvency in 1994, stalling progress until investor interest led by Piero Ferrari revived development in 1998. The milestone 100th aircraft delivery occurred in October 2005, followed by the 150th in May 2008. By October 2010, Piaggio reported that combined flying hours for Avanti and Avanti II fleets exceeded half a million.[20]

The enhanced Avanti II variant secured European and US certifications in November 2005. Within six months, orders reached seventy units, including thirty-six from Avantair. Russian type certification was achieved in 2011.[21] Upgrades included more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B turboprops delivering approximately an additional 18 km/h (11 mph) speed along with improved fuel efficiency. The cockpit was modernized with an all-new glass avionics suite from Rockwell Collins, reducing instrument panel complexity.[22][23] This system integrates heading, attitude, navigation data alongside collision avoidance (TCAS), terrain awareness (TAWS), and real-time weather graphics.[24]

The Avanti is positioned as outperforming many turboprops and midsize jets on speed while offering operational costs up to 40% lower than competing jets due to reduced drag and fuel consumption.[25][26] Powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66 engines—the same as those on the Beech Super King Air 200—the Avanti II achieves speeds approximately 100 knots (190 km/h) faster than that model.[27] In a 2014 assessment, Flying magazine recognized it as the "Fastest Civilian Turboprop Twin," noting its speed rivals that of Cessna’s M2 jet while providing increased cabin space and lower operating expenses.[28]

The unmanned P.1HH UAV prototype first flew in 2013 but crashed off Sicily after accumulating about 100 flight hours in May 2016; subsequent prototypes followed with further flights starting July 2017.[29] Production of the Avanti EVO began at a new $150 million facility at Albenga Airport, with first delivery occurring in 2016 after relocating from Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

On 22 November 2018, Piaggio Aerospace entered receivership following insolvency due to unsuccessful restructuring efforts. After the global financial crisis of 2008, key US fractional ownership customers collapsed causing deliveries of the P.180 Evo to fall from a peak of thirty units in 2008 down to only three by 2018. At that time, no P.1HH UAVs had been delivered to the UAE and Italian Ministry of Defence funding amounting to €766 million for the P.2HH program was suspended amid political priorities favoring social spending over defense.[29]

In June 2019, Italy committed approximately €716 million across multiple contracts aimed at revitalizing Piaggio Aerospace: €260 million for nine new Avanti Evos plus upgrades for nineteen earlier aircraft; €200 million allocated for engine maintenance; €160 million dedicated to completing certification and procurement related to the P1HH HammerHead UAV program; and €96 million for logistics support. By mid-2019, two aircraft had been delivered with two more pending approval. Expressions of interest included three non-binding bids for the aircraft division, ten for engines, and twenty-six for acquisition of the entire company. The formal tender process was scheduled post-summer 2019.[30]

By December 2020, cumulative flight hours across all P.180 aircraft surpassed one million hours. A total of 246 units had been produced to date, with an active fleet comprising 213 aircraft distributed regionally as follows: ninety-six in Europe, ninety-five across the Americas, eighteen within Asia-Pacific territories, and four operating throughout Africa and the Middle East.[31]

Design

The Avanti features counter-rotating turboprop engines mounted on a mid-positioned, high-aspect-ratio wing, situated just aft of the cabin. Its distinctive three-surface layout includes a T-tail, complemented by two small, fixed forewings with slight anhedral and integrated landing flaps. In the Avanti II model, these forewing flaps deploy automatically in synchronization with the main wing flaps. This coordinated deployment mitigates the load imposed on the tailplane by lessening the pitch-down moment caused by main flap extension. Consequently, this design enables a reduction in the dimensions of both the tailplane and primary wing.[32][33][34][35][36] The patented three-lifting-surface arrangement dates back to 1982.[7]

The forward wing flaps extend automatically alongside the main wing flaps to preserve neutral pitch stability.

The forward wing is set at a slightly higher angle of incidence than the main wing, ensuring it stalls first and induces an automatic nose-down reaction before the main wing reaches stall; its five-degree anhedral (negative dihedral) angle directs airflow away from the engine intakes, main wing, and tailplane.[34]

Depiction of the fuselage cross-section's continuously varying curve and forward wing

Along its length, the cabin cross-section changes gradually, approximating an NACA airfoil profile. This gradual curvature helps sustain laminar flow over the front fuselage. According to Piaggio, the fuselage itself generates up to 20% of total lift on the Avanti, while the front and rear wings provide the remaining 80%. The unusual fuselage geometry results in a mid-cabin significantly wider than the cockpit area. Both front and rear airfoils are bespoke profiles crafted by Jerry Gregorek[6] from Ohio State University's Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory, designed to achieve approximately 50% laminar flow at cruise speeds, thereby reducing drag. Piaggio asserts that this design allows the P.180 Avanti II's wing area to be 34% smaller compared to conventional aircraft.[37]

Cabin

The P.180 is recognized for fuel efficiency superior to small turbojets operating at similar speeds and altitudes. Flight International noted:

"The Avanti has no direct turboprop rivals; its nearest jet competitors include Raytheon's Premier I and Cessna's Citation CJ2+... Piaggio claims that low-drag laminar flow is maintained over approximately 50% of the wing chord, compared with about 20–25% for typical tractor turboprops where propwash disturbs airflow... Specific air range at high altitude measures 3.4 km/kg (0.83 nmi/lb), versus around 2 km/kg (0.49 nmi/lb) for current jets or 2.7 km/kg (0.66 nmi/lb) for other turboprops."[38]

Based on this data, fuel efficiency surpasses comparable jets by roughly 70%, although this advantage is realized only at moderate speeds near 315 KTAS and flight level FL410.[39] Current P.180 Avanti II specifications indicate a slightly reduced specific range of 3.1 km/kg (0.76 nmi/lb).

Interior noise levels are quieter than those found in traditional turboprops due to propellers and exhaust being positioned aft of the cabin, with Piaggio citing a noise level of 68 dBA. However, external noise is comparatively greater because pusher propellers operate within highly disturbed airflow. Studies attribute elevated exterior noise primarily to interactions between turbine exhaust flows and five-bladed pusher propellers, resulting in an estimated +9 dB increase.[40] During takeoff, sideline noise measurements for the Avanti reached 81.9 dBA, marginally lower than the Beechcraft King Air's 82.8 dBA. This complies with FAA stage-3 noise standards, which permit up to 89 EPNdB during takeoff.[41][42] Despite this compliance, noise complaints have arisen at airports such as Aspen–Pitkin County Airport in Colorado,[43] and Naples Municipal Airport, Florida, where authorities identified it as the loudest aircraft operating there.[44] Alan Parker, chair of Naples Municipal Airport Authority’s technical committee, described its sound as "irritating loud," likening it to "fingernails on a chalkboard".[45]

The Piaggio P.180 Avanti achieves a maximum gross weight takeoff distance under standard sea-level conditions of 869 m (2,851 ft) with a landing roll measuring 872 m (2,861 ft).[46]

Deliveries peaked at 30 units in 2008 but declined sharply to just two by 2013.

In 2014, Piaggio unveiled plans for an enhanced variant named EVO.[47] This model incorporates new Hartzell composite scimitar-shaped propellers alongside redesigned winglets on its wings; aerodynamic refinements have been made along with an optional additional fuel tank holding 60 gallons (400 lb), extending range up to 1,770 nautical miles (3,280 km; 2,040 mi).[48][49] Piaggio forecasts enhanced climb rates, a range increase of approximately 250 nmi, and a fuel consumption reduction near 3%. The updated propeller design combined with reduced engine RPM promises a substantial external noise decrease of about 68%. The Avanti EVO received type certification from EASA on 28 November 2014,[50] followed by FAA approval on 6 July 2015.[51] The projected price in 2014 was $7.4 million,[52] rising slightly to $7.695 million by 2021.[53] The initial EVO unit was delivered in April 2015, with five additional deliveries completed within that year.[54]

Variants

Two Avanti aircraft departing the assembly line for testing
Side-by-side comparison of the Avanti, P180 MPA, and P1HH
P.180 Avanti
The initial model produced for commercial use.
P180 M
A military adaptation featuring a mixed passenger and cargo layout, designed to serve as VIP transport and light utility aircraft.
P.180 RM
A specialized version intended for radio signal calibration tasks.
P.180 AMB
Configured as an air ambulance.[55]
P.180 APH
Designed specifically for aerial mapping and surveying operations.
P.180 Avanti II
An upgraded edition equipped with enhanced avionics and more powerful engines.[17]
P-180 EVO+
This variant achieves a true airspeed of 400 knots and offers increased useful load capacity.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name
Multirole Patrol Aircraft (MPA)
Originally named Maritime Patrol Aircraft, this version of the Avanti II features an extended wingspan and larger fuel tanks.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name It incorporates the EVO's propulsion enhancements, including more robust Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B engines paired with Hartzell five-blade scimitar propellers.[56] The onboard systems comprise Saab Group's Albatros mission suite alongside Rockwell Collins' Pro Line Fusion avionics package.[57]
The P.1HH HammerHead displayed at the 2013 Paris Air Show
Piaggio-Selex P.1HH Hammerhead
A medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle derived from the Avanti II platform, featuring a wingspan increase and capacity to carry up to 1,100 pounds (500 kg) of armaments.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name Its mission management system is based on Selex ES's (now Leonardo S.p.A.) skyISTAR technology.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name[58] The aircraft completed its maiden flight in December 2013 at Trapani–Birgi Italian Air Force base.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad nameCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad nameCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name
The Italian Air Force contracted Piaggio Aerospace for three P.1HH HammerHead UAS units (comprising six airframes and three ground control stations), with deliveries commencing in early 2016.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name[59][60] Additionally, the United Arab Emirates Air Force placed an order for eight units.[61][62] On 31 May 2016, the first prototype crashed near Sicily,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name causing a thirteen-month delay in flight testing while a second prototype was constructed. Flight tests resumed on 5 July 2017 at Trapani–Birgi military airport using the new prototype.[63] Although six units were scheduled for delivery to the UAE in 2018 with two more in 2019,[64] no deliveries had been made by November 2018 as Piaggio Aerospace entered receivership.[29]
P.2HH
In collaboration with Leonardo and both Italian and UAE armed forces, Piaggio is developing a successor to the P.1HH slated for 2023. This new UAV will feature a redesigned wing, increased use of composite materials, and updated systems.[64] Its larger airframe allows an endurance increase up to 30 hours. However, following Italy’s 2018 elections, the €766 million contract for 20 aircraft and 10 control stations was put on hold.[29]
B.TL.20
(Thai: บ.ตล.๒๐) The designation used by the Royal Thai Armed Forces for the Avanti EVO variant.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

Civil

The Avanti is utilized by charter operators and regional feeder airlines, as well as serving in the business aviation sector. Piaggio's largest customer was the fractional ownership operator Avantair, which maintained a fleet of 57 Avanti aircraft before declaring bankruptcy and having its fleet sold off.

As of May 2017, there were approximately 220 Avanti aircraft active globally, comprising 89 first-generation Avantis, 126 Avanti II models, and 6 Avanti EVO variants.

In 2003, a Piaggio Avanti piloted by Joe Ritchie and co-piloted by Steve Fossett completed a flight from San Diego to Charleston, South Carolina, setting new transcontinental speed records recognized by the National Aeronautic Association and Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. The aircraft achieved an average velocity of 475.2 knots, surpassing the previous turboprop record of 395.21 knots established in 1986 by Chuck Yeager flying a Piper Cheyenne 400LS. The total duration of this coast-to-coast journey was 3 hours, 51 minutes, and 52 seconds.

Government

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Accidents and incidents

On 21 October 2022, Gold's Gym founder Rainer Schaller, along with his spouse, their two children, and two additional individuals, lost their lives when a German-registered Avanti crashed into the sea near Limón, Costa Rica. The aircraft had taken off from Palenque, Mexico.

Specifications (P180 Avanti EVO)

Planform perspective of the Avanti, emphasizing its distinctive configuration
Three-view illustration and cross-sectional view

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Flying30Dec08
  2. ↑ "Records | World Air Sports Federation". www.fai.org. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Weiner
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Martin
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Roskam
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gregorek, Gerald (1 September 2007). "A Word From the Doctor". Aviation Week.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Patent
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Design
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kleinfield
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FltInt1985
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Huber
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gerzanics
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hodgkins
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AirportJournals
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Janes 88 p163
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FltInt1990
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tcds
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brasseys 99 p438
  19. ↑ De'Pompeis et al., SAE Technical Paper, April 1991
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FG19Oct10
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Morrison
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named George2010
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Goyer
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Berlin
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fogelson
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reeves
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Barnard
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fastest
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Flight29nov2018
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Flight24jun2019
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Piaggio1dec2020
  32. ↑ Piaggio Aerospace's Avanti EVO receives EASA and FAA certification for landing gear system, 2 October 2015
  33. ↑ Garrison, Peter (December 2002), "Three's Company", Flying Magazine
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named P180_Avanti-Specification
  35. ↑ Aircraft Configuration Study for Experimental 2-Place Aircraft and RPVs (PDF), DTIC, March 1990
  36. ↑ Des couacs chez les canards [Quacks in the canards (ducks)] (diagram) (in français)
  37. ↑ http://www.piaggioaero.com/en/products/aircraft/p180/efficienza.php, P.180, Piaggio Aero {{citation}}: |contribution-url= missing title (help)
  38. ↑ "Flight Test: Piaggio Avanti II – Hard to beat", Flight International, 1 November 2005
  39. ↑ "Aircraft Configuration Study for Experimental 2-Place Aircraft and RPVs", Naval Postgraduate School Thesis, March 1990
  40. ↑ Tonal and Broadband Noise Calculations for Aeroacoustic Optimization of a Pusher Propeller
  41. ↑ "FAA Stage Classifications", {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ↑ Noise Levels for U.S. Certificated and Foreign Aircraft
  43. ↑ Urquhart, Janet. "Aspen airport gets earful about noisy airplane".
  44. ↑ Miguel-Navarro, Tracy X. "Naples airport addressing noise complaints with Avanti aircraft".
  45. ↑ "Naples Targets Piaggio Noise".
  46. ↑ . Piaggio Aero. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  47. ↑ Sarsfield, Kate, http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hartzell-to-supply-propellers-for-new-avanti-evo-402467/ {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  48. ↑ George, Fred. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ "P180 Avanti EVO". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  50. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  51. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  52. ↑ Piaggio Says Chinese Like Italian Style
  53. ↑ {{cite news}}: Empty citation (help)
  54. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  55. ↑ Mark Jones characterizes this model as "a turboprop that thinks it’s a jet."
  56. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bergqvist
  57. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tomkins
  58. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Osborne
  59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Eshel
  60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kington
  61. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Chong
  62. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stevenson
  63. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Murdo2017
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Flight6jun2018
  65. ↑ Aboulafia, Richard. Jane's Civil Aircraft, 1996, Harper Collins, p. 197
  66. ↑ "RCMP sells sleek plane for half of asking price". CBC News. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Taylor 1999, pp. 438–39.
  68. ↑ "P 180". Aeronautica Militare. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  69. ↑ "Accordo A.M. E Dipartimento Protezione Civile". Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  70. ↑ Flight International 15–21 December 2009, p. 43
  71. ↑ "Servizio aereo", Organizzazione centrale [Central organisations] (in italiano), IT: Carabinieri, archived from the original on 13 August 2012, retrieved 29 August 2014
  72. ↑ "La flotta aerea", Servizio aeronavale [Aeronaval service] (in italiano), IT: GDF, archived from the original on 15 December 2014, retrieved 29 August 2014
  73. ↑ P.180, IT: Guardia costiera, archived from the original on 5 June 2011
  74. ↑ Polizia di Stato [State police] (in italiano), IT, archived from the original on 3 September 2014, retrieved 29 August 2014
  75. ↑ Corpo forestale [Forest Corp] (in italiano), IT, archived from the original on 3 September 2014
  76. ↑ Piaggio aero, April 2007, archived from the original on 11 September 2005
  77. ↑ Servizi e attività [Services & activities] (in italiano), IT: Enav, archived from the original on 24 September 2015
  78. ↑ "Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe- Flota" [Polish Medical Air Rescue - Fleet] (in polski). Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe. Archived from the original on 27 December 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  79. ↑ "State ATM Corporation Participates in International Aerospace Show MAKS-2017". Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  80. ↑ Peaford, Alan (15 June 2009). "PARIS AIR SHOW: UAE selects Piaggio Avanti for multi-utility role". Flightglobal. Retrieved 15 June 2017. The United Arab Emirates air force has selected the Piaggio P180 Avanti II as part of a fleet expansion programme, which includes two of the business aircraft for use as light multi-utility aircraft.
  81. ↑ Gale, Ivan (15 June 2009). "Air Force purchases two aircraft from Italy's Piaggio Aero". The National. Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Bibliography
  • Taylor, John W.R. (editor) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
  • Taylor, Michael J.H. (editor) Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition. London: Brassey's, 1999. ISBN 1-85753-245-7.
  • "World Air Forces Directory 2009". Flight International, 15–21 December 2009, pp. 33–53.

External links

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