Susan Rice

Susan Rice
Born	Susan Elizabeth Rice (1964-11-17) November 17, 1964 Washington, D.C., U.S.
Occupation(s)	Diplomat, policy strategist, government official
Years active	1990s–present
Known for	22nd director of the United States Domestic Policy Council, 27th U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 23rd U.S. national security advisor

Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is a distinguished American diplomat, policy strategist, and government official. Affiliated with the Democratic Party, she held the position of the 22nd director of the United States Domestic Policy Council from 2021 until 2023. Previously, Rice served as the 27th U.S. ambassador to the United Nations between 2009 and 2013, followed by her tenure as the 23rd U.S. national security advisor from 2013 through 2017.

A native of Washington, D.C., Rice completed her studies at Stanford University and New College, Oxford, where she was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and obtained a D.Phil. Early in her career, she was part of President Bill Clinton's National Security Council team from 1993 to 1997. She then served as assistant secretary of state for African affairs at the State Department from 1997 to 2001, becoming the youngest regional assistant secretary of state at age 32. During this period, she played a key role in reshaping U.S.–Africa relations, including facilitating the passage of the African Growth and Opportunity Act, endorsing democratic developments in South Africa and Nigeria, and intensifying U.S. efforts to combat HIV/AIDS.

Rice has also been a fellow at the Brookings Institution and provided counsel to Democratic presidential candidates such as Michael Dukakis, John Kerry, and Barack Obama. Following Obama's election in 2008, she was unanimously confirmed as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in January 2009. At the UN, Rice prioritized advancing human rights and poverty reduction initiatives, emphasized addressing climate change, and advocated for women's and LGBT rights. She secured U.S. commitments to important accords including the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the U.N. Millennium Development Goals. Additionally, she defended Israel at the Security Council, promoted sanctions targeting Iran and North Korea, and supported U.S. and NATO military intervention in Libya during 2011.

Although considered a leading candidate to succeed Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2012, Rice withdrew her name amid controversy linked to the 2012 Benghazi attack. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as national security advisor, where she played a pivotal role in significant policies such as negotiating the Iran nuclear agreement in 2015, managing the Ebola outbreak response, restoring diplomatic ties with Cuba, and endorsing the Paris Agreement on climate change. In 2021, under President Joe Biden’s administration, Rice took on the role of director of the Domestic Policy Council.

Early life and education

Born in Washington D.C., Rice is the daughter of education policy expert Lois Rice (1933–2017), a key architect of the federal Pell Grant program who joined the Brookings Institution in 1992; and Emmett J. Rice (1919–2011), an economics professor at Cornell University who became the second African American governor of the Federal Reserve System. Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Jamaica, while her paternal ancestors trace back to enslaved Africans in South Carolina. Her parents divorced when she was ten years old. In 1978, her mother remarried attorney Alfred Bradley Fitt, who was then serving as general counsel for the U.S. Congressional Budget Office.

Rice has expressed that her parents instilled in her a philosophy to "never use race as an excuse or advantage," fueling her ambition to become the first U.S. senator representing the District of Columbia.

During her time at National Cathedral School—a private girls’ day school in Washington, D.C.—she excelled as a three-sport varsity athlete, led student government as president, and graduated as valedictorian. She earned her Bachelor of Arts with honors in history from Stanford University in 1986. Her academic achievements included receiving a Truman Scholarship, a National Merit Scholarship, and election to Phi Beta Kappa during her junior year.

As a Rhodes Scholar at New College, Oxford, Rice attained a Master of Philosophy degree in 1988 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations in 1990. Her doctoral thesis titled Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979–1980: Implications for International Peacekeeping received distinction from Chatham House as Britain’s most outstanding contribution to international relations scholarship that year. While studying at Oxford, she was also a member of the Oxford University Women’s Basketball Team.

Early career

Rice worked as a foreign policy advisor for Michael Dukakis during his 1988 presidential bid. Between 1990 and early 1992, she was employed as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, a leading international management consulting firm, operating out of their Toronto branch.

Clinton administration (1993–2001)

Throughout the Clinton administration, Rice occupied multiple positions: she served on the National Security Council (NSC) from 1993 until 1997, first as director for international organizations and peacekeeping (1993–1995), then as special assistant to the president and senior director for African affairs (1995–1997). Subsequently, she was appointed Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1997 to 2001. Her leadership shaped U.S. policy toward Africa, contributing to initiatives such as the African Growth and Opportunity Act, backing democratic reforms in South Africa and Nigeria, and intensifying efforts against the HIV/AIDS crisis.

National Security Council

During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Rice was reported to have expressed concern that officially designating the atrocities as "genocide" without follow-up action might impact the November election. While she denied making this statement, she acknowledged errors in handling the situation and stressed a dedication to more assertive responses in future emergencies. This episode influenced her subsequent stance on military interventions. In 2012, Rice clarified that her later policies were not solely motivated by Rwanda.

In 2002, Timothy M. Carney, a former U.S. ambassador to Sudan, claimed that Rice and NSC terrorism expert Richard A. Clarke opposed collaboration with Sudan after it allegedly offered intelligence on Osama bin Laden. Although similar assertions surfaced from other sources, investigations by both the Joint Congressional Inquiry into 9/11 and the 9/11 Commission found no proof that Sudan provided such intelligence.

Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs

Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who had been a longtime mentor and family acquaintance of Rice, encouraged President Clinton to nominate her as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in 1997. During her confirmation hearing led by Senator John Ashcroft, Rice appeared with her nursing infant son, impressing senators across party lines and smoothly gaining approval.

In relation to the 1996 conflicts involving Rwanda, Uganda, the AFDL, and the invasion of Zaire (later renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo), which resulted in the ousting of Mobutu Sese Seko, Rice reportedly remarked, "Anything's better than Mobutu." An aide to the Assistant Secretary indicated that U.S. policy was to "turn a blind eye" toward regional military actions. According to New York Times journalist Howard W. French, this comment was attributed directly to Rice.

On July 7, 1998, Rice participated in a U.S. delegation that visited Nigerian president-elect Basorun Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola while he was detained; during this visit, Abiola suffered a fatal heart attack.

Rice advocated for U.S. engagement in securing both the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in Congo and the Lomé Peace Accord in Sierra Leone. The latter faced criticism for its perceived leniency toward the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and for integrating war criminal Foday Sankoh into government roles, leading to UN Security Council Resolution 1313 condemning continued RUF violence. She was instrumental in mediating peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea during their conflict, culminating in the 2000 Algiers Agreement that ended hostilities. For these contributions, she shared the White House's Samuel Nelson Drew Memorial Award recognizing efforts to promote peaceful international relations.

Rice maintained a strained relationship with seasoned State Department official Richard Holbrooke; she viewed him as intrusive within her responsibilities, while he believed her diplomatic ascent was too rapid.

Business and think tank roles (2001–2008)

Between 2001 and 2002, Rice held the position of managing director and principal at Intellibridge. Subsequently, from 2002 until 2009, she was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, where her work concentrated on U.S. foreign policy, issues concerning fragile and failing states, global poverty, and threats that transcend national borders.

Colleagues at Brookings, including Michael E. O'Hanlon and Ivo Daalder, observed that Rice consistently opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq prior to its commencement. Nevertheless, columnist Peter Beinart interpreted her stance as somewhat ambiguous based on her NPR interviews conducted in late 2002 and early 2003. For instance, in December 2002, she acknowledged the danger posed by Iraq and emphasized the necessity of decisively addressing its weapons of mass destruction, while also advocating for a more comprehensive evaluation of the war’s potential costs. In her memoir, Rice portrayed herself as among the few Brookings scholars who openly opposed the Iraq War, seeing it as a distraction from the broader objective of defeating Al Qaeda worldwide. Shortly after hostilities began, she cautioned that U.S. reconstruction efforts in Iraq would require many years.

During the 2004 presidential race, Rice acted as a foreign policy adviser to John Kerry. Later, she took a leave of absence from Brookings to serve as a senior foreign policy adviser for Barack Obama’s 2008 campaign, becoming one of the earliest prominent foreign policy figures to support Obama despite many peers backing Hillary Clinton. Rice criticized Obama’s Republican opponent, John McCain, labeling his policies as "reckless" and dismissing his visit to Iraq as lacking substance.

On November 5, 2008, Rice joined the advisory board for the Obama–Biden transition team.

United States ambassador to the United Nations (2009–2013)

President-elect Obama announced on December 1, 2008, his intention to nominate Rice as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, elevating the role back to cabinet rank. Rice had reportedly sought the position of national security advisor, which was ultimately awarded to retired United States Marine Corps General James L. Jones.

At her confirmation hearing, Senator Susan Collins praised Rice as an exemplary spokesperson. She was confirmed by voice vote on January 22, 2009. Rice became both the second-youngest individual and the first African American woman to serve as U.S. representative at the UN.

Throughout her tenure at the UN, Rice championed initiatives centered on human rights and poverty alleviation, while emphasizing climate change and women's rights. She committed the United States to significant international agreements such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and U.N. Millennium Development Goals. Rice spearheaded efforts to advance LGBT rights within the U.N. Human Rights Council and earned recognition for her vigorous defense of Israel in Security Council deliberations. She also played a key role in securing some of the most stringent Security Council sanctions imposed on Iran and North Korea over their nuclear programs, reaffirming America’s dedication to multilateral diplomacy.

While some diplomats criticized her negotiation approach as abrupt or even "rude," others attributed such perceptions to gender bias. Foreign Policy compared her toughness to that of figures like James Baker or Henry Kissinger but noted her close relationship with President Obama enhanced her effectiveness in policymaking. Nonetheless, human rights advocates reproached both Rice and U.S. policy in 2012 for opposing UN resolutions condemning Rwanda’s backing of a rebel faction in Congo associated with human rights abuses.

Libyan Civil War

Amid the 2011 conflict in Libya, the United States and its allies exerted pressure on Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to relinquish power or face international intervention. National Security Advisor Susan Rice openly condemned Gaddafi's refusal to acknowledge civilian abuses. In a confidential Security Council session, Rice accused Gaddafi’s forces of committing serious violations, including sexual violence, and claimed that soldiers were supplied with Viagra to facilitate these acts. Nevertheless, inquiries conducted by Amnesty International and other entities found no concrete evidence to substantiate these allegations.

Alongside National Security Council member Samantha Power and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Rice played a pivotal role in overcoming internal resistance to support a UN resolution establishing a no-fly zone over Libya and permitting military enforcement. On March 17, 2011, the United Kingdom, France, Lebanon, and the United States voted in favor of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, while Brazil, Germany, India, China, and Russia abstained. Rice and Clinton were instrumental in gaining this approval. Rice underscored the necessity of safeguarding civilians and intensifying pressure on Gaddafi’s government to cease hostilities and enable Libyans to freely pursue their aspirations.

Syrian Civil War

In January 2012, after Russia and China vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down, Rice publicly criticized both nations for obstructing peaceful conflict resolution and aligning themselves with Assad. She highlighted the United States’ solidarity with the Syrian population while denouncing Russia and China for blocking the Council’s initiatives.

2012 Benghazi attack

On September 11, 2012, an assault targeted a U.S. diplomatic compound and CIA annex in Benghazi, Libya, resulting in the deaths of U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens, Foreign Service officer Sean Smith, and two former Navy SEALs, Glen Doherty and Tyrone S. Woods. On September 16, Rice appeared on five major television interview programs to address the incident, relying on "talking points" provided by the CIA.

All eleven versions of these CIA talking points described the attack as being "spontaneously inspired" by a violent demonstration at the American embassy in Cairo prompted by an anti-Muslim video. Protesters breached the embassy grounds amid extensive coverage on Egyptian satellite television channels widely viewed in Benghazi.

Despite ongoing claims that Rice deliberately misled the public, none of the ten congressional investigations—including six conducted by Republican-controlled House committees—uncovered evidence of intentional deception or bad faith by Rice or other officials. The Republican-led House Intelligence Committee’s two-year investigation determined that CIA analysts made errors but found no definitive indication of wrongdoing.

On November 19, 2012, a group of 97 House Republicans sent a letter to President Obama accusing Rice’s statements of being "misleading" and urged that she not be nominated for secretary of state. Some Republican senators also voiced concerns following meetings with Rice later that month. Subsequently, on December 13, 2012, Rice requested that President Obama withdraw her nomination for secretary of state.

United States National Security Advisor (2013–2017)

Following the resignation of Tom Donilon on June 5, 2013, Rice assumed the position of national security advisor. This appointment did not require confirmation by the Senate. She officially took office on July 1, 2013. Throughout her service, Rice was instrumental in shaping key U.S. policies, including the negotiation of the Iran nuclear agreement of 2015, managing the response to the Ebola outbreak, facilitating the restoration of relations with Cuba, countering the Islamic State, and promoting the Paris Agreement on climate change.

In the 2015 National Security Strategy document, Rice outlined an "ambitious yet achievable agenda" for American foreign policy. She underscored the importance of U.S. leadership in addressing challenges such as the Ebola crisis, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, and sanctions imposed on Russia due to its actions in Ukraine. This strategy served as a framework for U.S. foreign and defense policy during President Obama’s final two years in office, updating the previous 2010 strategy. In his foreword to the document, Obama reaffirmed America’s commitment to defending its interests and allies, while warning against policy decisions influenced by fear.

Middle East

Rice openly condemned human rights abuses in Egypt under a U.S.-supported government and denounced the August 2013 Rabaa massacre, where Egyptian security forces killed more than 1,000 demonstrators. Her position occasionally diverged from that of Secretary of State John Kerry. As a consequence, Rice spearheaded a reassessment of U.S. assistance to Egypt, which led to the cancellation of joint military exercises and a suspension of arms deliveries.

She stood alone within Obama’s national security team advocating for military action against Syria following the Assad regime’s use of sarin gas in 2013, urging punitive strikes despite anticipating congressional rejection. Subsequently, Rice collaborated with Kerry to seek a diplomatic resolution through Russia, culminating in United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118. This resolution required Syria to dismantle its declared chemical weapons arsenal and accede to the Chemical Weapons Convention; however, Syria later engaged in additional chemical attacks.

In May 2014, Rice traveled to Israel to discuss nuclear negotiations with Iran amid stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. The administration portrayed her visit as standard diplomatic engagement, although some critics argued it exacerbated tensions with Israel. Middle East advisor Dennis Ross characterized Rice’s approach as more confrontational compared to her predecessor Tom Donilon’s more conciliatory style. After Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu publicly criticized Obama’s Iran negotiations, Rice reportedly expressed strong disapproval of his comments. Nevertheless, during the Gaza conflict in July 2014, she reaffirmed Israel’s right to self-defense and condemned what she viewed as unjust treatment of Israel at the United Nations. In 2015, she criticized Netanyahu for addressing Congress on Iran's nuclear issue without prior coordination with the administration. Rice also negotiated a historic $38 billion military aid agreement with Israel in 2016—the largest such package ever provided.

Although the Obama administration backed the Saudi- and Emirati-led intervention and blockade in Yemen, Rice opposed a coalition assault on Al Hudaydah port and personally urged UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed to call off the offensive.

Africa

Rice played a supportive role in South Sudan's independence and the initial U.S. assistance extended to President Salva Kiir Mayardit's administration. When the South Sudanese Civil War broke out in 2013 between forces loyal to Kiir and those aligned with Vice President Riek Machar, the United States continued to back Kiir despite allegations of government-perpetrated abuses. In 2016, Rice advocated for an arms embargo on South Sudan, but the United Nations Security Council ultimately did not adopt the proposal.

Rice was also recognized for cultivating a close personal relationship with Rwanda's President Paul Kagame. Nevertheless, some critics of the Obama administration’s approach to Africa reproached her for what they saw as insufficient U.S. response to Rwanda’s role in the conflict within the Kivu region.

Afghanistan

During a 2015 visit to Pakistan, Rice cautioned Pakistani officials that militant assaults originating from their territory against Afghanistan threatened regional stability. She also conveyed President Obama’s invitation to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif for a visit to the United States scheduled for October. These talks took place amid tense relations between Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India, alongside uncertainty regarding the disbursement of $300 million in U.S. military aid.

China

In a 2015 address concerning China–United States relations, Rice underscored the serious risk posed by Chinese intelligence operations in the United States, describing it as both an economic and national security challenge that complicates bilateral interactions and shapes the trajectory of future U.S.–China engagement.

Private sector roles

On March 8, 2017, Rice accepted a position as a distinguished visiting research fellow at the School of International Service at American University, where she concentrated on authoring her forthcoming book and advising students.

Later, on March 28, 2018, she joined the board of directors at Netflix, thereby broadening her professional reach into the media and technology industries.

Unmasking investigations

On April 3, 2017, Eli Lake reported in Bloomberg View that during her tenure as national security advisor, Rice requested that certain Americans’ identities mentioned in intelligence reports connected to the Trump campaign and the presidential transition be unmasked. Such unmasking had to be authorized by the National Security Agency director, Michael Rogers, who ensured there was a legitimate reason and appropriate context. Rice maintained that her unmasking requests were intended solely to clarify intelligence reports rather than serve political objectives.

This report followed statements by Devin Nunes, then Republican chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, who indicated that reports suggested Trump or his associates might have been "incidentally" surveilled by foreign intelligence. The committee was investigating both alleged Russian interference in the 2016 election and claims by Trump regarding surveillance of Trump Tower under the Obama administration. Lake’s article clarified that Rice's unmasking did not substantiate Trump's allegations of unlawful wiretapping. Republicans called for probes into the unmasking practice; meanwhile, Democrats regarded it as a diversion from ongoing Russia investigations.

After congressional panels reviewed information underlying Nunes’s assertions, bipartisan sources found no proof of illegal or irregular conduct by Obama-era officials. Intelligence insiders described Rice’s unmasking requests as routine and appropriate for someone in her national security role.

In August 2017, Eli Lake reported that Rice’s successor, H. R. McMaster, determined there was no wrongdoing on her part.

Rice testified before the House Intelligence Committee in September 2017, explaining that she sought unmasking due to a redacted intelligence report concerning a confidential December 2016 visit by United Arab Emirates crown prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. During this trip, al-Nahyan met with advisors from the Trump campaign at Trump Tower. Her testimony reassured committee members; Republican member Mike Conaway stated she was forthcoming and no further testimony was necessary.

In May 2020, Attorney General Bill Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Bash to conduct a review of unmasking activities during the Obama administration. The investigation concluded in October 2020 without uncovering any substantive misconduct. Bash’s previously classified report, released publicly in May 2022, found no evidence indicating any unmasking requests during the 2016 election or transition period were made for improper or political reasons.

Political views

Rice has expressed criticism of the United States' close ties with Saudi Arabia, citing concerns over the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, ongoing human rights violations, the diplomatic rift with Canada, Saudi Arabia's military involvement in Yemen, and the blockade imposed on Qatar. Additionally, she opposed former President Trump's choice to remove U.S. forces from Syria, a decision that paved the way for Turkey's incursion into northern Syria and attacks on Kurdish groups that had been instrumental in defeating the Islamic State.

Regarding Israel, Rice has denounced plans by Israeli officials to annex sections of the West Bank and Jordan Valley, warning that such actions could undermine bipartisan American support for Israel. She advocates for a two-state resolution as crucial to preserving Israel’s identity as both a Jewish and democratic nation. Rice also played a role in the Biden administration’s launch of the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism on May 25, 2023.

Potential 2020 Senate run

Following Senator Susan Collins of Maine voting to confirm Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court, Rice publicly contemplated running against her in the 2020 Senate race. However, in April 2019, she announced she would not pursue a campaign.

Director of Domestic Policy Council (2021–2023)

In mid-2020, Rice was frequently mentioned as a possible vice presidential candidate alongside Joe Biden during the 2020 presidential election, though ultimately Kamala Harris was chosen for the position.

On September 5, 2020, Rice became a member of the advisory board for the Biden-Harris Transition Team overseeing the transfer of presidential power. By November, she was considered among contenders for the role of secretary of state within the incoming Biden administration.

Despite her extensive foreign policy experience, President Biden appointed Rice to lead the Domestic Policy Council, a decision that surprised many observers.

In April 2023, journalist Hannah Dreier reported that Rice was among senior officials who may have exhibited negligence concerning an uncovered issue involving migrant child labor.

President Biden announced on April 24, 2023, that Rice would step down as director of the Domestic Policy Council effective May 26, 2023. Two days prior to her departure, on May 24, she reflected on her achievements in shaping domestic and national security policies during her time at the White House.

Affiliations

Rice holds the position of visiting research fellow at American University's School of International Service and serves as a non-resident senior fellow at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. She regularly authors opinion articles for the New York Times, is a board member of Netflix, and participates in the Aspen Strategy Group, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the Council on Foreign Relations. Furthermore, she is a member of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.

Personal life

On September 12, 1992, Rice wed Ian Officer Cameron, a former executive producer at ABC News, in Washington D.C. The couple first met during their time as students at Stanford University and have two children together.

Although they share a last name and have held comparable positions, Susan Rice and Condoleezza Rice are not related—a distinction frequently misrepresented in media reports.

Honors and awards

In 2002, Rice was honored by being inducted into Stanford's Black Alumni Hall of Fame. Later, in 2017, President François Hollande appointed her as a commander of the Legion of Honour in recognition of her efforts to strengthen Franco-American relations.

Foreign honors

Country	Date	Decoration	Post-nominal letters
France	2017–Present	Commander of the Legion of Honour

Scholastic

Academic Qualifications

Location	Date	Institution	Degree
Template:Country data California	1986	Stanford University	Honors Bachelor of Arts (BA) in History
Template:Country data England	1988	New College, Oxford	Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) in International Relations
Template:Country data England	1990	New College, Oxford	Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) in International Relations

Fellowships and Academic Positions

Location	Date	Institution	Title
Template:Country data England	2014–Present	New College, Oxford	Honorary Fellow
Template:Country data District of Columbia	2017–Present	The School of International Service at American University	Distinguished Visiting Research Fellow
Template:Country data Massachusetts	2017–Present	The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University	Senior Fellow

Honorary degrees

Honorary distinctions

Location	Date	Institution	Degree Awarded	Delivered Commencement Speech
Template:Country data Georgia (U.S. state)	2010	Spelman College	Doctorate	Yes
Template:Country data District of Columbia	2012	Howard University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)	No
Template:Country data Maine	2018	Bowdoin College	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)	No

Memberships and Fellowships

Location	Period	Institution	Role
Template:Country data District of Columbia	2002–2009	Brookings Institution	Senior Fellow

Publications

• Rice, Susan E. The Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979–1980: Implications for International Peacekeeping (Doctoral dissertation, New College, Oxford, 1990)
• Rice, Susan E., Corinne Graff, and Carlos Pascual (editors) Confronting Poverty: Weak States and U.S. National Security (Brookings Institution Press, 2010)
• Rice, Susan E. Tough Love: My Story of the Things Worth Fighting For (Simon & Schuster, 2019)

See also

• List of African-American United States Cabinet members
• List of female United States Cabinet members

Further reading

• Morris, Lorenzo. "The United Nations and the African American Presence: From Ralph Bunche to Susan Rice." in Charting the Range of Black Politics (Routledge, 2017), pp. 41–56.