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Rage Against the Machine

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Rage Against the Machine
Company typeBand
IndustryMusic
Founded1991 in Los Angeles, California, United States
FounderZack de la Rocha, Tim Commerford, Tom Morello, Brad Wilk
Headquarters
Los Angeles
,
United States
ProductsMusic albums, live performances

Rage Against the Machine (often abbreviated as RATM or simply Rage) was a prominent American rock ensemble established in Los Angeles in 1991. The lineup consisted of vocalist Zack de la Rocha, bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford, guitarist Tom Morello, and drummer Brad Wilk. Their sound was a fusion of heavy metal, rap, punk rock, and funk, underpinned by lyrics opposing authoritarianism and capitalism. By 2010, the band had achieved global sales exceeding 16 million records and were honored with induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2023.

Their eponymous debut album, released in 1992, garnered widespread critical praise and secured the 368th position on Rolling Stone’s ranking of the 500 greatest albums. Commercial recognition escalated following their appearance at the 1993 Lollapalooza festival. Their subsequent releases, Evil Empire (1996) and The Battle of Los Angeles (1999), both claimed the top spot on the Billboard 200 chart. RATM emerged as a pivotal influence on the late-1990s nu metal movement and was placed at No. 33 on VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list.

In 2000, they unveiled Renegades, a cover album, before dissolving due to internal creative conflicts. After exploring individual ventures, the band reunited for Coachella in 2007 and embarked on international tours until pausing activities in 2011. Plans for a 2019 world tour were disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and later truncated due to de la Rocha’s injury. In 2024, drummer Wilk confirmed that the group had disbanded for a third time.

1991–1992: Formation and beginnings

Following the breakup of guitarist Tom Morello's former band Lock Up in 1991, drummer Jon Knox encouraged Tim Commerford and Zack de la Rocha to collaborate with Morello as he aimed to assemble a new band.[1] Shortly thereafter, Morello brought in Brad Wilk, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for both Lock Up[1] and the group later known as Pearl Jam.[2] The band took its name from a song De la Rocha wrote during his tenure with hardcore punk outfit Inside Out, as well as from a phrase popularized by record label owner and zine publisher Kent McClard.[3]

Their initial major-label demo and debut album foundation was a self-produced cassette titled Rage Against the Machine, which contained twelve tracks alongside stock market clippings with a match attached inside. Not every song featured on this tape appeared on their debut album; some were released as B-sides or remained unreleased.[4] After attracting attention from record companies, they signed with Epic Records, retaining full artistic control.[5]

1992–1994: Debut release Rage Against the Machine

The band's first album, Rage Against the Machine, debuted in November 1992. Its cover displayed Malcolm Browne's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph depicting Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức's self-immolation protesting violence by a U.S.-supported regime. Produced by Garth Richardson,[6] initial sales were modest,[7] but increased significantly after "Killing in the Name" received extensive radio airplay; this track is notable for its sparse lyrics.[8] A censored version containing heavy explicit language was mistakenly broadcast on BBC Radio 1's Top 40 singles show in February 1993.[9]

Their prominence surged following their mid-1993 performance at Lollapalooza; U.S. album sales climbed dramatically from approximately 75,000 to around 400,000 within that year.[7] They also toured Europe alongside bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and House of Pain.[10] By April 1996, domestic sales surpassed one million copies while global figures reached three million,[7] earning triple platinum status from the Recording Industry Association of America by May 2000.[11]

The band also contributed songs to various film soundtracks: "Year of tha Boomerang" appeared in Higher Learning (1995), an early version of "Tire Me" was featured in the same film, a re-recorded "Darkness" was included on The Crow soundtrack (1994), and "No Shelter" was part of Godzilla (1998).[12]

1995–2000: Achieving Widespread Recognition

Toward the end of 1994, Rage Against the Machine halted their touring schedule amid speculation of a breakup. Beginning in November 1994, the group entered the studio in Atlanta with producer Brendan O'Brien, recording 23 songs. However, internal disagreements led to a temporary split before they reunited to perform at the KROQ Weenie Roast in June 1995.[13] Morello attributed the hiatus to conflicts over the band's creative direction, which were eventually settled.[13][14]

Later that year, they returned to work with O'Brien on their next album, Evil Empire. Morello highlighted that this record embraced more pronounced hip hop elements, merging influences reminiscent of Public Enemy and the Clash.[14]

When released on April 16, 1996, Evil Empire entered the Billboard 200 chart at number one, moving 249,000 units in its initial week and eventually reaching triple platinum certification.[15][16] In April 1996, their performance of "Bulls on Parade" on Saturday Night Live was abruptly shortened after they displayed inverted American flags as a protest against guest host and Republican presidential hopeful Steve Forbes.[17]

In 1997, Rage served as the opening act for U2 during the PopMart Tour, directing their earnings toward groups such as the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, Women Alive, and the Zapatista Front for National Liberation.[18][19] They then embarked on a U.S. headlining tour alongside Wu-Tang Clan, which faced opposition due to concerns over the group's "violent and anti-law enforcement philosophies." After Wu-Tang Clan missed a scheduled show at Riverport, they were substituted by the Roots. In June 1998, Sony Records issued Live & Rare, a collection of B-sides and live recordings exclusive to Japan; later that year, a live video was released.[10]

At Woodstock '99, Rage performed prior to unveiling their third studio album, The Battle of Los Angeles. This album debuted at number one in 1999 with first-week sales totaling 450,000 copies and attained double-platinum status.[20] Songs from this release were featured on prominent movie soundtracks: "Wake Up" appeared in The Matrix, while "Calm Like a Bomb" was included in The Matrix Reloaded (2003). A planned tour in 2000 supporting the Beastie Boys was canceled due to an injury sustained by their drummer.[21] In 2003, The Battle of Los Angeles was ranked number 426 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

2000–2001: Renegades and dissolution

On January 26, 2000, while shooting the music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire", directed by Michael Moore, an incident caused the New York Stock Exchange to close its doors, and security personnel removed the band when they attempted to enter.[22][23] Despite lacking official permits for sidewalk use, street closure, loud noise, or parking, the filming drew a crowd of several hundred.[24] Tom Morello recounted Moore's directive: "Keep playing no matter what occurs." Moore was detained by police, urging the group to "Take the New York Stock Exchange!"Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name Morello and others tried to gain access but were blocked by riot gates.[25] Security refused entry and recommended visiting the exchange’s visitor center instead.[23] Moore asserted that the band momentarily "shut down American capitalism," though critics pointed out trading continued unaffected and questioned Moore's depiction.[22][24]

On September 7, 2000, Rage performed "Testify" at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards.[26][27] Following Limp Bizkit's win for Best Rock Video, bassist Commerford climbed scaffolding and was subsequently jailed overnight; De la Rocha reportedly departed the event early.[26][27] Morello acknowledged internal disagreements concerning this incident.[26][27]

De la Rocha announced his exit from the band on October 18, 2000, citing dysfunctional decision-making that compromised their creative and political objectives.[28] Morello described persistent internal tensions as "clearly political and volatile."[29] Readers of Kerrang! voted De la Rocha’s departure as the most disappointing event of 2000.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

The subsequent album, Renegades, consisted of cover versions spanning artists such as Devo, EPMD, Minor Threat, Cypress Hill, the MC5, Afrika Bambaataa, the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, the Stooges, and Bob Dylan.[20]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name It attained platinum certification within a month.[30] In 2001, they released a live video titled The Battle of Mexico City, followed by the 2003 live album Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium, which captured their final performances in Los Angeles.[31] An expanded DVD edition included an unreleased video for "Bombtrack."Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the contentious 2001 Clear Channel memorandum categorized all Rage Against the Machine tracks as "lyrically questionable" for radio broadcasting.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

2002–2006: Individual ventures

Following the split, Morello, Wilk, and Commerford remained united in search of a new frontman. Morello viewed losing their original singer as "a blessing in disguise," given their aspirations beyond session musicianship. Producer Rick Rubin proposed working with Chris Cornell of Soundgarden, leading to the creation of Audioslave. Their debut single "Cochise" debuted in November 2002, followed by their self-titled album which garnered generally favorable reviews. Unlike Rage Against the Machine’s politically charged sound, Audioslave’s music was largely apolitical, although some tracks contained political messages. Their sophomore album Out of Exile entered Billboard charts at number one in 2005. The third album, Revelations, was released in September 2006; however, no tour followed as Cornell and Morello pursued solo careers. After a period of inactivity and speculation about their status, Audioslave disbanded in February 2007 due to Cornell’s departure stemming from personal and creative differences.

In 2003, Morello launched his acoustic folk project known as the Nightwatchman, serving as a platform for his political expression contrasting Audioslave’s less politicized approach. He participated in Billy Bragg’s Tell Us the Truth tour and contributed "No One Left" to Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11. His first Nightwatchman album, One Man Revolution, was released in April 2007, followed by The Fabled City in September 2008. Additionally, he formed Street Sweeper Social Club with rapper Boots Riley, releasing their debut album in June 2009.

De la Rocha collaborated on an album with DJ Shadow, Company Flow, Roni Size, and Questlove but ultimately abandoned it to work with Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails; however, this project never materialized. His partnership with DJ Shadow yielded "March of Death," an online protest track against the Iraq War released in 2003. The 2004 compilation soundtrack Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11 featured another collaboration with Reznor titled "We Want It All." In late 2005, De la Rocha performed alongside son jarocho ensemble Son de Madera.

Despite lucrative offers for reunions involving concerts and tours amid rumors of discord between De la Rocha and other members, the band declined. Commerford mentioned maintaining amicable relations with De la Rocha—including shared surfing sessions—while Morello noted ongoing communication and a joint appearance at a South Central Farm protest in 2005.

2007–2008: Initial Reunion and Touring

On April 14, 2007, Morello and De la Rocha briefly reunited for an acoustic performance at a Coalition of Immokalee Workers event in Chicago. Morello described the moment as "highly exhilarating for everyone present." Later that month, on April 29, Rage Against the Machine headlined the closing day of the 2007 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, performing before the largest audience of the event against a backdrop featuring the EZLN. Morello explained that opposition to the conservative climate under the George W. Bush administration was a significant motivation for regrouping.

Throughout 2008, the band embarked on an extensive tour covering the United States, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, and Europe. Their schedule included performances at prominent festivals such as Rock am Ring and Rock im Park, Pinkpop Festival, T in the Park, Hultsfred Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, and Oxegen. They also appeared at Chicago's Lollapalooza in 2008. Morello emphasized that there were no plans for new studio albums at that time, asserting that their existing songs remained vital: “It doesn’t feel like a nostalgia act at all. These tracks were crafted to be performed now.” De la Rocha expressed uncertainty about future recordings but acknowledged mutual encouragement for their solo endeavors.

In July 2008, De la Rocha collaborated with former Mars Volta drummer Jon Theodore to release an EP under the name One Day as a Lion. The following month, Rage headlined the free Tent State Music Festival to End the War during the Democratic National Convention in Denver, sharing the stage with acts such as Flobots and Jello Biafra. Following this concert, they led an 8,000-strong march alongside Iraq Veterans Against the War to Invesco Field, culminating in discussions between veterans and representatives from Barack Obama's presidential campaign.

September 2008 saw Rage perform at Minneapolis' Target Center amid the Republican National Convention. A planned surprise appearance at an anti-RNC gathering was thwarted by police intervention; instead, De la Rocha and Morello performed using megaphones. Subsequently, Morello joined songwriter Billy Bragg and politician Jim Walsh for an impromptu jam session in Minneapolis. By December of that year, Morello declared his Nightwatchman project would be his main musical focus moving forward.

2009–2015: UK Christmas Number One Campaign, European Touring, and L.A. Rising Festival

In December 2009, a Facebook-driven campaign spearheaded by Jon Morter aimed to challenge The X Factor's hold on the UK Christmas number one spot by promoting Rage Against the Machine's "Killing in the Name." This movement garnered support from artists including Tom Morello, Dave Grohl, Paul McCartney, as well as media outlets such as BBC Radio 1. On December 20, 2009, "Killing in the Name" secured the UK Christmas number one position, ending a four-year winning streak by The X Factor victors and setting a record for highest first-week download sales in UK chart history. The band committed to donating proceeds to charity and promised a free concert in the UK during 2010.

Honoring this promise, Rage Against the Machine announced a complimentary performance titled "The Rage Factor" at London's Finsbury Park on June 6, 2010. Tickets were allocated through photo registration combined with an online lottery system to prevent scalping. Support acts selected by ticket holders included Gogol Bordello, Gallows, and Roots Manuva. The group also headlined major European festivals such as Download Festival, Rock am Ring and Rock im Park, and Rock in Rio Madrid while performing additional shows in Ireland and the Netherlands. Zack de la Rocha suggested there was a strong possibility of new material following favorable audience responses.

In July 2010, Rage returned to their hometown of Los Angeles for their first U.S. show in ten years at a benefit concert supporting groups opposing Arizona's SB1070 immigration law; this event raised $300,000. In October of that year, they toured South America for the first time with festival appearances across Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.

Although discussions about new music surfaced during this period, band members conveyed mixed messages. De la Rocha hinted at a potential album release by summer 2011; however, guitarist Tom Morello later clarified in May 2011 that no studio recordings were underway but did not dismiss future possibilities. The band organized their own festival event named L.A. Rising where they performed on July 30, 2011. Bassist Tim Commerford hinted at ongoing songwriting efforts with plans extending two years ahead later that year.

Between 2012 and 2013, Commerford provided equivocal statements regarding new material ("maybe" and "definitely maybe"), while Morello denied any active recording projects beyond reissuing their debut album. In October 2012, Rage Against the Machine announced a special 20th anniversary box set of their debut album featuring remastered tracks along with unreleased live performances—including their 2010 Finsbury Park show—and original demos; this collection was released on November 27.

By April 2014, drummer Brad Wilk suggested their L.A. Rising show might have been their final performance together. In February 2015, Commerford described their future activity as uncertain—it could happen imminently or take up to ten years. On October 16 of that year, the Finsbury Park concert was officially released on DVD and Blu-ray formats.

2016–2019: Prophets of Rage Era

In May 2016, Morello, Wilk, and Commerford formed Prophets of Rage alongside rappers Chuck D from Public Enemy and B-Real from Cypress Hill. This supergroup toured throughout 2016 performing material from Rage Against the Machine as well as Public Enemy and Cypress Hill catalogs. Commerford affirmed that Rage Against the Machine had not disbanded permanently. Morello expressed admiration for Zack de la Rocha’s ongoing solo work and noted that Rage’s legacy persisted through Prophets of Rage activities. By May 2018, Wilk voiced his desire for a full Rage reunion contingent on aligning all members’ interests. In November 2019, Chuck D and B-Real confirmed Prophets of Rage had dissolved.

2019–2024: Second Reunion Tour, Hall of Fame Induction & Subsequent Split

On November 1, 2019, Rage Against the Machine announced their first live shows in nine years scheduled for spring 2020 including two appearances at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. A purported world tour poster circulated online but was later exposed as a hoax.

The band unveiled additional global dates on February 10, 2020 for what was dubbed the Public Service Announcement Tour running from March through September—their first comprehensive world tour since promoting The Battle of Los Angeles two decades prior—with rap duo Run the Jewels supporting most performances except Chicago.

However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on March 12, 2020 this tour was postponed to summer 2021.

By May 1st of that year all remaining dates shifted to 2021; they were slated to headline Reading and Leeds Festivals marking their first UK appearance in ten years but these events were cancelled in May due to ongoing health concerns. Despite rescheduling attempts Coachella was also cancelled after postponement to October leading to further delays pushing tour dates into spring/summer of 2022.

By mid-June 2020 all Rage albums re-entered Apple Music’s Rock Albums top thirty chart; notably their debut album reappeared on Billboard’s Top 200 chart at number one hundred seventy-four coinciding with renewed interest amid global Black Lives Matter protests following George Floyd’s death.

Rage performed their first concert in over eleven years on July 9th at Alpine Valley Music Theatre in Wisconsin; however after frontman de la Rocha suffered an Achilles tendon rupture during a Chicago show later that month European dates plus remaining North American shows were cancelled.

The band received multiple Rock & Roll Hall of Fame nominations starting from eligibility in 2017 through subsequent years up until finally being inducted on November 3rd, 2023 at Brooklyn’s Barclays Center by Ice-T; only guitarist Morello attended the ceremony.

On January 3rd, 2024 drummer Brad Wilk confirmed that Rage Against the Machine had once again disbanded.

Musical Style and Influences

Rage Against the Machine’s musical foundation is influenced by early heavy metal alongside an eclectic range of artists such as Rush, Led Zeppelin, Bob Dylan, U2, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Iron Maiden, Kiss, Black Sabbath/Ozzy Osbourne era works; as well as The Police, Devo, Living Colour and Queen’s styles incorporating jazz elements inspired by Wayne Shorter.

Their sound also integrates hip hop influences drawn from Afrika Bambaataa’s pioneering work along with Run-DMC’s style plus Public Enemy’s politically charged rap and Beastie Boys’ genre blending; punk rock inspirations include seminal acts like The Clash, Minor Threat Bad Brains Dead Kennedys Black Flag Sex Pistols; additionally crossover thrash bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Urban Dance Squad have shaped their approach.

Renowned for blending punk rock intensity with hip hop rhythms and thrash metal aggression into politically charged compositions critiquing corporate dominance cultural imperialism government oppression—their genre-spanning sound encompasses rap metal rap rock funk metal alternative metal hard rock alternative rock styles often labeled nu metal although largely regarded as precursors influencing many subsequent nu-metal artists through their aggressive fusion approach.

Political Views and Activism

Rage Against the Machine is widely recognized for its revolutionary left-wing anti-authoritarian political ideology which is deeply embedded within both its music and public identity. The group persistently challenges United States domestic foreign policies while actively engaging in activism aligned with these principles.

Frontman Zack de la Rocha has emphasized music’s capacity to disseminate social justice messages globally transcending borders.

Guitarist Tom Morello has openly criticized capitalist “wage slavery” highlighting systemic worker disenfranchisement under prevailing economic structures despite their own millionaire status which has occasionally drawn accusations of hypocrisy compounded by ties to Epic Records (a Sony Music subsidiary). Morello defends this strategy arguing that leveraging capitalist distribution networks enables reaching audiences beyond niche political circles thereby amplifying impact.

De la Rocha underscored utilizing Sony’s international reach to broaden revolutionary consciousness worldwide.

During their reunion tour commencing in 2020 Rage committed profits from initial concerts toward U.S.-based immigrant rights organizations while allocating portions of ticket revenue from subsequent shows directly to local charities.

In May 2021 over six hundred musicians including members of Rage publicly supported a boycott advocating cessation of performances in Israel until Palestinian occupation ends; band members also endorsed ceasefire initiatives during Gaza conflicts.

Following June 2022 Supreme Court decision overturning Roe v. Wade they donated $475 thousand toward reproductive rights organizations based in Wisconsin Illinois; during a July concert held in Wisconsin they visibly protested this ruling highlighting disparities related to maternal mortality rates gun violence disproportionately impacting marginalized communities.

Members

Discography

Studio Albums

Awards and Nominations

Rage Against the Machine has earned two Grammy Awards out of six nominations overall. They were ranked thirty-third on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list released in 2005 received induction into Kerrang! Hall of Fame in 2008 won NME’s Heroes of the Year Award in 2010 along with three MTV Video Music Award nominations without wins.

The band garnered multiple Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominations annually from initial eligibility year (2017) through to induction year (2023).

In addition UK Official Charts Company named "Killing in the Name" as 'UK's Favourite Christmas Number One Ever' during celebrations marking seventy years of Official Christmas Number One races held across Britain.

Grammy Awards Template:Awards table |- |rowspan="2"| Template:Grammy || "Tire Me" || Best Metal Performance || Template:Won |- | "Bulls on Parade" || rowspan= "2" | Best Hard Rock Performance || Template:Nom |- | Template:Grammy || "People of the Sun" || Template:Nom |- | Template:Grammy || "No Shelter" || Best Metal Performance || Template:Nom |- |rowspan="2"| Template:Grammy || "Guerrilla Radio" || Best Hard Rock Performance || Template:Won |- | The Battle of Los Angeles || Best Rock Album || Template:Nom |- | Template:Grammy || "Renegades of Funk" || Best Hard Rock Performance || Template:Nom

|}

MTV Video Music Awards Template:Awards table |- | Template:Mtvvma || "Bulls on Parade" || Best Rock Video || Template:Nom |- | Template:Mtvvma || "People of the Sun" || Template:Nom |- | Template:Mtvvma || "Sleep Now in the Fire" || Template:Nom

|}

NME Awards Template:Awards table |- | 2010 || Rage Against the Machine || Heroes of the Year || Template:Won

|}

Kerrang! Awards Template:Awards table |- || 2008 || Rage Against the Machine || Hall of Fame || Template:Won

|}

Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards Template:Awards table |- |rowspan="2"| 2010 || Rage Against the Machine || Band of the Year || Template:Nom |- | Christmas Number One and Free Concert || Event of the Year || Template:Won

|}

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Template:Awards table |- || 2018 || Rage Against the Machine || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame||Template:Nominated |- || 2019 || Rage Against the Machine || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame||Template:Nominated |- || 2021 || Rage Against the Machine || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame||Template:Nominated |- || 2022 || Rage Against the Machine || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame||Template:Nominated |- || 2023 || Rage Against the Machine || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame||Template:Won

|}

External links

  • [Official site]
  • [Discogs profile]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Myers
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  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Woodlief
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named officialfaq
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  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LATimes0496
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Robinson
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bbc.co.uk
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  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MTVNews012296
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DeseretNews1996
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  16. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SNL
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The State
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named allmusic
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rolling Stone
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named greenleft
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mtvnews
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named shone
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Devenish 2001 p. 105
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named billboard1
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named limp
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named zackquit
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named autogenerated1
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bush
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