Jump to content

Romano Prodi

From Alfawiki
Romano Prodi
Born (1939-08-09) August 9, 1939 (age 87)
Scandiano, Italy
Occupation(s)Statesman, economist, professor, consultant
Known forPresident of the European Commission (1999–2004), Prime Minister of Italy (1996–1998, 2006–2008), architect of the Italian centre-left political movement

Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939) is a prominent Italian statesman who held the office of President of the European Commission between 1999 and 2004 and served two terms as Prime Minister of Italy from 1996 to 1998 and again from 2006 to 2008. Widely regarded as the architect of the Italian centre-left political movement, Prodi has been a central figure in the Second Republic, earning the moniker Il Professore ("The Professor") due to his strong academic credentials.

With a background as an economics professor and international consultant for Goldman Sachs, Prodi guided the Olive Tree alliance to success in the 1996 general election, assuming the prime ministership until his government lost a confidence vote in 1998. He was subsequently appointed President of the European Commission in 1999, a position he occupied until 2004. Returning to Italian politics, he led the newly formed coalition The Union to victory over Silvio Berlusconi's House of Freedoms in 2006, serving a second term as prime minister. Following a defeat in a Senate confidence vote, he resigned in January 2008 but remained in office for day-to-day affairs until early elections were held.

In 2007, Prodi established and took leadership of the Democratic Party. The following year, he was appointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as head of the joint African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel. Since 2021, he has acted as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel region.

Early life and family

Born in Scandiano, close to Reggio Emilia, in 1939, Prodi was the eighth child among nine siblings. His father, Mario Prodi, came from a farming background and worked as an engineer, while his mother, Enrichetta, was an elementary school teacher. Several of Prodi’s brothers pursued academic careers, becoming university professors: Giovanni Prodi specialized in mathematical analysis; Vittorio Prodi focused on physics and served as a member of the European Parliament; Paolo Prodi was an expert in modern history; specialized in atmospheric physics; and Giorgio Prodi contributed to general pathology.

In 1969, Prodi married Flavia Franzoni, who was then a student and later developed her career as an economist and university professor. Their marriage ceremony was conducted by Camillo Ruini, now a distinguished cardinal. The couple had two sons named Giorgio and Antonio. Flavia Franzoni died on 13 June 2023 at the age of 76.

Academic career

Following his secondary education at Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia, Prodi earned a law degree from Milan's Università Cattolica in 1961, completing a thesis that examined protectionism’s impact on Italy’s industrial growth. He continued his studies with postgraduate work at the London School of Economics.

Prodi has been honored with nearly twenty honorary doctorates awarded by universities throughout Italy, Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa.

Role in the Ministry of Industry and the Aldo Moro abduction

On 25 November 1978, Prodi was named Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Crafts within the administration headed by Christian Democracy leader Giulio Andreotti. Although affiliated with the party, Prodi was commonly viewed as a technical expert rather than a traditional politician. He championed the Prodi law, which established special state intervention procedures aimed at rescuing major companies facing financial distress.

Earlier that year, on 2 April 1978, Prodi and his colleagues at the University of Bologna received information that led them to identify the location where former prime minister Aldo Moro was being held captive by the Red Brigades. Prodi indicated that this intelligence emerged from a séance involving founders of Christian Democracy, referencing the word Gradoli. Initially believed to denote a town near Rome, it was later understood to be the address of a Red Brigades safe house at number 96, Via Gradoli.

Authorities acted on this lead and conducted an armed search in Gradoli on 6 April; however, Moro was not found. The investigation employed unconventional techniques, including consulting a diviner to assist in locating Moro. Another raid in Viterbo, inspired by an abbess's vision, also failed to yield results.

In 1981, Prodi gave testimony before Parliament’s terrorism commission. He described the séance as a pretext designed to obscure the real source of the information. Years later, in 1997, Andreotti disclosed that the tip actually originated from Bologna’s faction of Autonomia Operaia, a far-left organization connected to the Red Brigades, with knowledge shared by Francesco Cossiga. Judge Ferdinando Imposimato found this explanation credible but criticized Andreotti for withholding evidence that might have been crucial. Moro’s widow claimed she had alerted police about Via Gradoli in Rome but was ignored; this assertion is supported by other relatives but denied by Cossiga, who was Interior Minister during Moro’s kidnapping.

Mitrokhin Commission

During the 1990s, Italy’s parliamentary commission on terrorism revisited the séance episode. While then-Prime Minister Prodi declined to be interviewed, senator Mario Baldassarri and Industry Minister Alberto Clò confirmed details about the séance, noting that Gradoli recurred across several sessions despite varying participants. Subsequently, some Italian members of the European Commission suggested Prodi fabricated the story to conceal the actual source of the tip-off, believed to be far-left political factions.

In 2005, Mario Scaramella accused Prodi of being "a KGB man," an allegation Prodi firmly denied. Former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko clarified that FSB deputy chief Anatoly Trofimov did not explicitly label Prodi as a KGB agent. The Mitrokhin Commission echoed similar accusations in 2002 but concluded its work in 2006 without producing definitive proof or consensus. Led by a centre-right coalition, it faced criticism for being politically driven and targeting opposition figures. Telephone conversations intercepted in 2006 between commission chairman Paolo Guzzanti and Scaramella revealed efforts to support claims that Prodi was under Moscow and KGB influence. The opposition’s dissenting report argued that the commission’s goal was to undermine Prodi’s reputation.

Scaramella was assigned to collect testimonies from former Soviet agents to substantiate these allegations but was later prosecuted for calumny. In November 2006, following a shift to a centre-left majority, a new commission was formed to investigate potential political manipulation within the Mitrokhin Commission. Ex-KGB colonel Oleg Gordievsky, cited by Scaramella as a witness, condemned Scaramella’s fabrication of false evidence against Prodi and others, emphasizing its unreliability.

Despite these developments, UK Independence Party MEP Gerard Batten reiterated these accusations based on information from Litvinenko. The 2018 indictment of Paul Manafort during the Mueller investigation alleged payments exceeding $2 million to foreign politicians thought to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer intended to advance Viktor Yanukovich’s interests; both individuals denied involvement and stated their actions were aimed at enhancing European Union–Ukraine relations. Prodi clarified that payments from Gusenbauer were private transactions unrelated to Manafort or any external lobbying efforts.

Business and Administrative Career

Following his departure in 1989, Prodi managed the Bologna-based consultancy Analisi e Studi Economici, which he co-owned with his spouse. From 1990 until 1993, the firm generated revenues amounting to £1.4 million, predominantly funded by the investment bank Goldman Sachs.

Second Tenure as IRI President

In 1993, Prodi emerged as a prominent contender for the role of Italian Prime Minister leading a technocratic administration; nevertheless, the position was ultimately filled by Bank of Italy Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

Between 1993 and 1994, Prodi returned to lead IRI, directing significant privatization efforts involving state assets. During this interval, two investigations were initiated: one examined potential conflicts of interest tied to contracts awarded to his consultancy linked to the Italdel-Siemens merger, while the other scrutinized the disposal of the unprofitable state-owned food company SME to multinational Unilever, a firm for which Prodi had previously served as a paid advisor. Goldman Sachs played a role in both transactions. In February 2007, Italian Treasury Police conducted a raid on Goldman Sachs’ Milan office, confiscating documents connecting Prodi to these deals. Although evidence supporting conflict of interest allegations surfaced after Prodi assumed the premiership in 1996, the case was swiftly dismissed.

First Term as Prime Minister (1996–1998)

Prodi resigned as IRI President on 25 May 1994 in favor of incoming Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi; this resignation took effect on 22 July. Subsequently, on 11 August, Prodi declared his intention to pursue a political career. Earlier that year, he had rejected an offer from the Italian People's Party (PPI) to stand in the 1994 European Parliament elections.

The Olive Tree Coalition and 1996 Election

On 13 February 1995, Prodi along with his close associate Arturo Parisi established the political coalition The Olive Tree, designed to unite centrist and left-wing parties against Silvio Berlusconi’s centre-right alliance, which had weakened following his resignation due to loss of support from Lega Nord. The coalition quickly attracted support from Mariotto Segni’s centrist Segni Pact, the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left led by Massimo D'Alema, the PPI, and the Federation of the Greens.

On 19 February 1996, outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini launched his new party, Italian Renewal, aligning with The Olive Tree rather than Berlusconi’s Pole for Freedoms. Berlusconi accused Dini of replicating his electoral platform.

During the 1996 elections, The Olive Tree triumphed over Berlusconi’s coalition, achieving the first victory led by a post-communist party since World War II. It secured a majority in the Senate and relied on external backing from the Communist Refoundation Party in the Chamber of Deputies. On 17 May 1996, President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro entrusted Prodi with forming a government.[1] He assembled a 23-member cabinet, comprising 16 ministers from PDS (including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni) and 10 junior ministers—the first inclusion of former Communists in government after five decades.

Policies

Prodi’s economic agenda prioritized revitalizing Italy’s fiscal stability to comply with the stringent standards of the European Monetary System, facilitating Italy’s rapid accession to the Eurozone within just half a year.

In his initial term, Prodi oversaw Italy’s intervention during the 1997 Albanian civil unrest. His administration launched Operation Alba, a multinational peacekeeping mission led by Italy, aimed at restoring stability following Albania’s internal conflict. As security conditions worsened, multiple countries executed evacuation efforts through Operations Silver Wake and Libelle.

To address the crisis, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1101, establishing a temporary management framework that paved the way for reconstruction initiatives by the Western European Union. The Italian-commanded Multinational Albanian Police Element was instrumental in implementing judicial and law enforcement reforms targeting Albania’s deeper economic challenges.

Operation Alba was spearheaded by Italy’s 3rd Army Corps, marking Italy’s first multinational leadership role in such a mission since World War II. This operation involved eleven European nations providing humanitarian support amid Albania’s political and economic instability.[2][3] In 1997, Prodi highlighted a shift in national security priorities from external threats to safeguarding citizens’ daily safety.[4]

Resignation

In 1998, Prodi’s administration collapsed after the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its backing, prompting the formation of a new government led by Massimo D'Alema. Some observers argue that D’Alema and People's Party leader Franco Marini orchestrated Prodi’s downfall to secure the premiership. D’Alema assumed office by a narrow margin following Italy’s inaugural no-confidence vote.

President of the European Commission (1999–2004)

Prodi was appointed President of the European Commission in September 1999 with support from major political factions including the conservative European People's Party, social-democrats, and centrists. His commission succeeded the scandal-plagued Santer Commission after its resignation and initially comprised 20 Commissioners, expanding to 30 following the 2004 Enlargement of the European Union. This tenth Commission gained enhanced powers under the Amsterdam Treaty, leading some media outlets to refer to Prodi as the first "Prime Minister of the European Union."

Amsterdam Treaty

Throughout Prodi's tenure, eleven EU countries adopted the euro as their shared currency in 2002. The Amsterdam Treaty—negotiated between 1995 and 1997—delegated authority from member states to the European Parliament in domains such as immigration policy, civil and criminal justice, and foreign and security affairs (CFSP). It also introduced institutional reforms designed to prepare for EU enlargement.

The treaty’s enactment considerably strengthened the role of the Commission President, solidifying Prodi’s influence as a central figure within EU leadership.

Treaty of Nice

In addition to managing EU enlargement and the Amsterdam Treaty, the Prodi Commission played a key role in facilitating both the signing and implementation of the Treaty of Nice as well as the finalization of the European Constitution. This period also saw the introduction of the "Convention method" for negotiations. The Treaty of Nice was signed on 26 February 2001 and officially came into effect on 1 February 2003.

This treaty brought modifications to the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaties of Rome, restructuring EU institutions to better prepare for eastern enlargement—a reform originally planned under the Amsterdam Treaty but left incomplete. Its enactment faced a temporary setback when Irish voters rejected it in a June 2001 referendum; however, this decision was overturned in a subsequent vote held just over a year later.

2004 Enlargement and Conclusion of Prodi’s Term

During Prodi’s final year as Commission President in 2004, the European Union experienced its most significant expansion in terms of territory, member count, and population. On 1 May 2004, ten new countries joined, primarily from the former Soviet sphere and surrounding areas. These newcomers included Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Among them were seven nations from the former Eastern Bloc—three formerly part of the Soviet Union and four members of the Visegrád Group—alongside one from former Yugoslavia and two Mediterranean island states.

The enlargement process continued with Bulgaria and Romania joining in 2007, marking what the Commission designates as the fifth phase of EU expansion. Although Prodi’s term was initially scheduled to end on 31 October 2004, it was extended due to opposition within the European Parliament regarding his successor’s Commission. His presidency ultimately concluded on 21 November 2004, after which he returned to Italian political life.

The Primary Election of The Union

Shortly before concluding his tenure as European Commission President, Prodi re-engaged with Italian politics by leading an expanded centre-left alliance known as The Union.

Lacking a formal party structure, Prodi pioneered a new approach by organizing a primary election to formally confirm his candidacy for the 2006 national elections. This marked Europe’s first primary designed to actively involve citizens directly in political decision-making.

Initially regarded as a straightforward endorsement for Prodi due to absence of challengers, the primary saw symbolic participation from Fausto Bertinotti, leader of the Communist Refoundation Party, who entered to prevent an uncontested race. Other minor candidates soon followed, including figures such as Clemente Mastella (Union of Democrats for Europe), Antonio Di Pietro (Italy of Values), and Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio (Federation of the Greens).

Despite Prodi being heavily favored to win, speculation arose that supporters from the opposing House of Freedoms coalition attempted to manipulate voting by backing Mastella or Bertinotti in efforts to undermine Prodi’s strength against Berlusconi.

The election was held nationwide on 16 October 2005 between 8 am and 10 pm. Volunteer-run polling stations were set up across a wide variety of locations—public squares, party headquarters, schools, cafés, bars, camper vans, and even hair salons—with some polling places established abroad for Italians living overseas. While initial turnout expectations hovered around one million voters, more than four million participated. Prodi achieved over 73% of votes cast, demonstrating substantial popular endorsement ahead of the general election.

Italian general election of 2006

Following his victory in the centre-left primary, Prodi spearheaded The Union coalition during the 2006 general election. This coalition was an eclectic mix, encompassing centrist groups such as UDEUR alongside communist factions like the PRC and the Party of Italian Communists.

On 9–10 April, Prodi achieved a narrow win by roughly 25,000 votes, earning a slim majority in the Senate by just two seats. Initial exit polls favored Prodi; however, the gap narrowed as vote counting progressed. Prodi proclaimed victory on 11 April, though Berlusconi never officially conceded—a concession that was not legally mandated.

Preliminary tallies indicated The Union leading in the Chamber of Deputies with 340 seats compared to Berlusconi’s House of Freedoms’ 277, benefiting from a majority bonus despite nearly equal vote shares (49.81% versus 49.74%). While the House of Freedoms held a slight edge in Italy-elected Senate seats (155 to 154), The Union’s success in overseas districts secured control over both parliamentary chambers.

On 19 April, Italy’s Supreme Court validated Prodi’s triumph by a margin of 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million ballots cast, confirming The Union’s hold on 158 Senate seats against Berlusconi’s 156. Berlusconi continued to assert unsubstantiated allegations of electoral fraud.

Formation of government

The process of appointing Prodi was postponed due to the expiration of President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi’s term in May. Once Giorgio Napolitano was elected president, Prodi received an invitation on 16 May to form a new government and was officially sworn in with his second cabinet on 17 May 2006.

His cabinet comprised representatives from across the centre-left alliance as well as independent figures like Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, former official at the European Central Bank. Prodi successfully obtained confidence votes on 19 May in the Senate and on 23 May in the Chamber of Deputies.

Owing to an electoral system that awarded a 60-seat majority bonus in the Chamber, Prodi’s coalition enjoyed a comfortable majority in the lower house but maintained only a narrow lead in the Senate. The coalition united communist parties (Party of Italian Communists, Communist Refoundation Party) with Catholic-inspired groups (Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, UDEUR), led by Clemente Mastella. This ideological diversity complicated consensus-building on critical issues such as economic policy and foreign affairs, particularly regarding Italy’s military presence in Afghanistan.

Foreign affairs

Under Prodi’s second government, Italy continued its military involvement in Afghanistan under United Nations command while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006. Prodi openly criticized the Iraq War as a "serious error" that exacerbated regional security challenges.

Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema concentrated efforts on responding to the consequences of the 2006 Lebanon War, pledging Italian troops to support the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which Italy assumed command of in February 2007. Prodi played an instrumental role in launching this multinational peacekeeping initiative following the conflict between Israel and Lebanon.

Italy led discussions with Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni and was nominated to lead the peacekeeping operation. Despite concerns raised about potential dangers for Italian forces stationed between Israel and Hezbollah, Prodi and D'Alema committed to enforcing UN mandates concerning Lebanon and urged EU partners to prioritize stability across the Middle East.

Challenges within the coalition

At the beginning of 2007, Prodi's administration encountered significant internal difficulties. Three cabinet members abstained from voting on the continuation of funding for Italian forces deployed in Afghanistan. The slim approval margin for expanding the US military base at Caserma Ederle drew criticism from factions within the coalition. Justice Minister Clemente Mastella warned that the government might collapse over proposed legislation concerning unmarried couples.

Mass demonstrations took place in Vicenza opposing the base expansion, with participation from far-left coalition members. On 20 February, Deputy Prime Minister D'Alema declared that without a parliamentary majority on foreign policy matters, the government would step down. The Senate narrowly rejected a motion endorsing Prodi’s foreign policy by two votes, raising concerns about a potential return of Silvio Berlusconi to power.

On 21 February, Prodi tendered his resignation but indicated he would only form a new cabinet if assured of solid majority backing. Leaders of the coalition supported his twelve political prerequisites for remaining in office. Following consultations, President Napolitano requested on 24 February that Prodi maintain his position pending confidence votes.

The Senate granted its confidence on 28 February with a vote of 162–157 despite staunch opposition. Subsequently, the Chamber of Deputies confirmed its support on 2 March with a more substantial margin of 342–198.

On 14 October 2007, Prodi orchestrated the unification of two principal centre-left parties, Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, resulting in the formation of the Democratic Party. He assumed its inaugural presidency but resigned on 16 April 2008 following the party's loss in the general election.

Crisis and resignation in 2008

In January 2008, Justice Minister and UDEUR leader Clemente Mastella stepped down after his wife, Sandra Lonardo, was placed under house arrest amid corruption allegations. UDEUR, holding three Senate seats, had been pivotal in sustaining the centre-left's Senate majority.

Though initially affirming support for the government, Mastella later retracted his backing, influenced in part by Vatican opposition to liberal reforms such as registered partnerships for same-sex couples. He also cited insufficient solidarity from coalition partners after his wife's detention and declared that his party would oppose government legislation.

This resignation followed a Constitutional Court ruling endorsing a referendum to reform the electoral system—a change Mastella had warned would trigger governmental collapse. The referendum posed a threat to smaller parties like UDEUR by making parliamentary representation more challenging.

Mastella’s withdrawal compelled Prime Minister Prodi to seek confidence votes. While he maintained a majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January, he was defeated in the Senate by 156 to 161 votes the following day. Subsequently, Prodi resigned. President Giorgio Napolitano appointed Senate President Franco Marini to attempt forming an interim government focused on electoral reform; however, by 5 February Marini determined this was not viable. Consequently, Napolitano dissolved Parliament and called early elections.

Prodi chose not to lead another government. In the snap election held in April 2008, Berlusconi’s centre-right alliance, The People of Freedom, triumphed over the Democratic Party.

Post-premiership activities (2008–present)

During the snap general election campaign on 19 March 2008, Romano Prodi announced his decision to withdraw from Italian political life, and potentially from politics entirely.

On 12 September 2008, the United Nations entrusted Prodi with leading a collaborative African Union–UN panel aimed at strengthening peacekeeping efforts across Africa.

Prodi was appointed Professor-at-Large at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs on 6 February 2009. Beginning in 2010, he has chaired the Sino-European dialogue at China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), a prominent institution in Chinese business education.

On 9 October 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated Prodi as Special Envoy for the Sahel region, a position he held until 31 January 2014.

He is affiliated with the Club de Madrid, a network of former democratic leaders advocating for governance and leadership development. Additionally, Prodi has participated on the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.

Candidacy in the 2013 presidential election

Following the failure of compromise candidate Franco Marini to secure sufficient votes in the 2013 Italian presidential election, members of the Democratic Party nominated Prodi. Nevertheless, his initial support was modest—garnering only 14 votes in the first round, 13 in the second, and 22 in the third.

Shortly before the fourth round on 16 April 2013, Prodi presented a lecture entitled The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy: Is there Room for Europe? at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum), an event sponsored by Angelicum and Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi.

By the time of the fourth ballot on 19 April, Prodi emerged as a serious contender but ultimately withdrew after receiving just 395 votes—falling short of the required 504—due to over one hundred centre-left electors abstaining. This result prompted Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the Democratic Party, to resign as secretary. As of September 2020, Prodi holds membership in the Italian Aspen Institute.

Electoral record

Election Legislative Body Constituency Political Affiliation Votes Outcome
1996 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Mazzini Ulivo 55,830 checkY Elected
2006 Chamber of Deputies Emilia-Romagna Ulivo –[lower-alpha 1] checkY Elected

Single-member district elections

1996 general election (C): Bologna — Mazzini
Candidate Political Group Votes Percentage
Romano Prodi The Olive Tree 55,830 60.8%
Filippo Berselli Pole for Freedoms 35,972 39.2%
Total 91,802 100.0%


Honours and awards

Academic distinctions

Publications

  • Modello di sviluppo di un settore in rapida crescita: l'industria della ceramica per l'edilizia, Milan: Franco Angeli Publishing House, 1966
  • Concorrenza dinamica e potere di mercato. Politica industriale e fusioni d'impresa, Milan: Franco Angeli Publishing House, 1967
  • La diffusione dell'innovazione nell'industria italiana, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1973
  • Sistema economico e sviluppo industriale in Italia, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1973
  • Per una riconversione e ristrutturazione dell'industria italiana, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1980
  • C'è un posto per l'Italia fra i due capitalismi?, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1991
  • Una crisi non solo politica: L'industria italiana a rischio, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1991
  • Modello strategico per le privatizzazioni, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1992
  • La società istruita. Perché il futuro italiano si gioca in classe, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1993
  • Il capitalismo ben temperato, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1995
  • La mia Italia, Rome: Carmenta Publishing House, 1995
  • Un'idea dell'Europa (Contemporanea), Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 1999; translated as Europe as I See It, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000
  • Una nuova anima europea, Rome: AVE Publishing House, 2002
  • La mia visione dei fatti. Cinque anni di governo in Europa, Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 2008
  • Capire il mondo. Il futuro sfida l'Europa, Rome: Cittadella Publishing House, 2012
  • Missione incompiuta: Intervista su politica e democrazia, Rome/Bari: Editori Laterza Publishing House, 2015
  • Tra politica e politiche: La lezione di Nino (co-authored with Enrico Letta), Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 2016
  • Il piano inclinato: Conversazione con Giulio Santagata e Luigi Scarola (Voci), Bologna: Il Mulino Publishing House, 2017
  • L'acqua: armonie, disarmonie, conflitti (co-authored with Giuseppe Zaccaria), Padova: Padova University Press, 2019
  • Strana vita, la mia, Milan: Solferino Publishing House, 2021
  • Le immagini raccontano l'Europa, Milan: Rizzoli Publishing House, 2021

See also

External links




|-


|-


|-


|-

|-


|-


|-

  1. ↑ La storia del governo Prodi
  2. ↑ "Operation Alba": A European Approach to Peace Support Operations in the Balkans
  3. ↑ NATO, NRDC-IT Emblem, accessed November 2011
  4. ↑ Benjamin Goold, Crime and Security, Taylor & Francis, 2017, p.399


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Retrieved from "https://www.alfawiki.org/index.php?title=Romano_Prodi&oldid=19562"