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Sukhoi Su-25

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Sukhoi Su-25
Company typeMilitary aircraft
IndustryAerospace
Founded22 February 1975
FounderSukhoi Design Bureau
Headquarters
Soviet Union (initially)
ProductsSubsonic, twin-engine close air support jet aircraft


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Template:Infobox aircraft

The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach (Russian: Грач (rook); NATO reporting name: Frogfoot) is a subsonic, twin-engine jet designed for a single pilot, created by Sukhoi in the Soviet Union. Its primary role was to deliver close air support to the Soviet Ground Forces. The prototype first took to the skies on 22 February 1975. Following successful trials, serial production commenced in 1978 at the Tbilisi facility located in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Initial models featured variants such as the Su-25UB, a two-seat trainer; the Su-25BM, configured for target towing; and the Su-25K, intended for export markets. Upgrades were made to some units reaching the Su-25SM standard by 2012. Advanced derivatives like the Su-25T and Su-25TM (also referred to as the Su-39) were developed but saw limited production. Notably, as of 2007, only the Su-25 and Su-34 remained armoured fixed-wing aircraft still in manufacture. The Su-25 continues to serve with Russia, various CIS countries, and international operators. Production in Georgia ceased in 2010. Efforts have been ongoing to resume manufacturing using incomplete airframes; however, no new deliveries have been confirmed as of June 2022.

Since its introduction over 45 years ago, the Su-25 has participated in numerous conflicts. It played a significant role during the Soviet–Afghan War, conducting counter-insurgency operations against Afghan Mujahideen forces. The Iraqi Air Force deployed it throughout the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, with most Iraqi aircraft destroyed or flown to Iran during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Georgian forces operated Su-25s during the Abkhazian conflict between 1992 and 1993. The Macedonian Air Force employed them against Albanian insurgents during the 2001 conflict in Macedonia. In 2008, both Georgia and Russia utilized Su-25s during their confrontation. Several African nations—including Ivory Coast, Chad, and Sudan—have also used this aircraft amid internal conflicts. More recently, it has been active in the Russian military intervention in Syria, engaged in combat during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, and has been deployed by both sides during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.[1]

Development

At the beginning of 1968, the Soviet Ministry of Defence initiated a project to create a dedicated shturmovik armoured attack aircraft designed specifically to deliver close air support to the Soviet Ground Forces. This initiative stemmed from an analysis of ground-attack (shturmovaya) aviation experiences throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.[2] Existing Soviet fighter-bombers either in service or development at that time—such as the Su-7, Su-17, MiG-21, and MiG-23—failed to fulfill the close air support role adequately.[2] These aircraft lacked crucial armour protection for both the pilot and essential systems against ground fire and missile strikes. Additionally, their high speeds hindered pilots' ability to maintain visual target tracking. Addressing these shortcomings, Pavel Sukhoi along with a team of leading experts from the Sukhoi Design Bureau commenced preliminary design efforts rapidly, supported by key institutes under the Ministry of Aviation Industry and Ministry of Defence.[3]

File:Ukrainian Air Force Su-25UB with two MiG-29s (9-13) in background.jpg
The Su-25UB operated by the Ukrainian Air Force is a two-seat model intended for both training and combat operations.

In March 1969, the Soviet Air Force launched a competition inviting proposals for a new battlefield close-support aircraft. The contest included entries from the Sukhoi design bureau as well as the design bureaus of Yakovlev, Ilyushin, and Mikoyan.[4] Sukhoi completed its "T-8" concept by late 1968 and began constructing two prototypes (T8-1 and T8-2) in January 1972. The first prototype airframe, T8-1, was finished on 9 May 1974, though some sources cite November 1974. Its maiden flight took place on 22 February 1975 following extensive test flights conducted by Vladimir IlyushinTemplate:Fix/category[citation needed]. The Su-25 outperformed its main rival in the Soviet Air Force competition—the Ilyushin Il-102—which led the Ministry of Defence to approve serial production.[5][6]

During testing of the T8 prototypes, Sukhoi’s leadership proposed initiating mass production of the Su-25 at Factory No. 31 located in Tbilisi, within the Soviet Republic of Georgia. This facility was then primarily responsible for manufacturing the MiG-21UM "Mongol-B" trainer aircraft. Following negotiations and successful completion of state trials, authorization from the Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Production was granted to begin producing the Su-25 at this site, with series manufacturing commencing in 1978.[7]

Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, multiple Su-25 variants emerged including upgraded models and versions tailored for specific missions. Noteworthy among these were the Su-25UB two-seat trainer, the Su-25BM target-towing variant, and the Su-25T designed for anti-tank operations. Moreover, in 2001 Georgia collaborated with Israeli firm Elbit Systems to develop an Su-25KM prototype; however, this variant has seen limited commercial success to date. As of 2007, the Su-25 remained the sole armoured aircraft still being produced.[8]

The Russian Aerospace Forces, which possess the largest fleet of Su-25s, planned upgrades to older airframes converting them into the Su-25SM standard. Nevertheless, financial constraints slowed progress significantly; by early 2007 only seven units had undergone modification.[9]

Design

The Su-25 features a conventional aerodynamic configuration characterized by a shoulder-mounted trapezoidal wing combined with a standard tailplane and rudder. Its airframe construction incorporates various metals, including 60% aluminium, 19% steel, 13.5% titanium, 2% magnesium alloy, and 5.5% other materials.

File:Su-25.jpg
Su-25 at Kubinka air base

All Su-25 models possess a metal cantilever wing exhibiting moderate sweep and a comparatively high aspect ratio, outfitted with high-lift apparatus. The wing structure consists of two cantilever segments connected to a central torsion box, forming a unified assembly with the fuselage. Air brakes are integrated into the fairings located at each wingtip. Each wing supports five hardpoints for armament attachment, with these points mounted on robust ribs and spars designed to bear loads. Additionally, the wings include a five-section leading edge slat, two-section flaps, and an aileron.

The flaps are installed using steel sliders and rollers that connect to brackets affixed to the rear spar. Trapezoidal ailerons are positioned near the wingtips. The Su-25’s fuselage has an ellipsoidal cross-section and employs semi-monocoque, stressed-skin construction, which consists of a longitudinal load-bearing framework made up of longerons, beams, and stringers, complemented by transverse load-bearing frames. The one-piece horizontal tailplane is secured to this load-bearing structure at two points.

Initial Su-25 variants were powered by two non-afterburning R-95Sh turbojet engines, each housed in compartments flanking the rear fuselage. Cooling for the engines, their components, and adjacent fuselage sections is provided by air drawn through cold air intakes located atop the engine nacelles. A drainage system collects oil, hydraulic fluid residues, and fuel following flight or unsuccessful engine starts. Engine controls permit independent operation of each powerplant. More recent models, such as the Su-25T and TM, utilize upgraded R-195 engines.

File:Su-25 Nose view - Le Bourget.JPEG
Nose view of the Su-25

Beneath the cockpit lies the autocannon compartment, mounted on a load-bearing beam attached to both the cockpit floor and forward fuselage support structure. The nose section is distinguished by twin pitot probes and is hinged upwards to allow maintenance access.

Cockpit

File:Sukhoi Su-25, Russia - Air Force AN2185249.jpg
Cockpit

The aircraft’s pilot maneuvers the plane using a centre stick alongside left-hand throttle controls. The pilot is seated in a K-36 ejection seat produced by NPP Zvezda (also used in the Sukhoi Su-27) and has access to standard flight instrumentation. A mid-thickness (6 mm) steel headrest is mounted on the rear bulkhead behind the cockpit. The cockpit itself is enclosed within a bathtub-shaped armored shell constructed from welded titanium plates featuring transit ports in its walls. Guide rails for the ejection seat are fixed to the rear cockpit wall.

The canopy opens by hinging to the right side, with pilot entry facilitated by a flip-down ladder. Once inside, the pilot sits low within the protective bathtub enclosure, which results in a confined cockpit space. Visibility from this position is restricted—a compromise made to enhance pilot safety. Rearward sightlines are notably limited; therefore, a periscope mounted atop the canopy aids rearward observation.

Access to both the cockpit and upper parts of the aircraft is provided via a folding ladder integrated into the left side of the fuselage.

Avionics

The standard Su-25 model is equipped with several essential avionics systems. Although it lacks television guidance, it features a unique nose-mounted laser rangefinder believed to assist in laser-based target acquisition. Navigation relies on a DISS-7 doppler radar, enabling the aircraft to operate during nighttime and under both visual and instrument meteorological conditions.

Typically, the Su-25 is fitted with radios for both air-to-ground and air-to-air communication, including an SO-69 identification-friend-or-foe (IFF) transponder. Its defensive systems encompass multiple countermeasures, such as dispensers for up to 250 flares and chaff, specifically dipole chaff. Protection against enemy radar emissions is provided by an SPO-15 radar warning receiver.

An airtight compartment housing avionics is positioned behind the cockpit and ahead of the forward fuel tank.

Advanced variants like the Su-25TM and Su-25SM incorporate enhanced avionics and weapon systems, which significantly boost their combat effectiveness and survivability.

Operational history

Further information: Operational history of the Sukhoi Su-25

Soviet–Afghan War

Main article: List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War

The 80th Assault Aviation Regiment was the first Soviet Air Force unit to operate the Su-25, established in February 1981 at Sitalcay air base within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. The initial batch of eleven aircraft arrived at Sitalchay in May 1981. Subsequently, the 200th Independent Assault Aviation Squadron was created within this regiment to be deployed to Afghanistan.

On 19 July 1981, the 200th Independent Attack Squadron was relocated to Shindand Airbase in western Afghanistan, marking the first deployment of Su-25s in that theater. Their primary mission involved striking rebel-held mountainous military targets and infrastructure. Another unit operating Su-25s was the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment, formed on 12 July 1984 at Zhovtneve, Ukraine. This regiment was also transferred eastward to participate in Afghan operations.

During the Soviet–Afghan War, Su-25 aircraft launched a total of 139 guided missiles against Mujahideen positions. Each plane averaged approximately 360 sorties annually, surpassing all other combat aircraft in operational tempo within Afghanistan. By the conflict's conclusion, nearly fifty Su-25s were stationed at Afghan bases, collectively executing around 60,000 sorties. From their initial deployment in 1981 until the war’s end in 1989, between 21 and 23 Su-25s were lost in combat missions, with up to nine destroyed while grounded.

Iran–Iraq War

The Su-25 actively participated in the Iran–Iraq War spanning 1980 to 1988. The Iraqi Air Force introduced their initial Su-25s in 1987, deploying them for nearly 900 combat missions during the conflict's final phase, where they undertook the majority of Iraqi air strike operations. At the peak of hostilities, individual Iraqi Su-25s conducted as many as 15 sorties daily. In one documented case, an Iraqi Su-25 was downed by an Iranian Hawk surface-to-air missile, although the pilot successfully ejected. This incident remains the sole verified Iranian success in shooting down an Iraqi Su-25. Following the war, Saddam Hussein honored all pilots flying Su-25s in the Iraqi Air Force with the nation's highest military honor.

Gulf War

File:Iraqi Su-25 - Gulf War 1991.jpg
An Iraqi Su-25 destroyed during Operation Desert Storm

During the 1991 Gulf War, coalition air dominance was so overwhelming that most Iraqi Su-25 aircraft were unable to take off. On 25 January 1991, seven Iraqi Su-25s escaped Iraq by landing in Iran.

On the night of 6 February 1991, two USAF F-15C Eagle fighters from the 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron, operating out of Al Kharj Air Base in Saudi Arabia, intercepted two Iraqi MiG-21s alongside two Su-25s. All four Iraqi planes were shot down, with both Su-25s crashing in desert areas near the Iraq-Iran border. This engagement marked the only aerial combat involving Iraqi Su-25s during the conflict.

Abkhazian War

Between 1992 and 1993, the Georgian government deployed Su-25 aircraft against Abkhaz separatist forces throughout the First Abkhazian War. On 4 July 1993, a Georgian Air Force Su-25 was brought down over Nizhnaya Eshera by a 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS. Another Georgian Su-25 was destroyed on 13 July 1993 after being hit by a 9K32 Strela-2 MANPADS. Additionally, friendly fire resulted in the loss of a Georgian Su-25 on 4 July when it was mistakenly targeted by a ZU-23-2. The Russian Air Force also suffered an Su-25 loss during this conflict due to pilot error while providing close air support to Abkhaz units.

First Chechen War

During the First Chechen War, Russian Su-25 aircraft played a significant role. Alongside other Russian Air Force units, these aircraft helped establish air dominance for Russian troops. On 29 November 1994, Su-25s from the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment (OShAP) launched attacks on all four Chechen military airfields, destroying up to 266 Chechen aircraft on the ground, most of which were not operational. Throughout the conflict from 1994 to 1996, the Air Force conducted approximately 9,000 sorties, with nearly 5,300 focused on strike missions. The Russian 4th Air Army deployed around 140 aircraft including Sukhoi Su-17Ms, Su-24s, and Su-25s in the combat zone, supported by an A-50 AWACS platform. The majority of munitions used were unguided rockets such as S-5, S-8, and S-24, along with FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs. Precision-guided weapons like Kh-25ML missiles and KAB-500L/KAB-500KR smart bombs accounted for only about 2.3% of strikes and were employed when weather conditions permitted. Despite achieving air supremacy, Russian forces struggled to fully capitalize on it due to outdated air combat tactics that prioritized less effective roles such as Combat Air Patrols. Losses to Russian aircraft remained minimal since Chechen forces did not possess integrated air defense systems.

On 4 February 1995, a Russian Su-25 was downed near Belgatoi Gekhi, roughly five kilometers southeast of Grozny, by fire from a ZSU-23-4 Shilka anti-aircraft system. The pilot, Major Nikolay Bairov, ejected but tragically died after his parachute failed to deploy properly. Another Su-25 flown by Lieutenant Colonel Evgeny Derkulsky sustained damage from ground fire that same day but was able to return safely to Mozdok air base for repairs. On 5 May 1995, another Su-25 was shot down near Serzhen-Yurt by 12.7 mm caliber fire during a low-altitude patrol mission; the pilot Colonel Vladimir Sarabeyev was killed.

On 4 April 1996, a further Su-25 was lost either due to ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft fire while conducting reconnaissance or attacking the village of Goiskoye. The pilot, Major Alexander Matvienko, successfully ejected and was rescued by a friendly helicopter returning to the Khankala airbase in Grozny. The following day, on 5 May 1996, a two-seat Su-25UB was brought down near Mairtup village by a 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS during a reconnaissance flight; both crew members—Colonel Igor Sviryidov and Major Oleg Isayev—were killed. This incident marked the fourth Su-25 loss and the fifth fixed-wing aircraft lost by Russian forces since hostilities began in December 1994.

Second Chechen War

Main articles: Second Chechen War and List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War

During the Second Chechen War, particularly in the initial invasion of the self-declared Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Russian Air Force heavily deployed Su-25 aircraft.[10] Russian forces suffered losses of up to seven Su-25 planes,[11] including one downed by enemy fire: on 4 October 1999, a Su-25 was brought down by a MANPADS while conducting reconnaissance over Tolstoy-Yurt village, resulting in the death of its pilot. The aircraft's wings were subsequently mounted on a pedestal in Grozny's central square.[12][13]

Ethiopian–Eritrean War

Main article: Ethiopian–Eritrean War

The Ethiopian Air Force operated Su-25 attack jets to target positions within Eritrea. On 15 May 2000, an Ethiopian Su-25 was shot down by an Eritrean Air Force MiG-29, resulting in the loss of the pilot.[14]

2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

Main article: 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

During the conflict with Albanian separatists, the Macedonian Air Force employed Su-25 aircraft piloted by Ukrainian personnel. Starting from 24 June 2001, these jets conducted several strike missions against rebel positions. Their deployment was confined to the final day of the Battle of Raduša.[15]

War in Darfur

Main article: War in Darfur

In Darfur, Sudan utilized Su-25 aircraft to carry out attacks against rebel forces and potentially civilian targets.[16]

Ivorian-French clashes

Main articles: 2004 French–Ivorian clashes and First Ivorian Civil War

Throughout the First Ivorian Civil War, government forces deployed Su-25s to assault rebel targets. On 6 November 2004, at least one Ivorian Su-25 launched an attack on France's Unicorn peacekeeping troops stationed in Bouaké, causing nine fatalities among French soldiers, one U.S. development worker, and injuring 37 soldiers.[17] In response, French forces conducted air strikes on the Ivorian air base at Yamoussoukro, effectively neutralizing the Ivorian air force and severely damaging the two Su-25s involved in the assault.[18][19]

2008 Russia–Georgia conflict

Main article: Russo-Georgian War
File:Su-25 93 red (4524872585).jpg
A Russian Su-25

During the August 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia, both nations deployed Su-25 aircraft. The Georgian Air Force utilized Su-25s to provide aerial support to ground forces in the Battle of Tskhinvali and conducted bombing operations targeting locations within South Ossetia.[20] Concurrently, Russian military Su-25s targeted Georgian troops stationed in South Ossetia and executed air strikes against various sites inside Georgia.[21] Official Russian military reports acknowledged the loss of three Su-25 jets to Georgian air defense systems, although the Moscow Defense Brief indicates that four aircraft may have been lost.[22][23] Reports indicate that Georgian Buk-M1 air defense systems were responsible for downing three Russian Su-25s.[24] Additionally, Georgian Su-25s demonstrated capability to conduct night operations.[24] In the initial days of August 2008, Russian Su-25s targeted the Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing facility—where the Su-25 is assembled—dropping bombs on its airfield.[25]

Iran

On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Su-25 jets discharged cannon fire at a USAF MQ-1 Predator drone approximately 30 km (19 mi; 16 nmi) off Iran's coastline. The Iranian authorities asserted that the drone had breached their sovereign airspace.[26][27][28]

War in Donbas

Main articles: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
File:Sukhoi Su-25 of Ukrainian Air Force.jpeg
Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-25s in 2013

Beginning in spring 2014, Ukrainian military aviation was actively engaged over the rebellious eastern territories. On 26 May 2014, Su-25 aircraft provided close air support to Mi-24 helicopters during an operation aimed at reclaiming control of the Donetsk airport, deploying air-to-ground rockets in the process.[29] A technical malfunction caused a Ukrainian Su-25 to crash on 2 July 2014.[30][31]

On 16 July 2014, an Su-25 was downed, with Ukrainian authorities alleging it was struck by a Russian MiG-29 firing an R-27T missile.[32][33] These claims were denied by Russia.[34]

Two Su-25 jets were reportedly shot down on 23 July 2014 within Donetsk region. According to a spokesperson from the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, these aircraft were brought down by missiles launched from Russian territory.[35]

On 29 August 2014, pro-Russian separatists shot down a Ukrainian Su-25. Ukrainian officials attributed the incident to a Russian missile but did not specify whether it was Russian-made or fired by Russian personnel. The pilot successfully ejected. On that same day, separatist forces claimed responsibility for downing as many as four Su-25 aircraft.[36][37]

For the first time on 9 February 2015, pro-Russian forces indirectly admitted to operating Su-25 aircraft against Ukrainian troops during combat near Debaltsevo, citing a Ukrainian media report.[38]

2014 Northern Iraq offensive

Main article: Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
File:Iraq Air Force Conduct Maintenance on SU-25 Jets DVIDS7029641.jpg
An Iraqi Air Force Su-25

On 29 June 2014, reports indicated that Iraq had taken delivery of the initial batch of used Su-25 aircraft purchased from Russia to combat Islamic State militants. A source within the Iraqi defense ministry stated that these jets would be operational "within three to four days," although they required technical assistance and spare parts to become fully functional. Additionally, the Russian-made planes were incompatible with the Iraqi Air Force's existing inventory of American-made Hellfire missiles.[39][40]

On 1 July 2014, seven Su-25s, mostly former Iraqi aircraft from the Gulf War era, were delivered by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force.[41] These aircraft were rapidly deployed in combat operations, conducting air strikes as early as August 2014 and gradually extending their operational reach.[42][43]

Between June 2014 and December 2017, Iraqi Su-25s carried out the majority of air missions targeting Islamic State positions, completing a total of 3,562 sorties by the time ISIS had been expelled from all previously held Iraqi territory. In comparison, the Iraqi F-16IQ fleet flew only 514 sorties during that period.[44]

Russian military involvement in Syria

Main article: Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

In September 2015, reports indicated that Russia had stationed at least twelve Su-25 aircraft at an airbase near Latakia, Syria, to provide air support for Russian troops engaged in the Syrian campaign against ISIL. On 2 October 2015, Russian Su-24M and Su-25 jets targeted and destroyed an ISIL command center located in Idlib province, while Su-34 and Su-25 aircraft struck a fortified ISIL bunker in Hama province. By mid-March 2016, as Russia began reducing its military footprint in Syria, Su-25s had completed more than 1,600 missions and dropped approximately 6,000 bombs during the operation.

On 3 February 2018, a Russian Su-25 was downed over Idlib by opposition fighters employing a MANPADS. According to a Syrian rebel source, the pilot, Roman Filipov, successfully ejected but subsequently took his own life with a grenade to prevent capture.

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War
File:09 blue SU-25 Frogfoot Azerbaijan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52200833201).jpg
An Azerbaijani Su-25 in 2022

On 29 September 2020, the Armenian Defense Ministry reported that a Su-25 fighter jet belonging to the Armenian Air Force was downed by a Turkish Air Force F-16, resulting in the pilot's death. Nevertheless, Turkey refuted this claim.[45][46][47]

On 4 October 2020, Armenian forces reportedly shot down an Azerbaijani Su-25 aircraft, likely using a 9K33 Osa missile system, while it was engaged in targeting Armenian positions near Fuzuli. The pilot, Colonel Zaur Nudiraliyev, perished in the incident. Azerbaijani authorities confirmed the aircraft’s loss in December 2020,[48][49] revealing that manned aviation played a significant but initially undisclosed role during the conflict’s active period. Between 27 September and 9 November 2020, over 600 airstrikes were carried out by crewed aircraft, with the Su-25 fleet primarily responsible for tasks including suppression and elimination of enemy air defense systems.[50]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main articles: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Russian service

On 24 February 2022, Russian authorities acknowledged the loss of an Su-25, attributing it to "pilot error."[51] Subsequently, on 1 March, a Russian Su-25SM was reported downed over Ukrainian territory.[52][53] The following day, another Su-25SM bearing the registration RF-91961 and callsign Red 07 was shot down in Makariv, Ukraine.[54] On 4 March, two additional Russian Su-25SMs were lost near Volnovakha; one carried registration RF-93026, while the other, known as Red 04, was downed along with its pilot.[55] Photographs showing the wreckage surfaced on social media platforms.[56] Another Su-25 was lost on 7 March amid combat operations in Ukraine.[57][58] On 10 March, an Su-25 registered as RF-91969 was shot down near Kyiv resulting in the pilot's death.[59][60] On 14 March, another Su-25 sustained damage likely caused by MANPADs but successfully returned to its base.[61] Later, on 24 May, Ukraine announced it had downed retired Major General Kanamat Botashev piloting an Su-25 with a Stinger missile; his current status as active service member or private contractor remained unclear.[62]

Between mid and late October 2023, Ukrainian forces claimed to have shot down five Russian Su-25 aircraft over Donetsk during ten days of combat.[63]

By late April 2024, reports indicated that Su-25s operated freely above Chasiv Yar, which military analyst Rob Lee interpreted as “a clear sign of a lack of Ukrainian air defense ammunition.”[64]

On 4 May 2024, the 110th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine) announced it had successfully downed an Su-25 over Donetsk Oblast.[65]

As per data up to October 24, 2025, visual confirmations indicate Russia has lost no fewer than 40 Su-25 aircraft—38 destroyed and two damaged.[66]

On June 13, 2025, footage emerged showing an Su-25 employing unguided rockets to achieve its first recorded air-to-air kill against another Su-25 piloted by its wingman in a friendly fire incident.[67]

Ukrainian service

File:President took part in the festive Parade of Troops on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Ukraine's independence. (51716934630).jpg
Ukrainian Su-25s conducting a flypast during the Kyiv Independence Day Parade on 24 August 2021
File:Aviatehniky-3.jpg
Sukhoi Su-25 of the Ukrainian Air Force in 2023

The Ukrainian Air Force continues to operate Su-25 aircraft. On 26 February 2022, three Su-25s belonging to the 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade were lost in combat. Two jets, designated "Blue 19" and "Blue 30," were downed over the Kherson area, with the pilots presumed deceased. Images depicting the wreckage of these two aircraft were subsequently released. A third Su-25 from the same brigade was also lost; however, its pilot was captured by Russian forces. Ukrainian media confirmed the pilot’s nationality. The following day, another Su-25, "Blue 39," was shot down near Hlibivka Vyshgorod in Kyiv Oblast.

On 2 March, Captain Oleksandr Korpan from the 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade was killed when his Su-25 went down over Starokostiantyniv in Khmelnytskyi Oblast. Later, on 10 March, "Blue 31" was shot down close to Nova Kakhovka in Kherson Oblast. Another Su-25 was lost on 14 March in Volnovakha, Donbas region; its pilot was taken prisoner by Russian forces but was freed on 24 April during a prisoner exchange between Russia and Ukraine.

A heavily damaged Ukrainian Su-25 was recorded on video on 22 March after sustaining severe combat damage. On 15 April, Russian forces reportedly shot down another Su-25 near Izyum; this incident was captured by military thermal imaging cameras. The pilot, Captain Yegor Seredyuk, died during this engagement and was posthumously awarded the Hero of Ukraine honor.

Subsequently, on 14 May, a Su-25 from the 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade was shot down in Huliaipole, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, resulting in the pilot’s death.

On 14 March 2023, North Macedonia’s Minister of Defense, Slavjanka Petrovska, officially confirmed transferring four non-operational Su-25s to Ukraine.

By early January 2025, Forbes reported that Ukraine had apparently upgraded its remaining Su-25 fleet to deploy Western glide bombs such as the French AASM Hammer, enabling these aircraft to strike targets from beyond the reach of Russian air defenses.

Su-25

File:Su-25 early.JPEG
Soviet Su-25 in flight

The original model of this aircraft was manufactured at Factory 31, located in Tbilisi, within the Georgian Soviet Republic. From 1978 through 1989, a total of 582 single-seat Su-25 units were assembled in Georgia, excluding those produced under the Su-25K export scheme. This version forms the core of the Russian Aerospace Forces' Su-25 inventory, which remains the largest globally.[7] Operational deployment revealed several accidents caused by system malfunctions linked to simultaneous weapon discharges. Consequently, the use of its primary armament, the 240 mm S-24 rocket, was banned. The FAB-500 500 kg (1,100 lb) general-purpose high-explosive bomb then became the main weapon.[7]

Su-25K

File:Sukhoi Su-25K, 8077 van de Tsjechische luchtmacht 2193-006-082 0011.jpg
Czech Republic Su-25K in 1994.

The fundamental Su-25 served as the foundation for a commercial export variant named Su-25K (Komercheskiy). This export model was also produced at Factory 31 in Tbilisi, Georgia. It featured slight internal equipment modifications compared to the Soviet Air Force version. Between 1984 and 1989, 180 Su-25K aircraft were manufactured.[7]

Su-25UB

The two-seat trainer variant, designated Su-25UB (Uchebno-Boyevoy), was conceptualized in 1977. The prototype "T-8UB-1" was unveiled in July 1985 and completed its inaugural flight at the Ulan-Ude factory airfield on August 12 of that year.[7] By late 1986, production at Ulan-Ude had reached 25 units before the twin-seat version successfully finished State trials and received official approval for service within the Soviet Air Force.[68]Template:Fix/category[clarification needed]

Designed primarily for pilot training and assessment flights, as well as cadet instruction at Soviet Air Force flying schools, its performance closely matched that of the single-seat model. Equipped with navigation, attack, targeting systems, and weapons-control suites similar to those on the single-seater, it was suitable for both standard training and weapons practice missions.[69]

Su-25UBK

File:Bulgarian Air Force Sukhoi Su-25UBK Lofting.jpg
Bulgarian Su-25UBK during takeoff

Between 1986 and 1989, alongside production of the principal Su-25UB combat trainer variant, Ulan-Ude also manufactured the "commercial" Su-25UBK version intended for export customers who acquired the Su-25K. This model shared similar modifications with its export counterpart.[70]

Su-25UBM

The Su-25UBM is a dual-seat variant designed not only as an operational trainer but also capable of attack missions. It can perform reconnaissance, target designation, and airborne command roles. Its maiden flight took place on December 6, 2008, followed by certification in December 2010. It is slated to enter service with the Russian Aerospace Forces subsequently. The aircraft is equipped with a Phazotron NIIR Kopyo radar and Bars-2 avionics suite. The estimated range of the Su-25UBM is approximately 1,300 km (810 mi), and it may possess countermeasures against infrared-guided missiles (IRGM), an essential feature given their prevalence on modern battlefields.[71]

Su-25UTG

File:Sukhoi Su-25UTG in 2010.jpg
Su-25UTG carrier-capable trainer stationed at Novofedorovka airfield

The Su-25UTG (Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy s Gakom) is a specialized version of the Su-25UB developed to instruct pilots in carrier-style takeoffs and landings on a ground-based mock-up of an aircraft carrier deck, featuring a sloped ski-jump ramp and arrestor cables. Its maiden flight occurred in September 1988, with roughly ten units manufactured.[72] Following 1991, about half of these remained active within Russian forces, primarily serving aboard Russia’s only aircraft carrier, Admiral Kuznetsov. Due to the limited quantity of dedicated trainers, several Su-25UBs were modified into Su-25UTGs to supplement pilot training. These conversions carried the alternative designation Su-25UBP (Uchebno-Boyevoy Palubny)—where palubnyy signifies "deck," highlighting their naval operational role.[73] By 2007, around ten such aircraft were operational within the Russian Navy, assigned to the 279th Naval Aviation Regiment of the Northern Fleet.[74] Reports from 2021 indicate that Su-25s remained in service with the 100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment within the same fleet.[75]

Su-25BM

The Su-25BM (Buksirovshchik Misheney) represents a target-towing adaptation of the Su-25, with its development commencing in 1986. The prototype, known as T-8BM1, completed its inaugural flight on 22 March 1990 near Tbilisi. Following successful trials, it entered production.[73]

This target-towing platform was engineered to facilitate training for ground and naval forces in operating ground-to-air and surface-to-air missile systems. It is powered by R-195 engines and equipped with an RSDN-10 navigation system comparable to Western LORAN technology.[73]

Su-25T

The Su-25T (Tankovy) is a specialized antitank version that has demonstrated effective combat performance during operations in Chechnya.[76] Modeled similarly to the Su-25UB, this variant was converted into a single-seat configuration by replacing the rear cockpit with enhanced avionics.[77] It offers all-weather and nocturnal attack capabilities. Beyond the standard armament of the Su-25, it can deploy KAB-500Kr TV-guided bombs as well as semi-active laser-guided Kh-25ML missiles.[76] Its enlarged nose houses the Shkval optical TV targeting system combined with the Prichal laser rangefinder and target designator. The primary antitank weaponry includes Vikhr laser-guided missiles launched from tubes. For night missions, it can carry the low-light TV Merkuriy pod beneath the fuselage. Between 1983 and 1986, three prototypes were constructed, followed by eight production models completed in 1990.[78] The Su-25T program was officially terminated in 2000 with the launch of a comprehensive Russian Air Force upgrade initiative known as Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi.[79]

Su-25TM (Su-39)

File:Su-25TM.jpg
The Russian Su-25TM, produced in limited quantities, is equipped with (from wingtip to fuselage) R-73, R-77, 8×Vikhr missiles, Kh-29T, and Kh-58 armaments. Visible beneath the fuselage is the white dome of the Kopyo radar pod, flanked by two Omul electronic countermeasure pods.

An advanced iteration of the Su-25T, known as the Su-25TM or Su-39, was created featuring enhanced navigation and targeting systems alongside improved survivability. It retains the integrated Shkval radar from the Su-25T but can also be fitted with the Kopyo ("Spear") radar housed in an under-fuselage pod, enabling engagement of aerial targets using RVV-AE/R-77 missiles and maritime targets employing Kh-31 and Kh-35 anti-ship missiles. By 2008, the Russian Air Force had acquired eight of these aircraft.[77] Certain advanced avionics developed for the T and TM models have been incorporated into the Su-25SM, which serves as a transitional upgrade to enhance operational survivability and combat efficiency.[76] The comprehensive upgrade plan for the Su-25TM was eventually superseded by the more cost-effective Su-25SM modernization initiative.[79]

Su-25SM

File:Sukhoi Su-25SM (1).jpg
A Sukhoi Su-25SM showcased during the Russian Air Force's centenary celebration

The Su-25SM (Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi) represents a budget-conscious modernization effort launched by the Russian Air Force in 2000. This program evolved from earlier attempts to upgrade the Su-25T and Su-25TM, which were assessed as overly complex and costly. The SM variant incorporates upgraded avionics along with structural refurbishments designed to extend the aircraft's operational lifespan by approximately 500 flight hours or five years.[79]

Central to the Su-25SM's capabilities is the newly developed PRnK-25SM "Bars" navigation and targeting system, which utilizes the BTsVM-90 digital computer originally intended for the Su-25TM upgrade. This system delivers navigation and targeting accuracy that is three times superior to that of the original Su-25 model, achieving precision within 15 m (50 ft) when satellite corrections are applied, and around 200 m (660 ft) without.[79]

The upgrade also introduced a KA1-1-01 Head-Up Display (HUD), which notably doubles the field of view compared to the prior ASP-17BTs-8 electro-optical sight. Additional systems integrated during this modernization include a Multi-Function Display (MFD), RSBN-85 Short Range Aid to Navigation (SHORAN), ARK-35-1 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF), A-737-01 GPS/GLONASS receiver, Karat-B-25 Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Berkut-1 Video Recording System (VRS), Banker-2 UHF/VHF communication radio, SO-96 Transponder, and an L150 "Pastel" Radar Warning Receiver (RWR).[79]

The R-95sh engines underwent overhaul and were fitted with an anti-surge mechanism aimed at enhancing engine resilience against powders and gases generated during firing of guns and rockets.[79]

By combining refurbished components with new technology, including increased automation and self-diagnostic features, maintenance time before and after flights has been reduced by approximately 25 to 30%. This modernization also results in a weight reduction of about 300 kg (660 lb).[79]

The armament options for the Su-25SM have been broadened through inclusion of the Vympel R-73 highly maneuverable air-to-air missile (though lacking helmet-mounted sighting and restricted to traditional seeker mode) along with S-13T 130 mm rockets available in five-round B-13 pods featuring blast-fragmentation and armor-piercing warheads. Additionally, enhancements to Kh-25ML and Kh-29L missile firing profiles allow complex attack sequences such as launching two missiles consecutively at separate targets during a single pass. The GSh-30-2 autocannon (with a 250-round magazine) now supports three new reduced firing rates: 750, 375, and 188 rounds per minute. New BD3-25 underwing pylons have also been introduced.[79]

Plans for procurement envisage outfitting between 100 to 130 aircraft kits, representing roughly 60 to 70 percent of Russia’s active single-seat fleet in early 2000s service.[79] As of 2012, over thirty Su-25SM units were operational within the Russian Aerospace Forces, with modernization efforts targeting approximately eighty additional aircraft.[80] By March 2013, upgrades had been scheduled for over sixty airframes.[81] In February 2013, ten freshly modernized Su-25SMs were delivered to an Air Force base in southern Russia,[82][83] where pilot training is actively ongoing.[84] Between 2005 and 2015, more than eighty units underwent this upgrade process.[85]

Starting in early 2014, the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army's Budyonnovsk stationing unit—the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment—began receiving advanced Su-25SM models,[86] likely totaling sixteen aircraft. Additional deliveries included nine units in 2018,[87][88][89] eight more at the start of 2019,[90][91][92] four additional aircraft arrived in early 2020 followed by one more in early 2021.[93][94][95]

Since approximately 2018, Russia’s Aerospace Forces [VKS] have begun receiving further upgraded Su-25SM3 variants. As of June 2019, twenty-five such aircraft had been delivered. Unlike earlier models—the original Su-25 and its incremental SM upgrade—which feature an outdated Klen-PS laser target designator mounted on the nose, the SM3 version is equipped with a modern SOLT-25 electro-optical nose module. This system offers up to sixteen times zoom magnification along with laser range-finding and designation capabilities, thermal imaging, TV channels, plus all-weather tracking of moving targets within an eight-kilometer range. Additionally, it integrates the Vitebsk‑25 defensive suite comprising Zakhvat ultraviolet missile approach warning sensors facing forward and aft, L‑150‑16M Pastel radar homing warning equipment, two UV‑26M chaff dispensers (50 mm), plus dual wing-mounted L‑370‑3S radar jamming pods. The SM3 also benefits from an upgraded PrNK‑25SM‑1 Bars targeting/navigation system alongside a KSS‑25 communication system featuring Banker‑8‑TM‑1 antennae.[96]

Drawing on combat lessons learned during operations in Syria, the Su‑25SM3 has been outfitted with SVP‑24 navigation and bombing aids designed to enhance accuracy when deploying unguided munitions.[97]

Su-25KM

The Su-25KM (Komercheski, Modernized), commonly known as "Scorpion", is an upgraded version of the Su-25 introduced in early 2001 by Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing in Georgia, in collaboration with Israel's Elbit Systems. The prototype completed its first flight on 18 April 2001, bearing full Georgian Air Force insignia.[98] This variant retains the original Su-25 airframe but incorporates modern avionics such as a glass cockpit, digital map generator, a helmet-mounted display, computerized weapons management, comprehensive mission pre-planning features, and fully redundant backup systems. Performance improvements include a precision navigation system, accurate weapons delivery mechanisms, all-weather and day/night operational capability, compatibility with NATO standards, cutting-edge safety and survivability elements, along with advanced onboard debriefing functions meeting international standards.[98] It is capable of deploying Israeli Opher infrared-guided bombs, Lizard laser-guided munitions, and the Vympel R-73 infrared-guided missile.[99]

Su-28

File:Su-25UT Frogfoot 02.jpg
Sukhoi Su-28 trainer jet

The Sukhoi Su-28 (also known as Su-25UT – Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy) serves as an advanced basic jet trainer developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau on the foundation of the Su-25UB as a private venture. The Su-28 is a lightweight aircraft intended to replace the Czechoslovakian Aero L-39 Albatros. Unlike the standard Su-25UB, this model does not include a weapons-control system, built-in cannon, weapon hardpoints, or engine armor.[100]

Other

  • Su-25R (Razvedchik) – a tactical reconnaissance variant conceptualized in 1978 but never constructed.[101]
  • Su-25U3 (Uchebnyy 3-myestny) – nicknamed "Russian Troika", this three-seat basic trainer project was halted in 1991 due to funding shortages.[101]
  • Su-25U (Uchebnyy) – a trainer version of the Su-25 series manufactured in Georgia from 1996 to 1998; only three units were produced exclusively for the Georgian Air Force.[101]
  • Su-25M1/Su-25UBM1 – modernization programs carried out by Ukraine’s MiGremont company for the Ukrainian Air Force, upgrading ten aircraft by 2013 (seven single-seat and three trainers). Enhancements include new GPS receiver, updated radio systems, improved weapon delivery accuracy through an advanced sighting system, and a digital flight data recorder. The upgraded planes are also compatible with S-13 rockets.[102]
  • Ge-31 – a current initiative by Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing in Georgia aimed at producing an updated Su-25 variant free from Russian components.[103]
  • T-12 ("Shturmovik-90") – envisioned as a successor to the Su-25, this proposed design featured a twin-fuselage configuration with dual cockpits: one dedicated to piloting and radar operation, the other managing weapons systems and fire control. Its design incorporated a forward-swept wing and V-tail layout.[104]

Operators

Main article: List of Sukhoi Su-25 operators

Significant incidents

The Su-25 has been linked to several prominent aviation mishaps including:

  • In December 2006, an Su-25K operated by the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo vanished during a standard relocation mission, with no debris ever recovered.[105]
  • On 30 June 2007, another Su-25K from the Congolese Air Force crashed near Kisangani amid an Independence Day aerial demonstration, resulting in the pilot's death. The cause was identified as an engine malfunction.[105]
  • A Russian Air Force Su-25 disintegrated mid-flight on 20 March 2008 during a live-fire drill over Primorsky Krai, approximately 143 km (89 mi) from Vladivostok, killing the pilot. Subsequent investigations determined that a missile unintentionally launched by a wingman struck the aircraft. Following this event, all Russian Su-25s were grounded pending inquiry completion.Template:Fix/category[citation needed]

Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production)

Template:Image frame

minithumb upright=1.25 Sukhoi Su-25 three-view schematic

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

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Notes

Citations

  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 6–7.
  3. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 8.
  4. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 11.
  5. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 23–41.
  6. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 42–46.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gordondawes
  9. ↑ "Force report: Russian Air Force." Air Forces Monthly, July 2007, pp. 78–86.
  10. ↑ Goebel, Greg. Template:Usurped Vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named civilresearch.org
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ejection-history.org.uk
  13. ↑ "Russia/Chechnya – Terrorism Leads To War." Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Greatdreams.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2012.
  14. ↑ Template:Usurped acig.org. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  15. ↑ Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 100–102.
  16. ↑ "Disputed attack jets seen by U.N. envoys in Darfur." Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  17. ↑ "Nine French soldiers killed in Cote d'Ivoire." Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine People's Daily Online, 8 November 2004.
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Cooper, Tom with Alexander Mladenov. Template:Usurped ACIG Journal, 5 August 2004.
  20. ↑ "N. Ossetia president: Georgian planes bomb out humanitarian aid convoy for S. Ossetia." Interfax, 8 August 2008.
  21. ↑ "Fighting rages in Georgian separatist capital." Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 8 August 2008.
  22. ↑ "General staff recognized the loss of two more aircraft." Archived 17 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine RU: Lenta, 11 August 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008. English translation Archived 30 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Barabanov, Mikhail. "The August War between Russia and Georgia." Moscow Defense Brief. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Russia's rapid reaction." International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 11 November 2012. Archived 26 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Nowak, David (for Associated Press). "Russian air raid targets Tbilisi factory; fighting continues to rage in South Ossetia".] Newser, 10 August 2008.
  26. ↑ Stewart, Phil. "Iranian warplanes fired on U.S. drone over Gulf: Pentagon." Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 5 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  27. ↑ "Iranian fighters 'fired on US drone in Gulf' – Middle East." Archived 10 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera English, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Starr, Barbara. "First on CNN: Iranian jets fire on U.S. drone." Archived 11 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
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  30. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  39. ↑ "Iraq receives Russian fighter jets to fight rebels" Archived 13 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News, 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  40. ↑ "Iraq takes delivery of Russian fighter jets" Archived 3 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
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  71. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir. "Sukhoi's Su-25UBM completes state acceptance trials." Archived 23 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine FlightGlobal, 20 December 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
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Bibliography

  • Bangash, M.Y.H. Shock, Impact and Explosion: Structural Analysis and Design. Berlin: Springer, 2008. ISBN 978-3-540-77067-1. Google Books. Archived version dated 18 October 2015.
  • Bedretdinov, Ilʹdar. Штурмовик Су-25 и его модификации (The Su-25 and its modifications). Moscow: Bedretdinov i Ko, 2nd edition, 2002. ISBN 978-5-901668-01-6.
  • Donald, David. The Pocket Guide to Military Aircraft and the World's Airforces. London: Hamlyn, 2004. ISBN 978-0-681-03185-2. Google Books. Archived 18 October 2015.
  • Donald, David and Daniel J. March. "Sukhoi Su-25 'Frogfoot'." In Modern Battlefield Warplanes. London: AIRtime Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-76-5.
  • Eden, Paul (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, July 2006. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  • Frawley, Gerald. "Sukhoi Su-25." In The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Fishwick, ACT: Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Sukhoi Su-25. New York: IP Media, Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-932525-02-5.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Sukhoi Su-25: The Soviet Union's Tank-Buster. Midland Publishing, July 2007. ISBN 978-1-85780-254-2.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Alan Dawes. Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot: Close Air Support Aircraft. London: Airlife, 2004. ISBN 1-84037-353-9.
  • Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
  • Mladenov, Alexander. Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013a. ISBN 978-1-78200-359-5.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

External links

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Template:Sukhoi aircraft Template:USAF/DoD reporting names

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