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Tesla US dealership disputes

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Adapted from the English Wikipedia article Tesla US dealership disputes, available under CC BY-SA 4.0Updated 9 August 202552 sources
Tesla, Inc.
Company typePublic
IndustryAutomotive, Electric vehicles
Founded2003; 23 years ago (2003)
Headquarters
Palo Alto, California
,
United States
Key people
Elon Musk (CEO)
ProductsElectric vehicles, energy storage, solar products
Number of employees
70,757 (2020)
Websitewww.tesla.com


The American electric vehicle producer, Tesla, Inc., has encountered legal conflicts concerning dealerships across multiple US states due to regional legislation. Numerous states in the US prohibit direct sales from manufacturers to consumers, enforcing franchise regulations that mandate new automobiles be sold exclusively through independent dealerships.

Tesla argues that effectively conveying the benefits of their electric vehicles compared to traditional internal combustion engine cars requires them to avoid relying on third-party dealerships for sales.[1][2] Economists have described laws that compel vehicle sales through independent dealers as a form of rent-seeking behavior, which extracts economic rents from manufacturers and raises prices for consumers while boosting dealer profits.[3]

Corporate strategy

A Tesla showroom located in Austin, Texas

According to Goldman Sachs, Tesla achieved approximately 60% vertical integration in 2016. This integration encompasses proprietary sales outlets and its exclusive charging network, among other elements. Such a level of vertical integration is uncommon within the automotive sector, where manufacturers generally concentrate on engine production and vehicle assembly, outsourcing around 80%[4] of components to suppliers and delegating sales functions to franchised dealerships.[5][6]

Tesla's objectives include expanding the availability and diversity of electric vehicles for mainstream buyers by marketing their cars directly through company-owned retail locations and online platforms.[7][8][2] Tesla asserts that owning retail locations "establishes a feedback loop directly from customers into manufacturing and vehicle design".[9] The company aims not to generate profit from vehicle servicing.[10][11][12]

Sales approach

As of September 2020, Tesla maintains over 130 retail locations and galleries across the United States, and operates additional stores and galleries in 34 countries worldwide. Tesla owns these outlets outright and conducts sales directly to consumers both online and through its non-US physical locations.

The company allocates a modest budget to marketing efforts, relying heavily on a referral program and word-of-mouth endorsements to attract potential buyers.

US dealership landscape and legal challenges

State legislation regarding Tesla's direct sales
  States permitting direct vehicle sales by electric vehicle manufacturers or those without existing franchise agreements
  States prohibiting direct sales except for Tesla
  States banning direct sales, with Tesla selling on tribal lands
  States forbidding direct sales

By September 2020, Tesla had established stores and galleries—primarily situated within shopping malls—in 29 US states plus Washington DC. Customers have the option to purchase vehicles either at these physical locations or via Tesla’s official website. These stores function as showrooms where prospective buyers can explore Tesla’s products. In states with stringent dealership protection laws, some galleries face limitations such as restrictions on price negotiations, financing discussions, and test drives. To reach regions lacking permanent retail spaces, Tesla introduced mobile "stores" housed in shipping containers along with six Airstream trailers towed by Model X vehicles.

Tesla’s business model of selling directly to consumers through company-owned retail outlets and service centers contrasts with the conventional US automotive distribution system. During the early 2010s, Tesla was unique among automakers in selling vehicles directly; other manufacturers typically relied on independently owned dealerships, although some provided online vehicle customization and financing options. Currently, 48 states enforce laws that restrict or forbid manufacturers from selling cars directly to consumers. Despite not having independent dealerships, Tesla has faced legal opposition from dealership associations in multiple states seeking to block its direct sales. Courts in North Carolina and New Hampshire have ruled in Tesla’s favor, whereas Virginia and Texas have sided with traditional dealers.

Outside the US, such dealership protection laws are generally absent.

The origin of US laws barring direct manufacturer-to-consumer auto sales dates back to the 1930s, when automakers began delegating vehicle sales and servicing responsibilities to franchised independent dealers. These regulations have persisted into the modern era, extending their reach to online in-state transactions. They are designed to shield dealerships from competition posed by manufacturers opening their own outlets, which could be perceived as exploiting the manufacturer-franchise relationship. Critics argue these laws hinder healthy competition beneficial to consumers, labeling them as forms of protectionism and crony capitalism.

The Federal Trade Commission advocates for permitting direct sales by manufacturers. A Goldman Sachs analysis from 2000 estimated that allowing such sales could reduce consumer expenses by an average of $2,225 on a $26,000 vehicle. Conversely, a May 2014 study commissioned by the National Automobile Dealers Association argued that franchise dealerships provide superior value for customers compared to direct manufacturer sales.

Independent dealerships generally derive more profit from servicing vehicles than from initial sales; since electric vehicles require less maintenance, dealers may prefer selling gasoline-powered cars over electric ones like Tesla’s models. Reviews conducted by Consumer Reports and the Sierra Club revealed that many independent dealers lacked sufficient knowledge about electric vehicles, failed to inform customers about available government incentives, did not prominently display electric cars, or allowed battery levels in display vehicles to deplete.

Alabama (also prohibits service centers)

In Alabama, manufacturer-owned dealerships for new motor vehicles, along with service centers, are classified as "unfair and deceptive trade practices".[13] In August 2016, State Senator Tom Whatley proposed Senate Bill 22, which was referred to the Senate Tourism and Marketing Committee. This legislation aimed to permit manufacturers of alternative fuel vehicles to sell and lease their products directly to customers.[14]

South Carolina (also prohibits service centers)

South Carolina forbids manufacturers from owning new car dealerships as well as conducting service or repairs on vehicles they do not own. In 2019, legislation was introduced seeking to authorize direct sales by electric-only vehicle manufacturers.[15]

New Mexico (also prohibits service centers)

According to the 2006 New Mexico Statutes, Section 57-16-5-V, manufacturers such as Tesla are barred from obtaining dealer licenses and from directly or indirectly offering warranty or other vehicle services.[16]

In January 2019, the Public Affairs Committee approved Senate Bill 243, which was favorable to Tesla's interests,[17]

Tesla inaugurated its first retail store and service center in New Mexico in August 2021 on Nambé Pueblo tribal territory near Santa Fe.[18] A second location comprising a store and service center opened on June 1, 2023, situated on Santa Ana Pueblo tribal land north of Albuquerque.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content

West Virginia (also prohibits galleries)

West Virginia prohibits Tesla from operating stores or showrooms owned by the company.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag</ref>

Kansas (also prohibits galleries)

In Kansas, selling vehicles directly or indirectly without a franchise agreement from the manufacturer is prohibited.[19] This restriction extends to displaying vehicles in showrooms, effectively banning galleries. However, Kansas allows service centers, with one planned for Lenexa, following city council approval on April 19, 2022.[20]

Louisiana

In June 2017, Louisiana passed legislation banning direct sales of vehicles to consumers.[21][22][23] The state permits Tesla service centers, including one located in New Orleans.[24] Nevertheless, following a federal court dismissal of Tesla’s lawsuit against Louisiana, that service center might be restricted from performing warranty repairs.[25]

Texas

Texas legislation forbids direct vehicle sales from manufacturers to consumers. While residents of Texas can order a Tesla via the company's website, the transaction is processed as an out-of-state purchase and must be finalized prior to the vehicle's shipment into Texas. Recently, Tesla introduced an option to incorporate tax, title, license, and registration fees into the vehicle's total sale price, eliminating the need for buyers to pay these charges separately upon delivery. In 2015, Tesla actively lobbied the Texas Legislature seeking amendments to permit direct sales by Tesla and to authorize Tesla staff at their galleries in Austin, Dallas, and Houston to engage in discussions about "financing, leasing, or purchasing options." That same year, legislative efforts were made to enable Tesla's operation within Texas; however, no bill was passed.

As of 2016, a majority of GOP delegates advocate for allowing direct sales, whereas Governor Greg Abbott favors maintaining the existing framework. According to Texans for Public Justice, Tesla invested approximately $1.3 million in lobbying activities, compared to $1 million spent by traditional dealerships.

Wisconsin

Under Wisconsin law, automobile manufacturers are prohibited from selling vehicles directly to consumers. In late 2017, legislation titled the "Electric Vehicle Freedom Act" was proposed to permit only electric vehicle manufacturers to engage in direct sales. This bill faced opposition from the Wisconsin Automobile Dealers & Truck Association. The 2018 legislative proposal AB 717/SB 605 failed to advance through the legislature. In January 2025, Tesla initiated legal action in Milwaukee County Circuit Court seeking authorization to establish four dealerships within the state.

Nebraska

The sale of vehicles directly by manufacturers is forbidden under Nebraska law. In 2018, an effort to amend this regulation was made through the introduction of LB830.[26][27][28] Another legislative attempt, LB51, aimed at the same goal was introduced in 2020 but failed to pass.[29]

In 2023, Tesla established a service center in Lincoln; however, the passage of LB891, proposed by Carolyn Bosn, would mandate its closure if enacted as initially drafted. Currently, discussions are ongoing to create a compromise amendment that would permit the service center to continue operations despite LB891.[30]

Iowa

In Iowa, current statutes forbid automobile manufacturers from owning dealership locations.[31]

Oklahoma

Direct vehicle sales by manufacturers are prohibited under Oklahoma law. An attempt to permit such sales was made with legislation introduced in February 2018,[32] but it did not succeed. Former auto dealer and State Representative Mike Dobrinski has repeatedly sought to broaden this prohibition to include service centers. His efforts culminated in HB2244 passing the Oklahoma House of Representatives on March 21, 2023,[33] although the bill did not receive a vote on the floor of the Oklahoma Senate. Tesla operates two facilities that would have been impacted if this legislation were enacted: one located in Oklahoma City and another in Tulsa. During the 2024 legislative session in Oklahoma, Dobrinski introduced three bills: HB3105,[34] HB3104, and SB2022.[35]

Arkansas

Under Arkansas legislation, manufacturers are barred from owning dealerships. In April 2021, Governor Asa Hutchinson enacted HB1922, which revised the state's franchise regulations to explicitly ban direct leasing by manufacturers.

Connecticut (permits direct leasing)

In Connecticut, while direct sales by manufacturers are prohibited, direct leasing is permitted. Tesla operated a gallery in Greenwich, which was closed following a lawsuit initiated by the Connecticut Automotive Retailers Association. Tesla contested the decision in March 2018 by appealing to continue operating the Greenwich gallery without a dealership license but eventually withdrew the appeal. The gallery ceased operations in March 2019. By December 2019, Tesla began offering leases at their showrooms, enabling customers to take test drives while discussing lease options.

Between 2015 and 2018, multiple legislative proposals were introduced aiming to authorize electric vehicle manufacturers to be licensed as dealers.

In March 2021, Connecticut’s SB-127 (known as the EV Freedom Bill), designed to permit all electric vehicle manufacturers to sell directly to consumers, successfully passed the Transportation Committee and awaited approval from the full state house and senate. The corresponding bill for the 2022 session was Senate Bill 214. This bill received a favorable report from the Transportation Committee on March 14, 2022, with a vote tally of 21 in favor and 14 opposed; however, it did not advance to a floor vote.

In late 2023, Tesla launched a store at the Mohegan Sun casino, leveraging a tribal land exemption similar to that used in New Mexico.

Kentucky (2024 licensor status)

Direct sales by automobile manufacturers are generally prohibited in Kentucky. However, in 2024, Tesla secured a single license to operate at its Louisville site. As of April 2025, Tesla is constructing a retail location in Kentucky, anticipated to be completed by 2025, and maintains a substantial network of charging stations throughout the state. Reports from July 2024 indicate ongoing efforts behind the scenes aimed at enabling direct sales within Kentucky.

Mississippi (limit of one store)

On March 14, 2023, Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves enacted HB401, which prohibits manufacturers from selling electric vehicles directly to consumers. Tesla’s current dealership in Brandon is exempt from this restriction under a "grandfather" clause.

Ohio (cap of three stores)

In December 2013, just before Tesla planned to open its first Ohio location, an amendment was proposed—prompted by the Ohio Automobile Dealers Association—that would have barred Tesla from direct consumer sales in the state. This amendment was withdrawn the following day. Subsequently, a coalition of auto dealers filed a lawsuit seeking to revoke Tesla’s license; however, this case was dismissed within two months. Shortly after, legislation was introduced aiming to prohibit all manufacturers from owning dealerships, not only those with existing franchise agreements. In March 2014, a compromise between Tesla and the Ohio Automobile Dealers Association permitted Tesla to operate up to three stores statewide while restricting other manufacturers from doing so. The Ohio Senate passed this legislation in April.

Maryland (Limit of 4 Stores)

In May 2015, the state of Maryland passed House Bill 235,[36] authorizing Tesla to sell vehicles directly to consumers starting October 2015, while capping the total number of Tesla retail locations statewide at four. This legislation was specifically tailored for Tesla and permits only four manufacturers of electric or alternative-fuel vehicles without existing franchise agreements to obtain licenses for direct public sales.[37][38]

Virginia (Limit of 5 Stores)

Tesla holds a license from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in Virginia for a single direct sales outlet located in Tysons Corner. When Tesla sought approval for a second dealership within the state, the Virginia Automobile Dealers Association initiated legal action in March 2016 against both Tesla and the DMV to block this expansion.[39] By September 2016, the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (VDMV) recommended discontinuing direct sales by Tesla, citing interest from at least eleven dealerships eager to sell Tesla vehicles.[40] However, the VDMV subsequently permitted Tesla to open an additional store in Richmond, given that no competing dealerships exist; the eleven interested dealers would be unable to match Tesla’s fixed pricing model since Tesla maintains uniform prices both online and in-store.[41][42][43] While traditional third-party dealerships might generate profits through vehicle servicing, Tesla already provides these services directly.[43][44] In July 2021, Tesla received authorization from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles to establish three additional stores located in Charlottesville, Norfolk, and Arlington.[45]

New Jersey (Limit of 4 Stores)

On March 10, 2014, it was revealed that the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission along with Governor Chris Christie's administration planned to convene a meeting aimed at enacting a new regulation. This regulation, identified as PRN 2013–138, was announced just one day prior to its implementation. Tesla criticized the proposal, stating it "aims to enforce rigorous licensing requirements that would mandate all new vehicles be sold through intermediaries, effectively barring Tesla's direct-to-consumer sales approach." Furthermore, Tesla contended that "[Governor Christie's] Administration chose to bypass the legislative process by fast-tracking a rule change that would fundamentally alter New Jersey's laws." The legislation was ultimately enacted, resulting in Tesla being prohibited from selling electric vehicles directly in New Jersey starting April 1. Diarmuid O'Connell, Tesla's Vice President of Business Development, expressed concern that the decision was made "without adequate notice or even a public forum." Forbes contributor Mark Rogosky observed that the state's newly adopted regulations serve to shield local auto dealers from competition posed by Tesla's direct sales model. He highlighted the contradiction with Governor Christie's earlier statement advocating for "a free-market environment where success is determined by individual effort and innovation rather than government intervention." In response, Kevin Roberts, spokesperson for Christie's administration, asserted that "it was Tesla Motors attempting to circumvent established procedures, not the governor's office."

In March 2015, legislation was signed permitting manufacturers of zero-emission vehicles to operate up to four retail locations within the state and requiring at least one service center per manufacturer.

During the 2018 legislative session, Senate Bill No. 3493 was introduced proposing an increase in authorized sales outlets to 14 by 2023 while also raising the minimum number of required retail service centers to seven. However, this bill did not advance beyond committee review.

In September 2019, the New Jersey Coalition of Automotive Retailers—the state's auto dealers association—filed a lawsuit against Tesla and state regulators seeking to halt Tesla’s current direct sales practices within New Jersey.

Pennsylvania (Limit of 5 Stores)

In 2014, Pennsylvania passed legislation permitting Tesla to establish up to five retail locations.

New York (5 Store Restriction)

New York prohibited direct vehicle sales in 2014 but allowed five existing Tesla stores to continue operating under a grandfather clause. Besides these five stores, Tesla maintains four additional galleries within the state. In 2018, legislative proposals (Senate bill S6600A and Assembly bill A8248A) aimed to increase the number of permitted Tesla stores; however, these efforts faced opposition from groups such as the Eastern New York Coalition of Automotive Retailers and the Rochester Automobile Dealers Association.

Tesla intends to launch a new store in Canastota, New York, by leveraging a tribal land exemption in partnership with the Oneida Indian Nation, similar to how it opened two outlets in New Mexico on tribal land.

In April 2025, following CEO Elon Musk's involvement with President Donald Trump's administration, several Democratic state legislators introduced a bill seeking to revoke Tesla’s dealership license in New York.

North Carolina (Six Store Cap)

Tesla inaugurated its initial North Carolina location in Raleigh. In 2016, state authorities denied Tesla a dealer license for a second site in Charlotte. A prior legislative attempt to authorize up to six Tesla stores was abandoned in 2017. Subsequently, in July 2019, legislation was enacted allowing Tesla to operate as many as six stores along with an unlimited number of galleries and service centers.

Illinois (Cap of 13 stores)

In 2019, an administrative consent agreement was established involving the Illinois Secretary of State, the Illinois Automobile Dealers Association, and Tesla, permitting Tesla to hold up to thirteen dealer licenses within Illinois.

New Hampshire (Legislation in 2013)

In 2013, New Hampshire enacted a law enabling automobile manufacturers without existing franchise dealerships in the state to sell vehicles directly to consumers.

Minnesota (Interpretation of 2013 Law)

The Minnesota Department of Public Safety determined in 2013 that the state's original dealer statute "does not forbid a manufacturer from obtaining a dealer license in Minnesota." Efforts by the state's dealership association to amend the law to prevent Tesla's direct sales were unsuccessful.

Washington (Statute from 2014)

A 2014 statute in Washington prohibited direct vehicle sales; however, Tesla was exempted under a grandfather clause.

Massachusetts (Court Decision in 2014)

Following nearly two years of litigation with the Massachusetts State Automobile Dealers Association, a September 2014 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court permitted Tesla to initiate direct sales within the state. The court concluded that the statute protects franchise dealers only from misconduct by manufacturers they already represent, and since no franchise dealers marketed Tesla vehicles at that time, the association lacked legal standing to sue.

Missouri (2017 Judicial Decision)

In August 2016, a Missouri circuit court issued a ruling that prohibited direct vehicle sales,[46] which was reaffirmed by the end of December 2016.[47] Early January saw a postponement of enforcement while the Missouri Department of Revenue filed an appeal against the ruling.[48] By December 2017, an appellate court overturned the circuit court's decision, determining that the Missouri Automobile Dealers Association lacked the legal standing to initiate the lawsuit.[49] Despite this, the association continues to support proposed legislation that would grant it the authority to pursue legal action.[50]

Wyoming (Legislative Update in 2017)

Prior to 2017, Wyoming prohibited direct manufacturer sales; however, legislative reforms that year introduced a direct sale manufacturer license.[51][52] The promotion of electric vehicles was viewed as a strategy to encourage utilization of locally mined coal.

Arizona (2017 judicial decision)

Arizona prohibited direct vehicle sales until June 2017, when an administrative law judge determined that the Arizona Department of Transportation had misinterpreted the applicable legislation. This ruling followed Tesla's prolonged legal efforts to challenge the restriction.

Indiana (2017 legislative update)

Indiana permitted a Tesla service center and authorized manufacturer sales for a limited period of 30 months, effectively ending direct Tesla sales by the close of 2017. A proposed bill sought to impose additional limitations, which Tesla opposed. The Roads and Transportation committee approved an amendment that grandfathered Tesla’s operations while continuing to prohibit new direct sales by other automakers.

Rhode Island (2017 statutory interpretation)

In December 2017, Rhode Island granted Tesla a license after DMV attorneys concluded that the prohibition on direct auto sales applied only to manufacturers with franchised dealerships. Tesla commenced direct sales in Warwick in 2019.

Utah (2018 legislative enactment)

On March 21, 2018, Utah Governor Gary Herbert enacted legislation permitting direct sales of non-fossil fuel vehicles within the state for manufacturers lacking existing franchise agreements.

Michigan (2020 legal settlement)

Following a shift in Michigan's executive leadership, on January 22, 2020, Tesla and the state reached a settlement resolving Tesla's 2016 federal lawsuit concerning restrictive state regulations on vehicle sales and service. This settlement permits Tesla to both sell and service vehicles within Michigan. Prior to this agreement, Tesla was prohibited from selling or servicing cars in the state. While Tesla can now deliver vehicles to customers in Michigan, these vehicles must initially be titled outside the state and subsequently retitled after purchase. Direct ownership of service centers by Tesla remains prohibited; however, a fully owned subsidiary of Tesla is allowed to own such service facilities.

Colorado (2020 law change)

In March 2020, Colorado enacted Senate Bill 20–167, which authorized electric vehicle manufacturers that exclusively produce EVs to sell directly within the state. Before this legislative update, Tesla was limited to operating only one store for a decade. A 2010 amendment to Colorado’s dealership regulations removed the term "franchised," effectively closing the loophole Tesla had utilized to open its initial store. The single existing store at that time was permitted under a "grandfather" clause. By April 2023, Tesla had expanded its presence to six stores across Colorado.

Delaware (2023 court ruling)

In May 2023, the Delaware Supreme Court reversed a previous lower court decision that had prohibited Tesla from opening sales locations in the state. The higher court dismissed arguments that Delaware’s franchise laws barred Tesla’s direct sales approach.

Florida (2023 law change)

In June 2023, Florida enacted House Bill 637, instituting a franchise law framework while specifically exempting manufacturers who do not have pre-existing franchise agreements from its provisions.

Surveys

In 2014, Consumer Reports conducted a mystery shopping study involving 19 undercover shoppers visiting 85 dealerships to inquire about electric vehicles. While the majority of these shoppers reported a generally favorable experience, 35 dealerships steered them toward gasoline-powered cars, and 13 explicitly discouraged electric vehicle purchases. Chevrolet dealerships demonstrated the highest level of expertise, whereas Toyota dealerships showed the least knowledge.

Two years later, in 2016, contrasting results emerged from separate shopper surveys comparing Tesla outlets with conventional dealerships. A study by the environmental group Sierra Club revealed that at 14% of traditional dealerships, electric vehicles were not sufficiently charged for test drives, and one-third failed to inform customers about the available $7,500 Federal tax incentives.

Simultaneously, an investigation by industry analyst Pied Piper using mystery shoppers found variability in sales approaches among Tesla retail locations (excluding galleries), with many stores showing hesitance to actively pursue closing sales.

Overall, consumers commonly perceive purchasing a vehicle as a difficult process.

In a follow-up assessment conducted by Sierra Club in May 2019, it was discovered that 74% of dealerships did not carry electric vehicles. Those that did were predominantly situated in states enforcing zero-emission vehicle mandates. Additionally, research from the same year indicated that merely 10% of Americans possess substantial knowledge regarding electric vehicles.

References

  1. ↑ Bodisch, Gerald R. (May 2009). "Economic Effects of State Bans on Direct Manufacturer Sales to Car Buyers". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fehrenbacher, Katie (2016-01-19). "7 reasons why Tesla sells its own cars". Fortune. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  3. ↑ Lafontaine, Francine; Morton, Fiona Scott (2010). "Markets: State Franchise Laws, Dealer Terminations, and the Auto Crisis". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (3): 233–250. doi:10.1257/jep.24.3.233. ISSN 0895-3309.
  4. ↑ McAssey, Pat (2016-10-13). "Volkswagen CEO 'Annoyed Beyond Measure' That DHL Made Electric Van". NESN Fuel. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  5. ↑ Lambert, Fred (2016-02-26). "Tesla is now ~80% vertically integrated, says Goldman Sachs after a Tesla Factory visit". electrek.co. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  6. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Developing Infrastructure to Charge Plug-In Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov. United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  7. ↑ "Press Releases" (Press release). Tesla Motors. 2009-06-04. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  8. ↑ Elon Musk (2012-10-22). "The Tesla Approach to Distributing and Servicing Cars". Tesla Motors. Archived from the original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Road Rules: How Tesla Plans to Change The Way We Buy Cars". Fast Company. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Elon Musk (14 March 2014). "To the People of New Jersey". Tesla. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Elon Musk (26 April 2013). "Creating the World's Best Service and Warranty Program". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  12. ↑ "Tesla Service Center Stats". Tesla Motors Club. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
  13. ↑ To hold an interest in, operate, or control a new motor vehicle dealership, to conduct direct sales or leases of new vehicles to consumers within Alabama, or to own or manage facilities providing warranty or repair services for motor vehicles is prohibited.
  14. ↑ However, the bill failed to advance beyond committee.
  15. ↑ Tesla currently provides mobile servicing within the state despite these restrictions.
  16. ↑ Despite efforts by Tesla owners advocating for legislative change, they remain dependent on Tesla facilities located either on tribal lands or outside state boundaries for sales and maintenance support.
  17. ↑ but it did not progress past the Senate Corporations and Transportation Committee. Similarly, House Bill 294 failed in the House Commerce and Economic Development Committee.
  18. ↑ Before this establishment, Tesla customers in New Mexico primarily relied on mobile repair services.
  19. ↑ "Article 24 of Kansas Statutes". Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  20. ↑ "Lenexa City Council Minutes - April 19, 2022". Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  21. ↑ Meachum, Alex. "Tesla speaks out against La bill". arklatex. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  22. ↑ Dolzer, Mike (7 June 2017). "Tesla hit with new Louisiana law that prohibits direct sales in state". teslarati. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Tesla says new law will prohibit direct sales in Louisiana, June 6, 2017, The Associated Press
  24. ↑ "New Orleans Service Center". April 11, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Tesla loses direct sales lawsuit that aimed to fight stressful carbuying". 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  26. ↑ "Tesla attends Nebraska hearing in support of new bill for direct sales rights". www.teslarati.com. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  27. ↑ Bill would welcome Tesla into Nebraska by allowing direct sale of cars, Lincoln Journal Star, Jan 30, 2018
  28. ↑ Tesla is knocking on Nebraska's door, hoping lawmakers will let it in, Cole Epley, Omaha World-Herald Bureau, Feb 1, 2018
  29. ↑ "Nebraska Legislature - Legislative Document".
  30. ↑ "Tesla opened a service center in Lincoln. Then, by accident, a bill threatened to close it". February 11, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  31. ↑ "Chapter 322 of Iowa Statutes" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  32. ↑ OK SB1560
  33. ↑ http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf_pdf/2023-24%20ENGR/hB/HB2244%20ENGR.PDF Oklahoma House Bill 2244
  34. ↑ "Oklahoma House Bill 3105" (PDF).
  35. ↑ "Contact members of the Oklahoma Legislature in opposition of SB 2022 & HB 3104 today". February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  36. ↑ HB0235, General Assembly of Maryland
  37. ↑ Angelo Young. "Tesla Motors Inc (TSLA) Wins Approval For Direct Car Sales In Maryland, Starting October 1"
  38. ↑ Richard Read. "Tesla Triumphs in Maryland As New Bill Allows Sales at Four Sites: Which State Is Next?". The Car Connection. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
  39. ↑ LeSage, Jon (2016-06-02). "Virginia Dealers Protest Tesla's Retail Store Moves". hybridcars.com. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  40. ↑ "DMV hearing officer rules against Tesla Motors request for Richmond-area dealership". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  41. ↑ "Tesla Wins Right to Open Virginia Store in Win Against Dealers". Bloomberg.com. December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  42. ↑ "Tesla gets green light for second Virginia store". Washington Post. 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Formal Evidentiary Hearing: Tesla Motors, Inc., File No. 2016-001 - Request for a Hearing Pursuant to Va. Code§§ 46.2-1572(4) and 46.2-1573 to be a Dealer Archive Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, November 30, 2016. Excerpt: "Tesla sells its vehicles at consistent prices whether purchased via its website or at its stores. It neither offers 'dealer discounts' nor 'wholesale pricing' to prospective dealerships. Experts from VADA acknowledged that profitability would be very difficult or impossible for dealerships without wholesale pricing." "A 2015 Consumer Reports survey ranked Tesla service centers highest."
  44. ↑ "Independent vs. Dealer Shops for Car Repair". Consumer Reports. 2015-01-22. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-12-02. With few exceptions, independent shops scored highly on key factors unlike many franchised dealers. The sole automaker surpassing independent shops was electric carmaker Tesla, praised for punctual repairs, courtesy, pricing, quality, and overall customer satisfaction.
  45. ↑ "Tesla gets DMV commissioner's nod to open three new stores in Virginia to sell its electric cars". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  46. ↑ "Tesla vows to keep selling cars directly to Missouri consumers". MarketWatch. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  47. ↑ Brown, Lisa (2016-12-30). "Tesla's license to sell cars in Missouri expiring". stltoday.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-12-30. a single entity may not manufacture vehicles for sale in Missouri and possess a Missouri new motor vehicle dealer license
  48. ↑ Feldt, Brian (2017-01-05). "Appeals court rules on Tesla sales in Missouri". Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  49. ↑ Missouri Appeals Court Hands Win To Electric Car Maker Tesla, KCUR, 5 Dec 2017
  50. ↑ Auto dealers renew fight against Tesla in Jefferson City, Brian Feldt St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Mar 2, 2018
  51. ↑ Legislature passes a bill that would allow Tesla to open showroom, service shop in Wyoming, Casper Star Tribune
  52. ↑ "Plural". pluralpolicy.com.

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