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Saab JAS 39 Gripen

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Saab AB
Company typePublic (Aktiebolag)
IndustryAerospace, Defence
FoundedApril 26, 1937; 89 years ago (1937-04-26) in Linköping, Sweden
FounderSven Wingquist
Headquarters
Linköping
,
Sweden
ProductsJAS 39 Gripen, other aerospace and defence products
Websitewww.saab.com


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The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (Swedish: [ˈɡrǐːpɛn] Audio file "Sv-JAS 39 Gripen.ogg" not found; English: Griffin)[lower-alpha 1][1] is a lightweight, single-engine, supersonic multirole combat aircraft developed by the Swedish aerospace and defence firm Saab AB. Featuring a delta wing combined with canard surfaces, it employs a relaxed stability design paired with fly-by-wire flight controls. Modern variants are fully compatible with NATO systems. As of 2025, over 280 Gripens across all versions, from A to F, have been delivered.[lower-alpha 2]

Development of a new aircraft intended for fighter, attack, and reconnaissance roles—referred to in Swedish as ett jakt-, attack- och spaningsflygplan (hence "JAS")—was initiated by the Swedish government in 1979. This project aimed to replace the ageing Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen fleets within the Swedish Air Force. Saab’s new design was selected for production as the JAS 39. The prototype conducted its maiden flight in late 1988, followed by serial production deliveries starting in 1993.[3] The Gripen officially entered operational service with Sweden’s air force in mid-1996.[3] Subsequent upgraded models with enhanced avionics and extended mission endurance began deployment from 2003 onwards.

To promote the Gripen globally, Saab engaged in international partnerships with aerospace manufacturers abroad. Early export sales achieved moderate penetration into Central European, South African, and Southeast Asian markets. Allegations of bribery arose concerning some procurement contracts; however, Swedish authorities terminated the investigation in 2009 without further action.[4]

A significant redesign of the Gripen platform, initially known as Gripen NG (Next Generation) or Super JAS, has been introduced under the designation JAS 39E/F Gripen.[5] Deliveries of this updated model commenced in 2019 to both the Swedish and Brazilian air forces. Notable enhancements distinguishing the JAS E/F from earlier C variants include an enlarged fuselage, a more powerful engine, augmented weapons load capacity, alongside upgraded cockpit layout, avionics systems architecture, electronic warfare capabilities, and other refinements.

Origins

During the late 1970s, Sweden aimed to modernize its fleet by replacing the outdated Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen.[6] The Swedish Air Force sought a cost-effective Mach 2-capable aircraft with strong short takeoff and landing capabilities to support a defensive strategy involving dispersed basing. This strategy incorporated rudimentary runways measuring 800 m in length and 17 m in width, as part of the Bas 90 system.[7][8][9] The design objective was to create an aircraft more compact than the Viggen while matching or surpassing its payload and range performance.[10] Initial concepts included the Saab 38, also known as B3LA, envisioned as both an attack plane and trainer,[11] along with the A 20, a Viggen derivative intended to function as a fighter, attack, and maritime reconnaissance platform.[12] Various international aircraft were also evaluated, including the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet,[13] Northrop F-20 Tigershark, and Dassault Mirage 2000.[14] Eventually, the Swedish government decided to commission Saab to develop a new fighter.[13]

In 1979, an official study was initiated to define a flexible platform encompassing "JAS," an acronym for Jakt (air-to-air combat), Attack (air-to-ground operations), and Spaning (reconnaissance). This reflected the intention to produce a multirole or swing-role fighter capable of executing diverse mission profiles simultaneously.[13] Several Saab proposals were examined, with "Project 2105"—later renamed "Project 2108" and eventually "Project 2110"—emerging as the leading candidate recommended by the Defence Materiel Administration (Försvarets Materielverk, FMV).[13] The following year, Industrigruppen JAS (IG JAS, or "JAS Industry Group") was formed as a consortium comprising Saab-Scania, LM Ericsson, Svenska Radioaktiebolaget, Volvo Flygmotor, and Försvarets Fabriksverk, which represented Sweden's military industrial sector.[15]

The favored configuration was a lightweight, single-seat fighter powered by one engine, incorporating advanced features such as fly-by-wire controls, canard wings, and an inherently unstable aerodynamic profile.[16] The propulsion system chosen was the Volvo-Flygmotor RM12, a license-produced variant of the General Electric F404−400 engine; development efforts focused on reducing engine weight and minimizing component complexity.[16][17] On June 30, 1982, following approval by the Riksdag,[18] FMV awarded Saab contracts valued at SEK 25.7 billion for five prototype units plus an initial production run of thirty aircraft.[19][20] By January of the following year, avionics systems intended for the JAS 39 were tested using a modified Viggen fitted with fly-by-wire controls.[21] The designation Gripen (meaning griffin) was assigned through a public naming contest,[1] reflecting the heraldic creature featured in Saab's emblem.[lower-alpha 3]

Testing, production, and enhancements

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Saab unveiled the inaugural Gripen on 26 April 1987, coinciding with the company’s 50th year in operation.[24] Although initially scheduled for its first flight in 1987,[17] the debut was postponed by a year and a half due to complications with the flight control system. The prototype bearing serial number 39-1 successfully completed its maiden flight, lasting 51 minutes, on 9 December 1988 under pilot Stig Holmström.[16][25] During the testing phase, concerns emerged regarding the aircraft’s avionics—particularly the fly-by-wire flight control system (FCS)—and its relaxed stability design. On 2 February 1989, these issues culminated in a prototype crash during a landing attempt at Linköping; test pilot Lars Rådeström survived with a fractured elbow. The accident was attributed to pilot-induced oscillation caused by faults within the FCS’s pitch-control algorithms.[16][26][27]

Following this accident, Saab collaborated with the US company Calspan to implement software updates for the aircraft. These enhancements were trialed using a modified Lockheed NT-33A, which enabled flight tests to recommence fifteen months later. On 8 August 1993, production aircraft number 39102 crashed during an aerial demonstration at the Stockholm Water Festival. Pilot Lars Rådeström lost control during a low-altitude roll as the plane stalled, necessitating ejection. Saab determined that excessive amplification of abrupt and large stick movements by the pilot was responsible. The resulting investigation and remedial actions caused further delays in testing, which resumed only in December of that year.[16]

The initial procurement included an option for an additional 110 units, which was exercised in June 1992. Batch II comprised of ninety-six single-seat JAS 39As and fourteen two-seat JAS 39Bs.[28][29] The JAS 39B model is extended by sixty-six centimeters (26 inches) compared to the JAS 39A to accommodate a second cockpit; this modification required removal of the cannon and reduced internal fuel capacity.[30] By April 1994, five prototypes along with two production Gripens had been completed; however, a beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) had yet to be selected.[31] A third batch was ordered in June 1997 consisting of fifty upgraded single-seat JAS 39Cs and fourteen two-seat JAS 39Ds,[30] referred to as 'Turbo Gripen', designed for NATO compatibility to enhance export potential.[32] Aircraft from Batch III, delivered between 2002 and 2008, feature improved avionics systems, in-flight refueling capability through retractable probes mounted on the starboard side, and an onboard oxygen generating system (OBOGS) enabling extended mission durations.[33] In-flight refueling trials were conducted using a specially equipped prototype (39‐4), which successfully completed tests with a Royal Air Force VC10 tanker in 1998.[30]

Team collaboration agreements

Head on view of fighter jet banking right while releasing flares against a background of green woodland
Czech Air Force Gripen C deploying defensive flares, 2011

At the 1995 Paris Air Show, Saab Military Aircraft and British Aerospace (BAe, currently BAE Systems) announced the creation of a joint venture named Saab-BAe Gripen AB. The purpose of this partnership was to adapt, produce, market, and provide global support for the Gripen aircraft.[30][34] This agreement included upgrading the A and B series models into the "export" C and D series, which were modified to meet NATO specifications.[35] The collaboration expanded in 2001 with the establishment of Gripen International to enhance export sales efforts.[36] In December 2004, Saab and BAE Systems declared that BAE would divest a significant portion of its shares in Saab, transferring full responsibility for marketing and export contracts of the Gripen to Saab.[37] In June 2011, Saab revealed that an internal inquiry uncovered evidence implicating BAE Systems in corrupt practices, including money laundering activities linked to South Africa, one of the Gripen's customers.[38]

On April 26, 2007, Norway entered into a NOK150 million joint development contract with Saab aimed at collaborating on the Gripen’s development programme. This agreement included integrating Norwegian industry participation in advancing future aircraft variants.[39] Later that year in June, Saab signed an agreement with Thales Norway A/S to develop communication systems for the Gripen fighter. This marked the first contract awarded under the Letter of Agreement signed by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and Gripen International in April 2007.[39] Following the release of the United States diplomatic cables leak in 2010, it emerged that US officials had expressed concerns about Norwegian-Swedish cooperation on the Gripen project and had attempted to influence Norway against acquiring the aircraft.[40]

In December 2007, as part of marketing initiatives by Gripen International in Denmark, a partnership was established with Danish technology firm Terma A/S. This agreement enabled their participation in an Industrial Co-operation programme spanning approximately 10 to 15 years. The programme’s overall value was estimated at more than DKK10 billion and was contingent upon Denmark selecting the Gripen for procurement.[41] Ultimately, Denmark opted to acquire the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter instead.

Controversies, scandals, and expenses

The development of a sophisticated multi-role fighter represented a significant challenge for Sweden. Its forerunner, the 37 Viggen, faced criticism for consuming a disproportionate share of the Swedish defense budget and was labeled "a cuckoo in the military nest" by detractors as early as 1971. During the 1972 congress of the Socialdemokraterna, which had dominated Swedish politics since the 1950s, a resolution was adopted to halt any future initiatives aimed at developing advanced military aircraft. In 1982, the Gripen project was narrowly approved in the Riksdag with 176 votes in favor and 167 against; notably, the entire Social Democratic faction opposed it, citing the need for further investigations. A subsequent proposal was submitted in 1983, and final authorization was granted in April of that year with the stipulation that the project adhere to a fixed-price contract—a decision later criticized as overly optimistic due to subsequent budget overruns.

Following crashes in 1989 and 1993, Annika Brändström noted that the Gripen faced potential damage to its credibility and public perception. Speculation arose suggesting that inadequate resolution of technical issues identified after the first crash may have contributed directly to the second incident, implying it might have been preventable. Brändström also highlighted that media coverage demanded greater transparency and accountability from project leaders; however, some media analyses were poorly informed, leading to public misconceptions about the Gripen. The incumbent Conservative government promptly reaffirmed its support for the program, with Defense Minister Anders Björck publicly endorsing it as beneficial for Sweden. During marketing campaigns targeting countries such as South Africa, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, allegations surfaced regarding extensive bribery and corruption involving BAE Systems and Saab. Investigations across eight nations culminated in only one prosecution—for bribery against Austria’s Alfons Mensdorf-Pouilly. This scandal considerably damaged the international standing of the Gripen program, BAE Systems, Saab, and Sweden itself.

The financial aspects of the Gripen have frequently attracted scrutiny and debate. In 2008, Saab reported diminished profits partly due to increased expenditures on marketing the aircraft. That same year, Saab contested Norway’s estimates of Gripen NG costs as inflated and inconsistent with operational experience from current users. A 2007 European Union Institute for Security Studies report placed total research and development expenses for Gripen at €1.84 billion. Jane's Information Group's 2012 analysis ranked Gripen’s operational costs as the lowest among contemporary fighters, estimating expenses at approximately $4,700 per flight hour. The Swedish Ministry of Defense projected that acquiring a complete system of 60 Gripen E/F aircraft would amount to SEK 90 billion over 2013–2042. Meanwhile, the Swedish Armed Forces estimated sustaining 100 C/D models until 2042 would cost SEK 60 billion (€6.6 billion in 2013), whereas procuring foreign-made aircraft for similar capabilities would reach SEK 110 billion (€12.1 billion).

Operating expenses

While the initial acquisition cost often dominates discussions during procurement, the majority of the total expenditure over an aircraft system’s lifespan is attributed to operating expenses. Frequently, pilots and aircraft remain grounded due to depleted training budgets. Insufficient training restricts pilots from fully exploiting the aircraft's capabilities, resulting in advanced aircraft with inadequately trained pilots performing worse than slightly less advanced aircraft flown by well-trained personnel.

Flight hour cost (CPFH)
Source Currency JAS 39 F-35 Eurofighter Rafale F/A-18 E/F F-16 Block 40/50
IHS Jane's 2012 US$ 39C: 5,800 F-35A: 25,950
F-35B/C: 38,300		 22,200
fuel portion 10,100		 20,400 13,600 8,700
ÖB Micael Bydén 2014 SEK 54,300
Flygrevyn 2021 SEK 32,100 144,900 125,200 114,900 76,600 48,600
All figures are adjusted for inflation and expressed in the equivalent value of currency for the year 2022, rounded to the nearest hundred.

JAS 39E/F and Related Advancements

File:Saab JAS-39 of the Swedish Air Force undergoing inflight refuelling from a TP 84 Hercules (6803019594).jpg
Swedish Air Force Gripen C during aerial refueling

In 2007, Saab commissioned a two-seat model named "Gripen Demo" to serve as a platform for testing multiple enhancements.[42][43] This variant utilized the General Electric F414G, an engine evolution derived from that of the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[44] The Gripen NG’s maximum takeoff mass was raised from 14,000 to 16,000 kg (30,900 to 35,300 lbs). Internal fuel volume grew by 40% due to repositioning the landing gear, which also enabled the addition of two more hardpoints beneath the fuselage. When equipped with six air-to-air missiles (four radar-guided and two infrared) plus an external fuel tank, its combat radius reached approximately 1,300 kilometres (810 mi).[43][45] The earlier PS-05/A radar was superseded by the Raven ES-05[46] active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, which is based on Selex ES's (later Finmeccanica and then Leonardo S.p.A.) Vixen AESA family.[47][48] The inaugural flight of the Gripen Demo occurred on May 27, 2008.[49] On January 21, 2009, the aircraft demonstrated supercruise by flying at Mach 1.2+ at an altitude of about 28,000 ft (8,540 m) without afterburner.[50] This demonstrator laid the groundwork for the Gripen E/F models, also known as Gripen NG (Next Generation) or MS (Mission System) 21.[51][52]

During the early ’90s, Saab explored a carrier-capable version of the Gripen. Subsequently in response to India's inquiry regarding carrier-based fighters in 2009, Saab introduced the Sea Gripen initiative. Brazil has also expressed potential requirements for carrier aircraft.[53][54] Following consultations with UK's Ministry of Defence officials in May of 2011, Saab committed to setting up a development hub in the United Kingdom focusing on advancing the Sea Gripen concept.[55] In addition, by mid‐2013 Saab’s Lennart Sindahl indicated that research was underway into an optionally manned variant of the Gripen E capable of unmanned flights; however, further progress on optionally manned or carrier-adapted versions would depend on customer demand.[56][57] On November 6, 2014, interest from the Brazilian Navy emerged regarding a carrier-capable variant of the Gripen.[58]

In March 2010, Sweden awarded Saab a four-year contract aimed at enhancing the Gripen’s radar systems and other onboard equipment, integrating fresh armaments, and reducing operational expenses.[59] By June 2010, Saab confirmed Sweden’s intent to procure the Gripen NG—designated JAS 39E/F—with service entry anticipated in or before 2017 depending on export sales.[51] On August 25, 2012, following Switzerland’s announcement to acquire twenty-two E/F variants, Sweden declared plans to purchase between forty and sixty units of these models.[60] Subsequently on January 17, 2013, Sweden officially approved acquisition of sixty Gripen E aircraft.[61][62] However, after a national referendum in Switzerland in 2014, plans to replace their fighter fleet were shelved and procurement postponed.

The assembly of the first pre-production Gripen E commenced in July 2013.[63] Initially it was planned that sixty JAS 39Cs would be upgraded to JAS 39Es by 2023,[64] but this plan was modified so that new airframes would be produced for the Gripen Es with selective reuse of components from JAS 39Cs.[65] In March 2014, Saab disclosed detailed design information and projected military type certification by 2018.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag The aircraft is deliberately designed to be unstable, relying on digital fly-by-wire controls to maintain equilibrium, thereby removing numerous flight limitations, enhancing maneuverability, and lowering drag.[66][67] Its short takeoff capabilities are notable, as it can sustain a steep sink rate and is reinforced to endure the demands of brief landings.[68] The landing gear consists of retractable tricycle wheels, with a dual-wheel nose gear and single main wheels.[69] Positioned on the rear fuselage sides are two air brakes; additionally, the canards can tilt downward to function as air brakes, reducing the landing roll.[70] The Gripen can operate at an angle of attack between 70 and 80 degrees.[71]

Saab engineered the Gripen with an emphasis on longevity—targeting an operational lifespan of approximately 50 years—by ensuring minimal maintenance demands.[72] Key components such as the RM12 engine and PS-05/A radar are designed with modularity in mind to enhance reliability and reduce upkeep expenses.[67] The aircraft’s architecture supports adaptability, allowing for seamless integration of updated sensors, computing systems, and weaponry as technology evolves.[73] Approximately two-thirds of its components originate from Swedish or European manufacturers, with the remainder sourced from the United States.[74]

A central feature Saab highlights in the Gripen programme is its commitment to technology transfer and industrial collaboration with export clients.[75] The fighter is often tailored to meet specific customer needs, facilitating local supplier participation in both production and support activities. South African companies contribute various systems and components—including communications and electronic warfare suites—for their Air Force’s Gripens.[76] Furthermore, operators receive access to source codes and technical manuals, enabling autonomous upgrades and integration of new equipment.[77] Some export partners plan domestic assembly of the Gripen; for example, Brazilian aerospace firm Embraer has been proposed as a manufacturer for Gripens destined for other international clients.[78][79]

Avionics and sensors

The Gripen's avionics suite is completely integrated through five MIL-STD-1553B digital data buses, implementing what is known as "sensor fusion". This comprehensive integration enables the Gripen to function as a "programmable" platform, permitting software enhancements to be introduced progressively, thereby boosting capabilities and supporting new mission profiles and equipment. The Ada programming language was selected for the Gripen and has been utilized in the primary flight control systems from the 1996 prototype stage onward, continuing through all production models. Unlike its predecessor, the Viggen, which received software updates on an 18-month cycle, Gripen's software undergoes continuous refinement to expand its operational potential.

Throughout each mission, extensive digital recording captures data from onboard sensors and pilot inputs. This recorded information can be reviewed directly in the cockpit or transferred via a data transfer unit for thorough post-flight evaluation. Additionally, this unit facilitates the uploading of mission data into the aircraft. Designed similarly to the Viggen, the Gripen operates as an integral element of a networked national defense infrastructure, enabling real-time automatic information sharing between Gripen fighters and ground stations. Saab asserts that the Gripen is equipped with "the world's most highly developed data link". The Ternav tactical navigation system fuses input from various onboard sources—including the air data computer, radar altimeter, and GPS—to continuously determine the aircraft's precise position.

At initial deployment, the Gripen was equipped with the PS-05/A pulse-Doppler X band multi-mode radar developed jointly by Ericsson and GEC-Marconi. Its design draws from GEC-Marconi’s advanced Blue Vixen radar used on the Sea Harrier, which also influenced the Eurofighter's CAPTOR radar. This all-weather radar can detect and identify targets at distances up to 120 km (74 mi) and automatically track multiple targets across airspace sectors as well as on land and sea surfaces. It supports simultaneous guidance of several beyond visual range air-to-air missiles against multiple adversaries. Saab describes the PS-05/A as capable of fulfilling a broad range of missions including air defense, air-to-surface strikes, and reconnaissance. A Mark 4 upgrade is under development, promising substantial enhancements such as a 150% increase in high-altitude air-to-air detection range, improved detection and tracking of smaller targets at existing ranges, a 140% improvement in low-altitude air-to-air performance, and full compatibility with modern weapons like the AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM, AIM-9X Sidewinder, and MBDA Meteor missiles.

File:Saab JAS-39 Gripen (53079484003).jpg
Swedish Air Force Gripen E equipped with IRST sensor positioned ahead of the canopy

The forthcoming Gripen E/F models will incorporate a new AESA radar system known as Raven ES-05, derived from Selex ES’s Vixen AESA radar family. This advanced radar offers an expanded scanning field of view alongside enhanced detection range. Additionally, these variants integrate the Skyward-G Infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor capable of passively detecting thermal signatures emitted by airborne and surface targets within proximity. The sensors installed on Gripen E are reported to detect low radar cross-section (RCS) targets at beyond visual range distances. Target tracking employs a "best sensor dominates" approach, utilizing either onboard sensors or data relayed through the Transmitter Auxiliary Unit (TAU) function of the radar.

File:Jas 39 Gripen C.jpg
Jas 39 Gripen C landing at Upplands flygflottilj (39215)

Cockpit

File:Saab JAS-39C Gripen MFD at ADAS 2018.jpg
Gripen C cockpit

The Gripen's primary flight controls adhere to the Hands On Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) concept, where the centrally positioned stick not only pilots the aircraft but also manages cockpit displays and weapon systems. Its flight control system utilizes a triplex digital fly-by-wire architecture, complemented by a mechanical throttle backup.[67] Communications, navigation, and decision support functions are accessible through the Up Front Control Panel located just above the central cockpit screen.[80] Saab developed the EP-17 cockpit display system for the Gripen to enhance situational awareness while minimizing pilot workload through smart information handling. The aircraft incorporates sensor fusion technology, merging data from onboard sensors and databases that is automatically processed and presented to the pilot via a wide field-of-view Head-Up Display, three sizable multi-function color displays, and optionally through a Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS).[81]

File:Saab Gripen NG cabina.png
Brazilian Air Force Gripen NG cockpit with Wide Area Display

Among the three multi-function displays (MFDs), the central one provides navigational and mission-related information; the left display shows aircraft status and electronic warfare data; and the right display presents sensor inputs and fire control details.[80] In two-seat configurations, the rear occupant’s displays can operate independently from those of the front pilot, a feature Saab highlights as advantageous for electronic warfare, reconnaissance tasks, and command-and-control operations.[81] Starting in May 2010, Sweden began upgrading their Gripens with enhanced onboard computers and updated display units.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name The MFDs are designed to be interchangeable to ensure redundancy—any screen can present flight information if another fails.[82]

The Cobra HMDS, co-developed by Saab and BAE for integration into the Gripen, is derived from the Striker HMDS used on the Eurofighter.[83] By 2008, this system was fully operational on active aircraft and offered as an option for export customers; it has also been retrofitted into older Swedish and South African Gripens.[83] The HMDS delivers targeting cues, sensor information, and flight data directly to the pilot’s visor, with optional features including night operation capability and chemical/biological protection.[84] To ensure safe ejection procedures, all connections between the HMDS and cockpit are designed for quick release.[85]

Engine

Headphone-wearing technician in green uniform, inspecting the engine nozzle of a single-engine fighter jet
A technician inspecting a Gripen's RM12 engine in-situ
Further information: Volvo RM12

Since January 2014, all operational Gripen aircraft have been equipped with the Volvo RM12 turbofan engine (currently produced by GKN Aerospace Engine Systems), which is a licensed version of the General Electric F404. This engine features a Y-duct intake with splitter plates, and has been modified to enhance performance and reliability for safe single-engine operation. Additionally, its design offers improved resistance to bird strike events.[82][86] Numerous subsystems and parts have been redesigned to lower maintenance requirements.[87] By November 2010, the Gripen had logged more than 143,000 flight hours without any engine-related failures or incidents; Rune Hyrefeldt, Volvo Aero's Military Program management leader, remarked: "I think this must be a hard record to beat for a single-engine application".[87]

In parallel, early test versions of the Dassault Rafale employed F404 engines before switching to the Snecma M88-2 for production models.[88] A proposed JAS 39C model was intended to use the SNECMA M88-3 engine delivering 80–93 kN (8,200–9,500 kgf; 18,000–21,000 lbf) of thrust.[89][90] This M88-3 variant would incorporate a new low pressure compressor (LPC) featuring an additional variable stator vane stage and an increased mass flow rate of 73.4 kg/s (9,710 lb/min).[91]

The forthcoming JAS 39E and F models are planned to utilize the F414G powerplant, a variant derived from the General Electric F414. This engine provides approximately 20% more thrust compared to the current RM12, allowing the Gripen to supercruise at Mach 1.1 while carrying an air-to-air combat load.[44] In late 2010, Volvo Aero indicated its capability to further enhance the RM12 engine’s performance to rival that of the F414G, suggesting that upgrading the RM12 might be a more cost-effective approach.[92] Before Saab ultimately selected the F414G, consideration had also been given to the Eurojet EJ200, with proposals including integrating thrust vectoring technology.[93]

Equipment and armaments

The Gripen supports a diverse array of weaponry beyond its standard single 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon, which is excluded in the two-seat models. These armaments include air-to-air missiles like the AIM-9 Sidewinder, air-to-ground weapons such as the AGM-65 Maverick, and anti-ship missiles including the RBS-15. In 2010, the Swedish Air Force completed the MS19 upgrade for its Gripen fleet, expanding compatibility to incorporate a variety of munitions, notably the long-range MBDA Meteor missile, the short-range IRIS-T missile, and the GBU-49 laser-guided bomb. Saab’s campaign director for India, Edvard de la Motte, emphasized the flexibility in armament sourcing by stating: "If you purchase Gripen, you can choose your weapons from Israel, Sweden, Europe, the US… South America. The decision rests with the customer."

During operations, the Gripen can carry up to 6,500 kg (14,330 lb) of various weapons and equipment. Its loadout may include external sensor pods designed for reconnaissance and target designation purposes, such as Rafael’s LITENING targeting pod, Saab’s Modular Reconnaissance Pod System, or Thales’ Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod. The aircraft features a sophisticated integrated electronic warfare suite capable of functioning in a passive mode to remain undetected or actively jamming enemy radar signals. Additionally, its missile approach warning system passively monitors and tracks incoming threats. In November 2013, Saab announced it would be the first to integrate the BriteCloud expendable active jammer developed by Selex ES. Furthermore, in June 2014, the Enhanced Survivability Technology Modular Self Protection Pod—designed to counter missile threats—completed its inaugural flight aboard the Gripen.

Saab characterizes the Gripen as a "swing-role aircraft," highlighting its ability to "switch roles instantly at the push of a button." The aircraft's human-machine interface adapts dynamically when transitioning between roles, with onboard computers optimizing controls based on evolving mission demands and threats. The Gripen is also outfitted with multiple communication systems and standards including SATURN secure radio, Link-16 data link, ROVER (Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver), and satellite uplinks. Enhancements supporting extended missions—such as an air-to-air refuelling probe and an Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS)—were incorporated into the Gripen C/D variants.

Usability and Maintenance

File:Gripen taking off from road runway.jpg
Swedish Air Force Gripen departing from a road runway integrated within the Bas 90 network

During the Cold War, the Swedish Armed Forces prepared to counter a potential invasion. This threat necessitated the strategic dispersal of combat aircraft within the Bas 90 system to sustain air defence capabilities.[94] Consequently, one of the primary objectives in the Gripen’s design was ensuring operation from snow-covered airstrips as short as 500 metres (1,600 ft);[95]Template:Page needed additionally, the aircraft was engineered for rapid turnaround times—specifically, a crew consisting of one technician and five conscripts could complete re-arming, refuelling, and routine inspections within ten minutes before redeploying for air-to-air sorties. For air-to-ground missions, this same team requires approximately twenty minutes to prepare the aircraft for flight.[96][97]

A significant emphasis during development was placed on simplifying and reducing maintenance demands; beyond a design optimized for ease of upkeep, numerous subsystems and components are engineered to require minimal or no maintenance.[98] The Gripen is equipped with a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS), which continuously tracks system performance and supplies technicians with data to support effective servicing.[99] Saab maintains an ongoing enhancement program that analyzes data gathered from HUMS and other sources.[100] According to Saab’s claims, operating expenses for the Gripen are approximately "50% lower than its closest rival".[67]

A 2012 analysis by Jane's Aerospace and Defense Consulting evaluated operational expenses across various contemporary fighter jets, determining that Gripen exhibited the lowest cost per flight hour (CPFH) when considering fuel consumption, pre-flight preparations, repairs, scheduled airfield-level maintenance, and associated manpower costs combined. The study estimated Gripen’s CPFH at US$4,700, while the next most economical competitor, the F-16 Block 40/50, had a CPFH nearly half again as high at $7,000.[101][102]

In 2024, research commenced to explore whether a Gripen fighter could be adapted to deploy a small satellite into low Earth orbit, expanding upon prior investigations in this domain. While commercial airliners are more commonly utilized for such missions, studies have also examined the potential of platforms like the Eurofighter Typhoon for similar purposes.[103] (see also ASM-135 ASAT).

Sweden

File:Gripen - RIAT 2010 (5737186379).jpg
Gripen NG technology demonstrator in flight

The Swedish Air Force placed orders totaling 204 Gripen aircraft in three separate installments. The initial delivery took place on 8 June 1993, when aircraft 39102 was formally handed over to the Flygvapnet at a ceremony held in Linköping; the last aircraft of this first batch was delivered on 13 December 1996.[29] The Air Force received its first unit from Batch II on 19 December 1996.[104] Unlike the fixed-price contract for Batch I, the Batch II procurement adopted a "target price" approach, where any cost savings or overruns were shared between FMV and Saab.[30]

The JAS 39 officially entered operational service with the Skaraborg Wing (F 7) on 1 November 1997.[105][106] The final aircraft of Batch III was delivered to FMV on 26 November 2008.[33] This batch was completed at a cost approximately 10% below the agreed price, resulting in a JAS 39C flyaway cost under US$30 million.[33] These Gripens were outfitted for aerial refueling operations using specially modified TP84 tankers.[30] In 2007, a modernization program commenced to upgrade 31 JAS 39A/B fighters to the JAS 39C/D standard.[107] By January 2013, the Swedish Air Force operated a total of 134 JAS 39s.[108] In March 2015, the final JAS 39C was delivered to the Swedish Air Force.[109]

On 29 March 2011, Sweden’s parliament authorized a three-month deployment of the Swedish Air Force to enforce the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya. This involved deploying eight Gripens along with ten pilots and supporting personnel starting from 2 April.[110] On 8 June of the same year, an extension agreement was announced for five of these Gripens to remain deployed.[111] By October, these aircraft had completed over 650 combat sorties and nearly 2,000 flight hours, providing around 2,000 reconnaissance reports to NATO.[112] Journalist Tim Hepher noted that this operational experience in Libya could potentially boost sales prospects for the Gripen and other combat aircraft.[113]

File:1025448 A Swedish JAS-39 Gripen returns to the play areas of the Arctic Challenge exercise Sept. 24, 2013.jpg
Swedish Air Force Gripen C during Arctic Challenge exercise, 2013

In November of 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Lars Helmrich provided testimony before the Riksdag concerning the Gripen E. He indicated that by the year 2020, the then-current Gripen model would be considered outdated for air-to-air combat scenarios.[114] Given that at least sixty Gripens were deemed necessary for national air defense, plans were made to upgrade between sixty and eighty units to the E/F configuration by that year.[115]

On August 25, 2012, it was announced by the Swedish government that procurement of between forty and sixty JAS 39E/F aircraft was anticipated by around the year 2023.[60][116] Subsequently, on December 11 of that year, the Riksdag approved acquiring forty to sixty JAS 39E/Fs with an option allowing cancellation if fewer than twenty additional orders from other customers materialized.[117] On January 17, 2013, governmental approval was given for a deal involving sixty JAS 39Es scheduled for delivery between 2018 and 2027.[61] In March 2014, Sweden’s defence minister mentioned a potential order for an additional ten JAS 39Es; this was later confirmed officially.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag[118] aimed at replacing its fleet of Northrop F‐5EM and Dassault Mirage 2000C fighters.[119] Saab submitted its proposal for 36 Gripen NG aircraft in February 2009.[120] By early 2010, the Brazilian Air Force's conclusive evaluation reportedly favored the Gripen, largely due to its lower acquisition and operating expenses.[121] Financial restrictions caused delays,[122][123] but on 18 December 2013, President Dilma Rousseff officially announced the selection of the Gripen NG.[119][124] Critical considerations included opportunities for domestic manufacturing, comprehensive Transfer of Technology (ToT), involvement in development efforts, and export prospects targeting Africa, Asia, and Latin America;[78][125] Argentina and Ecuador have expressed interest in acquiring Gripens through Brazil,[126] while Mexico is also viewed as a potential export market.[127] Additionally, distrust toward the United States following the NSA spying scandal influenced the decision.[128] However, foreign political factors remain relevant: the United Kingdom’s approximately 30% component contribution to the Gripen could enable it to block sales to Argentina due to the Falklands conflict, prompting Argentina to explore alternative fighters.[129]

File:Brazilian Gripen F-39E (cropped).jpg
Brazilian Air Force F-39E Gripen flies over Brasília in October 2020

On 24 October 2014, Brazil and Sweden formalized a contract worth 39.3 billion SEK (approximately US$5.44 billion or R$13 billion) for the procurement of 28 single-seat Gripen E and eight two-seat Gripen F fighters, with deliveries spanning from 2019 through 2024 and maintenance support extending until 2050;[130][131] this acquisition was financed via a subsidized Swedish government loan over 25 years at an interest rate of 2.19%.[132] At least fifteen units will be assembled within Brazil, involving Brazilian industry in production processes; deliveries of two-seat Gripen Fs are scheduled for later stages. The contract price increased by nearly US$1 billion relative to initial projections due to Brazil’s requests for specific modifications,[133] including integration of the "Wide Area Display" (WAD), a panoramic touchscreen measuring approximately 19 by 8 inches.[134][135] The offset agreement totals US$9 billion—about 1.7 times the contract value.[136] The Brazilian Navy has expressed interest in acquiring the Gripen Maritime variant as a replacement for its current carrier-based Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk fighters.[54][137] In 2015, Brazil and Sweden concluded arrangements to develop the two-seat Gripen F model, designated F-39 by Brazil.[138][139]

The inaugural flight of the first Brazilian F-39E took place on 26 August 2019 at Saab’s facility in Linköping, Sweden.[140] It was officially delivered to the Brazilian Air Force on 10 September that year for testing purposes.[141] The aircraft arrived in Brazil on 20 September 2020,[142][143] subsequently transported by road to Navegantes International Airport. On 24 September it proceeded to Embraer’s Gavião Peixoto facility in São Paulo state to commence comprehensive testing including flight control systems, weapons integration, and communications. These fighters will be assigned to the 1st Air Defense Group (1º GDA) located at Anápolis Air Force Base.[144] Operational deliveries are projected to start in 2021.[145] According to Saab executive Eddy De La Motte, deliveries of the first F-39F variant are anticipated by 2023.[146] In mid-2021, Brazil commenced supersonic flight trials at altitudes exceeding 16,000 feet. Saab executive Mikael Franzén indicated that production aircraft equipped with IRST systems would begin delivery from November that year.[147] The FAB’s ultimate requirement encompasses a total of 108 Gripens, scheduled for delivery across three separate tranches.[148]

File:Brazilian Saab Gripen E (cropped).jpg
Brazilian Air Force F-39E Gripen front view during an exercise, October 2022

On February 1, 2022, FAB commander Carlos de Almeida Baptista Júnior informed Folha de S. Paulo that initial discussions were underway regarding procurement of an additional batch of thirty Gripen E/F aircraft,[149] stating that current capacity planning anticipates operation of up to sixty-six Gripens based on employment assumptions; this planning phase was expected to conclude by mid-2022.[149] Saab CEO Håkan Buskhe confirmed these intentions in February 2019.[150] These announcements followed rumors suggesting FAB might consider Lockheed Martin’s F-35 as a future modernization candidate after recent unsuccessful bids by Gripen in Finland and Switzerland—rumors denied by Baptista.[149][151] On April 1, 2022, Brazil received its first two serially produced F-39Es.[152] On April 22, FAB announced acquisition of four additional F-39s within the first batch—bringing it to forty aircraft—and ongoing evaluations for a second batch.[153] On May 23, Commander Baptista Júnior revealed that the second batch would consist of twenty-six additional fighters valued at around US$85 million each (totaling approximately US$2.2 billion); these units together with those ordered in April will be assembled at Embraer’s Gavião Peixoto plant.[154][155][156] On August 1, Saab CEO Micael Johansson confirmed formal negotiations had commenced regarding these twenty-six additional fighters.[157]

On May 9, 2023, Saab and Embraer officially inaugurated the production line for the Gripen E within Brazil.[158] Subsequently on November 23, reports from Folha de S. Paulo indicated ongoing discussions between Brazilian and Swedish governments about a potential deal involving fourteen more Gripens for FAB in exchange for four Embraer C-390 Millennium transport aircraft destined for Sweden; sources anticipate finalization during 2024.[159] Then on November 9, 2024, Brazilian Defence Minister José Múcio signed a letter of intent expanding the contract with Saab by twenty-five percent—raising total orders to forty-five Gripens. Concurrently, Sweden announced selection and initiation of negotiations to acquire Embraer C-390 Millennium airlifters.<refs>Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).</refs>

On September 16, 2025, FAB commander Marcelo Kanitz Damasceno and Swedish Defence Minister Pål Jonson disclosed negotiations concerning six additional new-build Gripen Es as well as twelve used C/D models from Sweden’s inventory.[160]


Czech Republic

File:Air-to-air with a Czech Saab Gripen with AFB Čáslav in the background.jpg
Gripen C of the Czech Air Force with Čáslav Air Base visible in the distance

Upon joining NATO in 1999, the Czech Republic faced the necessity to replace its Soviet-era MiG-21 aircraft with platforms meeting NATO interoperability criteria. Starting in 2000, the country assessed multiple fighter jets, including the F-16, F/A-18, Mirage 2000, Eurofighter Typhoon, and Gripen. A key requirement for procurement was an industrial offset agreement amounting to 150% of the anticipated acquisition cost.[161] By December 2001, influenced by Gripen International’s attractive financing and offset proposals, the government declared the Gripen as their choice.[162] The deal was postponed in 2002 until parliamentary elections concluded; during this period, alternative defense strategies were explored, including leasing options.[163]

Bottom three-quarter view of two fighter jets flying against a clear sky
Two Czech Air Force Gripen C jets conducting a Baltic Air Policing operation over Lithuania

On 14 June 2004, it was confirmed that the Czech Republic would lease 14 Gripens adapted to meet NATO specifications.[164] The contract also encompassed pilot and technician training programs in Sweden. The initial batch of six aircraft arrived on 18 April 2005.[165] The lease spanned a decade at a price of €780 million, covering a fleet of fourteen former Swedish Air Force jets consisting of twelve single-seat Gripen C models and two two-seat JAS 39D trainers.[166][167] In September 2013, the Defence and Security Export Agency confirmed an agreement extending the lease by an additional fourteen years through to 2029; this arrangement included plans for comprehensive upgrades such as integration of new datalink systems.[168] The contract also included an option for eventual outright purchase of the aircraft.[167] By 2014, the lease term was further prolonged until 2027 alongside an extension of Saab's maintenance services through to 2026.[169][170]

In November of 2014, General Libor Štefánik, commander of the Czech Air Force, suggested acquiring an additional six Gripens in light of escalating tensions between Russia and Western nations;[171] however, a Ministry of Defence representative clarified that this was solely the commander's personal viewpoint and that fleet enlargement was not planned in the foreseeable future.[172] In the following year, a decision was made to upgrade their Gripens to the MS20 standard,[173] which reached completion in 2018.[174]

Hungary

Jet aircraft with centerline external fuel tank performing inverted flight against a clear blue sky
Hungarian Air Force Gripen C executing inverted flight, 2007.

After joining NATO in 1999, Hungary explored various options to establish a fighter fleet compatible with NATO standards. Evaluations focused on acquiring second-hand jets and upgrading the existing MiG-29s. By 2001, Hungary had received offers for both new and pre-owned aircraft from countries such as Sweden, Belgium, Israel, Turkey, and the United States. Although the initial plan involved purchasing F-16s, negotiations were underway by November 2001 for a decade-long lease of 12 Gripen fighters, with an option to buy them after the lease concluded.

Saab proposed an offset agreement amounting to 110 percent of the purchase price for the 14 aircraft involved in the deal. Initially, Hungary intended to lease several Batch II Gripens; however, concerns arose due to limitations in aerial refueling capabilities and weapon system compatibility. Consequently, the contract was reworked and finalized on 2 February 2003 for 14 Gripens that had been originally delivered as A/B models but were extensively upgraded to the NATO-compatible C/D 'Export Gripen' standard. Deliveries were completed by December 2007.

The Hungarian Air Force operates these 14 leased Gripens and reportedly planned to acquire them permanently by 2011. Nevertheless, in January 2012, Hungary and Sweden agreed to extend the lease agreement for an additional ten years. According to then Defence Minister Csaba Hende, this extension offered significant financial savings.

In May and June of 2015, two Gripen jets were lost in separate accidents, reducing the operational fleet to 12 aircraft. However, by 2017, Hungary had restored its fleet back to the full complement of 14 fighters.

A modernization contract was signed with Saab in August 2021 to upgrade the Hungarian Gripen fleet. This includes enhancements to the radar system to the PS-05/Mk4 standard and software updates to MS 20 Block 2. The upgrade plan also involves integrating new weaponry into Hungary's Gripen arsenal. In December 2021, Hungary ordered IRIS-T air-to-air missiles.

In February 2024, it was announced that Hungary signed a contract to procure four additional Gripen C jets.

South Africa

File:SAAF-Gripen-001.jpg
Gripen C of the South African Air Force in flight

In 1999, South Africa finalized an agreement with BAe/Saab to acquire 26 Gripen aircraft (C/D variants) featuring slight adaptations tailored to its specifications. Deliveries to the South African Air Force began in April 2008. By April 2011, a total of 18 jets had been handed over, consisting of nine single-seat and nine two-seat models. Although there were initial plans to establish a Gripen Fighter Weapon School at Overberg Air Force Base, Saab abandoned this idea in July 2013 due to insufficient local engagement; alternative sites under consideration include Thailand and the Čáslav air base in the Czech Republic.

Between April and December 2013, maintenance responsibilities for the Gripen fleet were primarily managed by South African contractors after support agreements with Saab expired. This situation raised concerns regarding potential operational limitations caused by inadequate maintenance and spare parts availability. However, in December 2013, Armscor awarded Saab a long-term contract to provide engineering, maintenance, and support services for all 26 Gripens through 2016. On 13 March 2013, South Africa’s Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula revealed that nearly half of the SAAF’s Gripen aircraft had been placed in storage due to budget constraints restricting flight operations. Later that year, in September, the SAAF opted against placing any Gripens into long-term storage; instead, all aircraft would be cycled between active flying periods and short-term storage. Brigadier-General John Bayne confirmed in September 2013 that the Gripen fleet satisfied the minimum operational requirements of the SAAF, given the absence of significant military threats to the nation.

Thailand

Three-quarter rear underside view of a jet aircraft in flight producing wingtip vortices, set against a blue sky with clouds
Royal Thai Air Force Gripen C in flight generating wingtip vortices

In 2007, the Thai Parliament approved a budget of up to 34 billion baht (approximately US$1.1 billion) for the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) to modernize its fleet by replacing the aging Northrop F-5 aircraft.[175] Subsequently, in February 2008, the RTAF placed an order for six Saab Gripen fighters—comprising two single-seat C variants and four two-seat D variants—with deliveries commencing in 2011.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name A further acquisition of six Gripen Cs was made in November 2010, with deliveries starting in 2013.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name Projections indicate that Thailand could eventually procure up to 40 Gripen jets.[176] The Surat Thani Airbase was designated as the primary operating base for these Gripens in 2010.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

The initial batch of six aircraft arrived on 22 February 2011.[177] Additional deliveries included three Gripens in April 2013 and another three in September of the same year.[178] In September 2013, RTAF Marshal Prajin Jantong revealed Thailand's interest in acquiring an additional six units, although no formal contract had been finalized at that time.[175][179] Furthermore, General Thanasak Patimapragorn, the Thai Supreme Commander, indicated plans to integrate the Gripen’s information systems with those of the army and navy. The official launch of the Gripen Integrated Air Defence System was scheduled for 2014.[175]

On 26 July 2025, it was reported that RTAF Gripens were engaged in combat operations for the first time, conducting air strikes against Cambodian forces amid the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad nameCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad nameCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

United Kingdom

File:Gripen - RIAT 2008 (2689597919).jpg
The Empire Test Pilots' School's Gripen D at RIAT 2008

Since 1999, the Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS) in the United Kingdom has operated the Gripen under a "wet lease" agreement to provide advanced fast jet training for test pilots.[180] The school currently flies a Gripen D model.[181]

Colombia

Saab proposed delivering up to 15 Gripen C/D or E/F fighters to Colombia, with potential deliveries slated between 2018 and 2021 depending on the selected variant.[182][183][184][181] On 3 April 2025, Colombia publicly confirmed its choice of the Gripen E/F to succeed its IAI Kfir fleet, with an expected acquisition of between 16 and 24 aircraft.[185][186]

The procurement of 18 Gripen E jets was officially finalized on 2 October 2025.[187]

Subsequently, on 15 November, Saab and Colombia formalized a contract for the acquisition of a total of 17 aircraft—comprising 15 Gripen E and two Gripen F models—with a contract value of €3.1 billion. Deliveries are scheduled from 2026 through to 2032.[188]

Thailand

In August 2024, the Royal Thai Air Force revealed its decision to opt for the Gripen E/F instead of the F-16 Block 70/72 as a replacement for its current fleet of 12 F-16 aircraft.

The contract for acquiring three Gripen E and one Gripen F was finalized on 25 August 2025. Deliveries are scheduled between 2025 and 2030, with the agreement valued at SEK 5.3 billion.

Potential sales

Main article: List of Saab JAS 39 Gripen potential operators and failed bids

Canada

By November 2025, Saab had entered discussions with the Canadian aerospace sector to explore local manufacturing opportunities for the Gripen, contingent on Canada choosing this fighter for its air force.

Canada initially intended to procure 88 F-35A jets; however, as of November 2025, only a firm order for 16 F-35s exists. Amid ongoing tensions and trade disputes initiated by the United States against Canada, Saab perceives a chance to introduce the Gripen. The prospect of domestic production combined with enhanced strategic autonomy from US influence presents a compelling alternative. Canada is currently reevaluating its F-35A selection, and if it opts for the Gripen, some units destined for Ukraine could be produced within Canadian facilities.

Concurrently, Saab and Sweden have commenced research and development on a successor to the Gripen model, which may also attract Canadian interest.

Peru

On 4 July 2025, Peru’s government confirmed its acquisition of 24 JAS 39E/F fighters from Sweden. These aircraft are intended to replace the country’s aging Mirage 2000 and MiG-29 fleets.

Ukraine

In October 2025, Sweden and Ukraine formalized a Letter of Intent allowing Ukraine to procure as many as 150 Gripen E fighters.

Failed bids

Main article: List of Saab JAS 39 Gripen potential operators and failed bids

Variants

Jet aircraft taxiing against a background of a shed and green trees
Swedish Air Force Gripen C taxiing in after display, Farnborough 2006
  • Gripen A, or JAS 39A: the initial single-seat model introduced to the Swedish Air Force in 1996. Several units have since been upgraded to the C standard or converted into the two-seat 39D configuration at a roughly 2:1 conversion ratio.[189]
  • Gripen B, or JAS 39B: a two-seat variant based on the 39A, designed primarily for training, specialized tasks, and aircraft type conversion. To accommodate the second crew member and life support equipment, the internal cannon and one fuel tank were removed, and the airframe was extended by 0.66 m (2 ft 2 in).[30]
  • Gripen C, or JAS 39C: a NATO-compatible single-seat version featuring enhanced armament options, advanced electronics, and in-flight refueling capability.[190] Deliveries commenced on 6 September 2002.[3] This variant is known as B.Kh.20 in Thailand,[191] and designated JAS-39C EBS HU (Export Baseline Standard) by the Hungarian Air Force.[192]
File:Royal Thai Air Force Jas-39 D.jpg
Royal Thai Air Force Gripen D, 2016
  • Gripen D, or JAS 39D: the two-seat counterpart to the JAS 39C, incorporating similar modifications as the JAS 39B.[35] Thailand refers to this model as B.Kh.20A,[191] while Hungary uses the designation JAS-39D EBS HU.[192]
  • Gripen NG: successor to the Gripen Demo technology demonstrator.[49] Compared to the JAS 39C, it features a more powerful F414G engine, Raven ES-05 AESA radar, increased fuel capacity and payload, plus two extra hardpoints.[43][44] These enhancements raised estimated operational costs to about 24,000 Swiss Francs (US$27,000) per flight hour,[193] with a unit flyaway price near 100 million Swiss Francs (US$113M).[194]
File:23 10 2020 Comemoração do Dia do Aviador e da Força Aérea Brasileira (50521157591).jpg
Brazilian Air Force F-39E Gripen, 2020
  • Gripen E, or JAS 39E: single-seat production model developed from the Gripen NG project with an approximate unit cost of US$85 million.[195] Both Sweden and Brazil have placed orders for this variant.[61][117][119] Brazil designates this aircraft as F-39E.[139][196]
  • Gripen F, or JAS 39F: two-seat version derived from the JAS 39E. Brazil has ordered eight units,[130] which will be locally developed and assembled in Gavião Peixoto, Brazil;[197] intended for both pilot instruction and combat roles. The design is optimized for back-seat air battle management including jamming, information warfare, network attack capabilities, as well as weapon system officer and electronic warfare functions.[198] In Brazil’s service, this model is identified as F-39F.[139][196]

Upgrades

The Gripen fighter jets undergo continual enhancements in both hardware and software components. These upgrade versions are identified by the designation MS##, standing for Materialsystem ##, which are further broken down into specific blocks.

Examples include:

Gripen C/D

  • MS20 Block 2.1: Introduced in 2024
  • MS20 Block 3: Scheduled for introduction in 2025
  • MS20 Block 4: Planned for 2028, featuring system refresh, integration of AMRAAM C8 missiles, Britecloud decoys, Taurus KEPD 350 missile, improved RM12 engine performance, and an upgraded data link

Gripen E

  • MS21: Initial air-to-air combat version expected in 2025
  • MS22: Air-to-ground combat variant
  • MS23: Enhanced model including Link 16 upgrade, AMRAAM C8, Taurus KEPD 350, and GPS M-Code capability
  • IOC (Initial Operational Capability) targeted for 2027
  • FOC (Full Operational Capability) anticipated by 2030

Proposals

  • Gripen Aggressor: A weaponless "red team" version based on the Gripen C and potentially the D. This variant removes offensive armaments including the internal cannon. While primarily modeled on the single-seat Gripen C, a twin-seat Gripen D version could be offered upon customer request. It is intended to fulfill the UK's Air Support to Defence Operational Training (ASDOT) needs and is also considered for the US Air Force's adversary air (AdAir) training role.
  • Gripen Maritime: A carrier-capable variant derived from the Gripen E platform. Development efforts were ongoing as of 2011. By 2013, both Brazil and India had expressed interest in this model, which is also referred to as the Sea Gripen. In July 2017, the Brazilian Navy initiated evaluations of the Gripen Maritime to potentially replace its Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk II fleet.
  • Gripen UCAV: A proposed unmanned combat aerial vehicle version based on the Gripen E.
  • Gripen EA: A suggested electronic warfare or Electronic Attack variant derived from the Gripen F. Plans include developing a dedicated electronic-attack model to meet future market demands once the F-model is established.

Operators

File:3 x Saab JAS-39 Gripen of the Czech Air Force in flight (1).jpg
Three Gripen C jets of the Czech Air Force in flight

As of 2016, a total of 158 Gripen aircraft were actively serving.[199]

Template:Country data Brazil
  • By June 2025, the Brazilian Air Force operated 11 F-39E fighters,[200][201][202][203] with an additional order for 25 Gripens E/F to be delivered.[204][131] The ultimate goal is a fleet comprising 36 F-39 E/F jets.[131] Discussions are currently underway between Saab and the Brazilian Government regarding the procurement of an extra 12 to 15 aircraft.[205]
'Jaguar' Squadron of the 1st Air Defense Group
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic
  • The Czech Air Force operates a leased fleet of 14 Gripens, consisting of twelve single-seat C variants and two dual-seat D variants as of 2016.[199]
211. taktická letka (211th Tactical Squadron)
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
  • The Hungarian Air Force maintains a fleet of fourteen Gripens—twelve C EBS HU single-seaters and two D EBS HU two-seaters—under a lease-to-buy contract as of February 2017.[206][207] An additional four Gripen C aircraft were ordered in February 2024.
'Puma' Harcászati Repülőszázad ('Puma' Tactical Fighter Squadron) at the 59th Air Base
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa
  • The South African Air Force (SAAF) placed an order for twenty-six Gripens, comprising seventeen single-seat C models and nine two-seat D models.[18] The initial delivery, a two-seat variant, occurred on April 30, 2008.[208] By 2016, all seventeen Cs and nine Ds were operational.[199]
No. 2 Squadron
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
  • The Swedish Air Force fields seventy-four JAS 39C units, twenty-four D variants, and three E models,[209][210] with an order placed in 2016 for sixty Es and plans for an additional ten aircraft.[130][199] Originally, Sweden committed to acquiring a total of 204 aircraft, including twenty-eight two-seaters. Twenty-eight units are leased out to both the Czech and Hungarian air forces.[211]
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand
  • The Royal Thai Air Force operated eight JAS 39C and four JAS 39D aircraft as of 2016,[199] with one lost in an accident, leaving eleven active Gripens. On August 28, 2024, Thailand announced its selection of the Gripen E/F to succeed its aging F-16A/B fleet.[212] Subsequently, three Es and one F were ordered in August 2025.[213]
701 Fighter Squadron, Wing 7
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
  • The Empire Test Pilots' School utilizes Gripens for training purposes. Instructor pilots and trainees participate in simulator sessions with the Swedish Air Force before conducting flights in the two-seat Gripen at Saab’s facility in Linköping during biannual training cycles held each spring and autumn. This cooperation agreement was renewed in 2008.[214]

Aircraft on display

File:F 7 Såtenäs 10.jpg
Gripen A exhibited statically at the Skaraborg Wing
  • The second JAS 39–2 prototype is exhibited at the Aeroseum in Göteborg.[215]
  • The single-seat JAS 39A with serial number 39113 is on display at the Skaraborg Wing.
  • The single-seat JAS 39A bearing serial number 39101 is showcased at Ängelholms Flygmuseum.
  • One Swedish Air Force JAS 39A has been gifted by the Swedish government to Thailand and is presented at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Don Mueang, Bangkok.[216]

Accidents and incidents

Main article: Accidents and incidents involving the JAS 39 Gripen

As of January 2017, there have been at least ten incidents involving Gripen aircraft, including nine accidents resulting in total loss of the airframe, with one fatality recorded.[217]

The initial two crashes, occurring in 1989 and 1993 respectively, took place during public demonstrations of the Gripen and attracted significant adverse media attention. The first crash was captured on film by a Sveriges Television news team, prompting calls from critics to halt the aircraft's development.[218] The second accident happened over an unpopulated section of Långholmen island amid the 1993 Stockholm Water Festival where tens of thousands were gathered. The decision to perform over large crowds sparked public disapproval and drew comparisons to the earlier incident in 1989.[219][220] Both crashes were linked to issues with flight control software[221] and pilot-induced oscillation; these flight control problems were resolved by 1995.[222]

The sole fatal accident occurred on January 14, 2017, at Hat Yai International Airport, Thailand, during a Thai Children's Day airshow; unfortunately, the pilot did not survive.[223] The most recent crash took place on August 21, 2018, near Kallinge Airport, close to the southern Swedish town of Ronneby; the pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft.[224][225] Following investigation by the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority, DNA analysis of engine debris confirmed a collision with Great cormorant birds at a velocity of approximately 304 kn (563 km/h) and altitude around 1,400 ft (430 m).[226][227]

JAS 39C/D

File:Saab JAS 39 Gripen 3-view.svg
Three-view illustration of the JAS 39 Gripen
Side perspective of a circular aircraft engine exhaust nozzle displaying two distinct layers
Nozzle of Gripen engine

Template:Aircraft specs

JAS 39E/F

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ Swedish combat aircraft names such as Viggen and Draken are in the definite form, whereas non-combat types like Saab Safir and Scandia use the indefinite form.
  2. ↑ This includes 204 units delivered to Sweden (divided into 30 Batch I, 110 Batch II, and 64 Batch III), plus exports comprising 10 to Brazil, 14 each to the Czech Republic and Hungary, 26 to South Africa, and 12 to Thailand. These figures exclude those operated by the Empire Test Pilots School but include transfers from the Swedish Air Force to foreign buyers.[2]
  3. ↑ Griffin is the animal[22] on the coat of arms of Östergötland, the province where Saab AB is headquartered (Linköping).[23]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nilsson 2012.
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Milestones
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kwast
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  6. ↑ Frawley 2002, p. 147.
  7. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Altaya 2011, Características especiais: 'O Gripen foi concebido conforme as diretivas da força aérea sueca – a Base 90 – que previa a utilização de pistas rudimentares de 800 m de comprimento e 9 m de largura… [The Gripen was conceived according to the Base 90 Swedish Air Force directives that foresaw the use of rudimentary runways 800 m long and 9 m wide…]'
  10. ↑ Spick 2000, pp. 426–27.
  11. ↑ Björeman 2009, pp. 139–49.
  12. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Williams 2003, p. 72.
  14. ↑ Green & Swanborough 1987, p. 225.
  15. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Williams 2003, p. 73.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cross 1986, p. 27.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Williams 2003, pp. 73, 88.
  20. ↑ Keijsper 2003, p. 12.
  21. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  22. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  23. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ Winchester 2004, p. 216.
  25. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  26. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  27. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  28. ↑ Keijsper 2003, pp. 12, 21.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Matláry & Ø̈sterud 2007, p. 150.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 Williams 2003, p. 88.
  31. ↑ Forsberg 1994, p. 223.
  32. ↑ Altaya 2011, Diversas versões 1a: "A necessidade de adaptar o Gripen às especificidades da Otan, para estimular as vendas no estrangeiro, levou ao desenvolvimento de uma nova versão chamada 'Turbo Gripen'. [The need to adapt the Gripen to the Nato specificities, to stimulate foreign sales, led to the development of a new version called 'Turbo Gripen'.]"
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Bibliography

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  • {{Citation          |last1 = Jasper          |first1 = Chris          |string first2=N/A          |string last2=N/A          |string title='Saab closes in on Gripen deal in Brazil opening up Latin America'          |string date='23 October 2014'          |string publisher='Bloomberg'          |string access-date='23 October 2014'          |string url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-23/saab-closes-in-on-gripen-deal-in-brazil-opening-up-latin-america.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
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Further reading

  • Griffiths, Dave. AFM Evaluates the Gripen. AirForces Monthly, Stamford, UK: Key Publishing, vol. 13, no. 144, March 2000, ISSN 0955-7091.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. ISBN 0-07-134696-1.
  • Linner, Anders; Wigert, Lars; Ahlgren, Jan. Gripen, The First Fourth Generation Fighter. Swedish Air Force, FMV and Saab Aerospace, 2002. Hardcover edition translated from the fifth Swedish edition. Foreword by Jan Jonsson. ISBN 978-91-972803-8-9.
  • Städje, Jörgen. JAS 39 Gripen – ett datoriserat under [JAS 39 Gripen – a computerized wonder]. IDG, April 2000. Available in Swedish. Archived version accessible as of 23 January 2016.
  • Sweetman, Bill. Bargain fighter. Popular Science, Winter Park, FL: Bonnier, vol. 242, issue 3, March 1993, p. 3. ISSN 0161-7370.

External links

Template:Saab aircraft Template:Swedish military aircraft Template:Thai fighter designations Template:FAB aircraft designations

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