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Westland Lysander

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Westland Aircraft
IndustryAerospace
Founded1935
Headquarters
Yeovil
,
United Kingdom
ProductsAircraft, including the Westland Lysander


Template:Infobox aircraft

The Westland Lysander was a British-built army co-operation and liaison aircraft developed by Westland Aircraft that saw service immediately prior to and during the Second World War.

Once it became outdated for its original army co-operation role, the Lysander’s excellent short takeoff and landing capabilities allowed it to perform covert operations from small, makeshift airstrips behind enemy lines, notably in occupied France, where it supported the French Resistance by inserting or extracting agents. In keeping with the Royal Air Force tradition of naming army co-operation aircraft after legendary or historical military commanders, this model was named after the Spartan admiral Lysander.

Design and development

In 1934, the Air Ministry issued Specification A.39/34 seeking a new army co-operation aircraft to succeed the Hawker Hector. Initially, design proposals were requested from Hawker Aircraft, Avro, and Bristol, but following internal discussions, Westland was also invited to submit a design. The Westland entry, known internally as P.8, was created by Arthur Davenport under the leadership of "Teddy" Petter. This was Petter’s second aircraft design, and he conducted extensive interviews with Royal Air Force pilots to determine their operational needs for such an aircraft. The army required a tactical reconnaissance plane capable of photographic observation and artillery spotting in daylight conditions up to approximately 15,000 yards (14 km) behind enemy front lines. Feedback from pilots highlighted the importance of excellent visibility, favourable low-speed handling, and superior short-field performance.

File:Westland Lysander-B-MA.jpg
Westland Lysander Mk.III (SD) painted in full black camouflage scheme used for special night operations into occupied France during WWII

Davenport and Petter incorporated these requirements into their design. The Lysander featured a high-wing configuration powered by a Bristol Mercury air-cooled radial engine. The fixed conventional landing gear was mounted on an innovative inverted U-shaped square-section tubular structure that supported the wing struts at its apex and concealed internal springs for the faired wheels. The large streamlined wheel spats housed mounts for Browning machine guns and fittings for detachable stub wings capable of carrying light bombs or supply containers.[1] The wings exhibited a reverse taper near the root giving an impression similar to a bent gull wing from certain perspectives, although their spars remained straight. The wing structure used girder construction faired with lightweight wooden stringers to achieve an aerodynamic profile. The forward fuselage framework consisted of duralumin tubing joined with brackets and plates, while the rear fuselage employed welded stainless steel tubes. Instead of shaping from sheet steel, plates and brackets were cut from channel extrusions; similarly, the front spar and lift struts were formed from extrusions. Fabric covered the wings which were thickest at the strut attachment points, akin to later versions of the high-winged Stinson Reliant transport monoplane.

Despite its somewhat unusual appearance, the Lysander was aerodynamically sophisticated, equipped with fully automatic leading-edge slats and slotted flaps along with a variable incidence tailplane.[2] These features contributed to a remarkably low stalling speed of just 65 mph (56 kn; 105 km/h).[3] The tubular structure supporting wings and wheels was at that time the largest Elektron alloy extrusion ever produced. Due to manufacturing challenges with such large extrusions, Canadian-built models used a conventionally fabricated assembly instead. The Air Ministry ordered two prototypes each of Westland’s P.8 and Bristol’s competing Type 148 designs but quickly selected Westland’s aircraft for production with a contract awarded in September 1936.

The Lysander’s high-lift devices provided exceptional short takeoff and landing (STOL) abilities highly valued by Special Duties pilots such as Squadron Leader Hugh Verity. Its wings featured automatic slats that extended from the leading edge as airspeed dropped toward stall speed; these slats controlled automatic flaps as well. This system greatly simplified slow-speed flight, allowing pilots to land the Lysander almost as gently as descending an escalator.[4] The inboard slats were linked mechanically to both flaps and an air damper located on the port wing which regulated slat operation speed. Outboard slats operated independently with individual air dampers. During a typical approach, inboard slats and flaps began deploying when airspeed fell to roughly 85 mph (74 kn; 137 km/h), reaching about halfway deployment at 80 mph (70 kn; 130 km/h). Pilots could lock flaps down once extended using a control lever.[5]

United Kingdom

File:Westland Lysander - Madagascar WWII.jpg
Lysander Mk.IIIAs from No. 1433 Flight RAF, flying over Madagascar in December 1942

The Lysander first entered squadron service in June 1938, primarily supporting army cooperation tasks such as message delivery and artillery spotting. By the outbreak of war in Europe, most of the initial Mk.I models had been superseded by Mk.IIs, with the older variants being redeployed to the Middle East. Some of these aircraft, redesignated as type L.1, were employed by the Chindits of the British Indian Army during the Burma Campaign in World War II.[6]

In October 1939, four regular squadrons outfitted with Lysanders accompanied the British Expeditionary Force to France, with an additional squadron joining early in 1940. After the German invasion of France and the Low Countries commenced on 10 May 1940, Lysanders were deployed as spotters and light bombers. Despite occasional successes against German aircraft, they remained vulnerable targets for the Luftwaffe, even when escorted by Hurricanes.[7][8] Following withdrawal during the Dunkirk evacuation, Lysanders continued supply drops to Allied troops from English bases; a notable mission to deliver supplies to forces trapped at Calais resulted in the loss of 14 out of 16 Lysanders and Hectors deployed. A total of 118 Lysanders were lost over France and Belgium between May and June 1940 from a deployment strength of 175.[8][9]

The collapse of France revealed the Lysander's inadequacy for coastal patrol and army cooperation roles. Air Marshal Arthur Barratt, commander-in-chief of British Air Forces in France, criticized it as "quite unsuited to the task; a faster, less vulnerable aircraft was required."[10] Army AOP pilots also regarded the Lysander as too swift for effective artillery observation yet too slow and unwieldy to evade enemy fighters; its size hindered rapid concealment on landing strips, and its weight limited operations on soft terrain. They noted it was designed without consultation with army requirements.[11] Nevertheless, throughout late 1940, Lysanders conducted dawn and dusk coastal patrols[12] and were assigned roles in defending against a potential British invasion (Operation Sealion) by attacking landing beaches with light bombs and machine guns.[13] From 1941 onwards, camera-equipped fighters such as the Curtiss Tomahawk and North American Mustang replaced Lysanders in home-based reconnaissance roles while lighter aircraft like the Taylorcraft Auster took over artillery direction duties.[14] Additionally, some Lysanders stationed in the UK were adapted for air-sea rescue missions, delivering dinghies to RAF aircrew downed in the English Channel.[15] This role led to the formation of fourteen dedicated squadrons and flights during 1940 and 1941.

In India, Nos. 20 and 28 Squadrons operated Westland Lysanders in a non-operational capacity under No. 221 Group RAF, fulfilling army cooperation functions from bases at Jamshedpur and Ranchi, respectively, as of July 1, 1942.[16]

Special duties

File:Royal Air Force- Italy,the Balkans and South-east Europe, 1942-1945. CNA3132.jpg
Lysander operating in Italy, evacuating an American OSS officer

In August 1941, No. 138 (Special Duties) Squadron was established to conduct operations for the Special Operations Executive, aiming to sustain covert communication with the French Resistance.[1] The squadron included Lysander Mk.IIIs, which performed flights into occupied France, landing behind enemy lines. While general supply drops were assigned to other aircraft within No. 138 Squadron, the Lysanders specialized in inserting and extracting agents from the continent, as well as rescuing Allied airmen who had evaded capture after being downed in hostile territory. To facilitate this role, the Mk.III models were equipped with a fixed ladder on the port side for quick access to the rear cockpit and carried a large external drop tank beneath the fuselage. To enhance stealth during missions, Lysanders were painted entirely in matte black—early versions featured brown and green camouflage on upper surfaces, followed by later variants with grey-green tones. Operations were typically conducted within a week of a full moon, as moonlight was critical for navigation. These special duties continued until France’s liberation in 1944.

The Lysanders operated from bases such as Newmarket in Suffolk and later Tempsford in Bedfordshire, frequently stopping at standard RAF airfields like RAF Tangmere to refuel before crossing enemy lines. Pilots navigated using only maps and compasses, landing on short improvised runways marked by four or five torches in fields. Alternatively, agents would disembark by stepping out at very low altitude while wearing specially padded suits and then rolling safely to a halt on the ground.[17]Template:Page needed Although initially designed to carry a single passenger behind the pilot, the Mk III (SD) variant was adapted by the SOE to accommodate up to three passengers when urgent circumstances demanded it. This modification included a rear-facing bench seating two passengers with storage underneath and an additional shelf at the back of the compartment that could serve as seating for a third occupant.[18]

Pilots from No. 138 Squadron and from early 1942 also those of No. 161 Squadron successfully delivered 101 agents into German-controlled Europe and extracted 128 agents back.[19]Template:Page needed The Germans had limited knowledge of this British aircraft type but sought to acquire one for examination. In March 1942, they captured an intact Lysander after its pilot failed to destroy it following a crash; however, the aircraft was destroyed when a train collided with the vehicle transporting it.[20]

In Southeast Asia from 1944 onwards, No. 357 Squadron RAF operated six SD Lysanders as part of C Flight to deploy agents supporting the Fourteenth Army campaign in Burma.[21]

Beyond special operations roles, Lysanders also served as target-towing platforms and communication aircraft. Two units (T1443 and T1739) were transferred to the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) for training purposes, while eighteen were utilized by the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm. The entire British Lysander fleet was retired from active service in 1946.

Free French

The Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres (FAFL), or Free French Air Force, incorporated the Lysander when the Groupe Mixte de Combat (GMC) 1 was established at RAF Odiham on 29 August 1940. This unit was deployed to French North-West Africa with the mission of persuading territories such as Gabon, Cameroon, and Chad, which remained loyal to Vichy France, to support the Gaullist resistance against the Axis powers. Additionally, they were tasked with targeting Italian ground forces stationed in Libya. Distinct from the Vichy French Air Force, all FAFL Lysanders bore the Cross of Lorraine emblem on their fuselage and wings instead of the traditional French tricolour roundel dating back to 1914. Primarily utilized for reconnaissance, these aircraft also occasionally conducted offensive operations. In total, the FAFL operated 24 Lysanders.

Canada

File:RCAF Lysander II no. 418 in early silver scheme.jpg
110 (AC) Squadron RCAF Lysander II in silver delivery scheme at RCAF Station Rockcliffe
File:Westland Lysander IIT target tug 1557 of No.3 OTU RCAF, Patricia Bay, BC, February 1944.jpg
Lysander II.T target tug featuring black and yellow stripes

Canada received 104 British-manufactured Lysanders, which supplemented the 225 units produced under licence by National Steel Car in Malton, Ontario (near Toronto). Production commenced in October 1938 with the first flight taking place in August 1939. The RCAF employed Lysanders chiefly for Army Co-operation, marking a significant advancement over the outdated Westland Wapiti, a design dating back to 1916. Initial training occurred at RCAF Station Rockcliffe near Ottawa, Ontario, where No. 123 Squadron operated an army co-operation school. Canadian squadrons involved in training with Lysanders included 2 Squadron, 110 Squadron (which later became 400 Squadron overseas), and No. 112 Squadron RCAF.

Overseas, 414 Squadron was formed and joined forces with 110 and 112 Squadrons flying Lysanders. Before deployment abroad, 2 Squadron was disbanded and its personnel redistributed to bolster the numbers of 110 and 112 Squadrons to full wartime strength; subsequently, 2 Squadron reformed in England as a Hurricane unit under the designation 402 Squadron. Thus, three squadrons were prepared for operations against the Axis powers. Although the British victory in the Battle of Britain prevented Operation Sea Lion, Germany’s proposed invasion of Great Britain, heavy losses of RAF Lysanders during the Battle of France led to cancellation of any planned cross-channel offensive missions using these aircraft. Nevertheless, Canadian squadrons continued training on Lysanders until more suitable replacements became available.

Active operational use of Lysanders by Canadian units was limited to 118 Squadron and No. 122 Squadron RCAF—118 operating out of Saint John, New Brunswick, and 122 conducting anti-submarine patrols and search-and-rescue missions at various sites on Vancouver Island. Concurrently, No. 121 Squadron RCAF along with several Operational Training Units (OTUs) utilized Lysanders painted in a distinctive yellow-and-black striped high-visibility pattern for target towing duties.

During a brief interval in 1940 when all available Hurricane fighters had been dispatched overseas for the Battle of Britain, leaving Canada without modern fighters at home, two RCAF squadrons equipped with Lysanders—originally intended to convert to fighter aircraft—were redesignated as operational fighter units despite lacking appropriate aircraft. In June 1940, 111 Squadron, previously a coastal artillery unit that had transitioned from Avro trainers to Lysanders and reclassified as an army co-operation squadron, was again redesignated as a fighter squadron—the sole one on Canada’s west coast. Similarly, Lysander-equipped 118 Squadron was also converted to a fighter squadron designation. Although the Lysander was incapable of fulfilling fighter roles and neither squadron engaged in combat while operating these aircraft in that capacity, this reclassification allowed RCAF fighter pilots to maintain proficiency during a critical period prior to receiving proper fighter planes. No. 118 Squadron was disbanded in September 1940 but reformed in December equipped with fifteen obsolete Grumman Goblin fighters produced by Canadian Car and Foundry. Both 111 and 118 Squadrons soon transitioned to the Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk, ending the brief tenure of Lysanders within fighter squadrons. By late 1944, all Canadian Lysanders had been retired from flying service.

International Operators

The Lysander was also exported to several other nations. The Finnish Air Force acquired four Mk.I and nine Mk.III variants, while the Irish Air Corps received six Mk.II models. The Turkish Air Force was supplied with 36 Mk.IIs, and the Portuguese Air Force took delivery of eight Mk.IIIA aircraft. Additionally, the United States Army Air Forces operated 25 Lysanders, and the Indian Air Force obtained 22 units. Notably, No. 1 Squadron of the Royal Egyptian Air Force was equipped with 20 Lysanders. These Egyptian aircraft were among the last to be actively deployed, participating in combat during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

Civilian Applications

Following the conclusion of hostilities, surplus Lysanders formerly used by the Royal Canadian Air Force found new roles as agricultural aircraft with Westland Dusting Service in Alberta and other parts of western Canada. Two of these planes were preserved as part of Lynn Garrison's collection for exhibition in Calgary, Alberta.

Manufacturing

In total, production of the Lysander reached 1,786 units. Of these, 225 were constructed under licence by National Steel Car at their Malton facility near Toronto, Ontario, Canada between 1938 and 1939.

Models and Variants

File:Lysander2.jpg
Lysander IIIA displayed at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center close to Washington D.C.
Lysander Mk.I
Equipped with an 890 hp (660 kW) Bristol Mercury XII radial piston engine. Armament included two forward-firing 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns housed in the wheel fairings and a single pintle-mounted 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis or Vickers K machine gun in the rear cockpit. Optional stub wings attached to the spats could carry up to 500 lb (230 kg) of bombs, with an additional four 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs mounted beneath the rear fuselage.
Lysander TT Mk.I
Target tug conversions based on the Lysander Mk.I airframe.
Lysander Mk.II
Powered by a 905 hp (675 kW) Bristol Perseus XII sleeve valve radial engine.
Lysander TT Mk.II
Target tug adaptations derived from the Mk.II model.
Lysander Mk.III
Fitted with a 870 hp (650 kW) Bristol Mercury XX or 30 radial engine; 350 units delivered from July 1940 onward. Rear cockpit featured twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns.
Lysander Mk.IIIA
Similar to the Mk.I but equipped with a Mercury 20 engine and twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis guns positioned in the rear cockpit.
Lysander Mk.III SCW (Special Contract Westland)
Designed specifically for covert missions, this variant lacked armament but included a long-range 150-gallon fuel tank and a fixed external ladder.
Lysander TT Mk.III
Target tug conversions encompassing Mk.I, Mk.II, and Mk.III versions.
Lysander TT Mk.IIIA
A series of 100 purpose-built target tug aircraft.
P.12 Delanne Lysander
Known also as Lysander Mk.V or Wendover,[22] this was a modification of the prototype K6127 featuring a Delanne-style tandem rear wing designed to accommodate a four-gun power-operated tail turret. According to trials conducted at Boscombe Down by A&AEE: "The concept was an experiment aimed at determining whether effective rear defense on small aircraft could be achieved without compromising flight characteristics."[23] The installation of a dorsal Boulton Paul turret had been considered but concerns over shifting the center of gravity rearward prompted exploration of a Delanne tailplane that provided half of the lift and allowed for a broad center-of-gravity range. Petter and Harald Penrose consulted Maurice Delanne, leading Penrose to pilot the Delanne 20T in spring 1940, after which Petter developed a design incorporating a wider constant cross-section rear fuselage with low-mounted tail surfaces featuring twin fins instead of a central fin—this configuration created space for a gun turret just behind the rear wing. Although Frazer Nash and Boulton-Paul turrets were evaluated, only an unpowered ballasted mock-up was installed for testing purposes; the main wing and forward fuselage remained unchanged.[24][25]
"Pregnant Perch"
A modification of L6473 fitted with a ventral gun position that caused a bulging belly fuselage intended for beach strafing operations. In June 1940 testing was cut short due to engine failure resulting in an emergency landing where the aircraft came to rest nose-down in a ditch.[26][24][lower-alpha 1] In that same year, K6127 was trialed with two 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons mounted atop its wheel fairings after removing stub wings; this armament was intended for countering invasion barges during Operation Sealion.[28]

Operators

Main article: List of Westland Lysander operators

Surviving aircraft

File:Lysander 4.JPG
Lysander Mk.III operated by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario
File:Westland-Lysander-Shuttleworth-2009.jpg
Lysander from the Shuttleworth Collection displayed at an airshow

Preserved Lysanders can be found in museums across Canada, the UK, the US, Belgium, and other locations.

  • Lysander IIIA exhibited statically at the Indian Air Force Museum in Palam, Delhi. Originally RCAF 1589, it is displayed with inaccurate markings. This aircraft may be the one Canada exchanged for a B-24 Liberator bomber in the late 1960s.
  • RCAF 2349 – A Lysander III presented at the Canadian Museum of Flight in Langley, British Columbia. It is shown without most of its fabric skin. Restored for Expo 86 in Vancouver, its wings were sourced from Cliff Douglas in Coutenay, B.C., and the fuselage was located in the Prairies. The initial fuselage was lost during transport to British Columbia due to a vehicle accident; a replacement was acquired.
  • RCAF 2363 – Lysander IIIA undergoing restoration to flying condition at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario. It completed its first post-restoration flight shortly before the museum's Flyfest event on 20–21 June 2009. The aircraft sports a yellow and black 'bumblebee' livery typical of target tug planes.
  • RCAF 2365 – A flying Lysander IIIA maintained by Vintage Wings of Canada located in Gatineau, Quebec. Painted with No. 400 "City of Toronto" RCAF Squadron insignia and finished in silver doped fabric with serial number 416. Following comprehensive restoration, it returned to flight on 18 June 2010.
  • RCAF 2442 – Lysander IIIA acquired by The Fighter Collection at Duxford, UK in December 2024.
  • RCAF 2445 – Lysander IIIA currently held in storage at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum situated in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.
  • T1562 or V9562 – Lysander TT III displayed statically at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels. Formerly registered as OO-SOP, it underwent restoration between 1983 and 1988 and again by December 2010 after a forced landing incident.
  • R9125 – Lysander III exhibited at the Royal Air Force Museum London. Painted in early war brown and green temperate land camouflage with markings JR-M R9125 from No. 225 Squadron RAF.
  • V9552 – As of 2019, this Lysander is airworthy within The Shuttleworth Collection, based at Old Warden, Bedfordshire, UK. It is presented in an all-black paint scheme representing Special Duties aircraft of No.161 Squadron RAF bearing serial V9367, associated with Pilot Officer Peter Vaughan-Fowler, DSO, DFC and bar, AFC.
  • V9312 – Restored to flight by the Aircraft Restoration Company at Imperial War Museum Duxford, this Westland-built Lysander first flew again in August 2018 after being grounded since 1944. It carries the colors of No. 225 Squadron RAF, with whom it served during wartime. Certification for carrying paying passengers is reportedly underway.
  • Lysander III on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa. This airframe is a composite restored from three different aircraft as part of an RCAF centennial project in 1967 and is painted in early war temperate land camouflage (dark earth and dark green over sky).
  • RCAF 2346 – Lysander IIIA shown statically at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, part of the National Air and Space Museum near Chantilly, Virginia. It features a night finish with grey and green upper surfaces and bears markings AC-B N7791 from No. 138 Squadron RAF, notable for espionage missions during WWII.
  • Lysander IIIA exhibited at Imperial War Museum Duxford painted as MA-J V9673, flown by Hugh Verity of No. 161 Squadron RAF.
  • Lysander IIIA on display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida, loaned from the Fantasy of Flight collection based in Polk City, Florida. It wears a temperate sea scheme (extra dark sea grey and dark slate grey over sky) with markings BA-C serial V9545. Previously owned by Wessex Aviation and Transport.

In popular culture

In 1963, BBC TV aired a drama series titled Moonstrike, which depicted the deployment of secret SOE agents into Nazi-occupied France. The premiere episode included a detailed reenactment of a standard Lysander mission.

Specifications (Lysander Mk.III)

File:Westland Lysander.png
Diagram of the Lysander Mk.I, accompanied by an additional side profile of the Mk.III (SD) variant used for covert missions

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ The landing was executed uphill while avoiding overhead power lines.[27]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Flight 1938 p. 572
  3. ↑ Taylor 1969, p. 443.
  4. ↑ Verity 1978 p. 15
  5. ↑ Wake-Walker 2014 p. 64
  6. ↑ Masters, John. The Road Past Mandalay. London: Bengal-Rockland, 1961. ISBN 0-304-36157-7.
  7. ↑ Air International, January 1984, pp. 26–27.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 March 1998, p. 243.
  9. ↑ James 1991, p. 247.
  10. ↑ Air International January 1984, p. 27.
  11. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ↑ Rickard, J. "No. 613 Squadron (RAF): Second World War", HistoryOfWar.org, 6 April 2012.
  13. ↑ "RAF Museum: Westland Lysander III." Archived 3 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force Museum, 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Air International February 1984, p. 81.
  15. ↑ Air International February 1984, p. 82.
  16. ↑ Air Historical Branch, R.A.F. Narrative (First Draft), The Campaigns in the Far East, Volume III, India Command, September 1939 to November 1943, Appendix 2, 167..
  17. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Gunston, Bill. Classic World War II Aircraft Cutaways. London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-526-8.
  20. ↑ Breuer 2000, pp. 135–137.
  21. ↑ Mason, Profile 146
  22. ↑ William Green, "Design Diversity Part I," Air Pictorial, 1949
  23. ↑ Philip Jarrett, "Nothing Ventured...", Aeroplane Monthly, June 1990
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 James, 1991, p.244
  25. ↑ Bowers 1984 pp. 34–35
  26. ↑ James 1991 pp. 243–244
  27. ↑ Mason (1967) p11
  28. ↑ Mason, 1967, p.11

Bibliography

  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Breuer, William B. Top Secret Tales of World War II. New York: Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0-471-35382-5.
  • Donald, David and Jon Lake, editors. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-880588-24-2.
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  • Griffiths, Frank. Winged Hours. London: William Kimber, 1981. ISBN 0-7183-0128-5.
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  • James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-847-X.
  • James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd, 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2772-5.
  • Kightly, James. Westland Lysander. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2006. ISBN 83-917178-4-4.
  • Kostenuk, Samuel and John Griffin. RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft: 1924–1968. Toronto, Ontario: Samuel Stevens Hakkert & Company, 1977. ISBN 0-88866-577-6.
  • March, Daniel J. British Warplanes of World War II. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  • Ovčáčík, Michal and Karel Susa. Westland Lysander Mks.I, II, III/IIIA, III(SD)/IIIA(SD), TT Mks. I, II, III. Prague, Czech Republic: Mark 1 Ltd., 1999. ISBN 80-902559-1-4.
  • Robertson, Bruce. Lysander Special. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-7110-0764-0.
  • "Some talk of Alexander..." Part 1. Air International, January 1984, Vol. 26, No. 1. Template:ISSN. pp. 21–28.
  • "Some talk of Alexander" Part 2. Air International, February 1984, Vol. 26, No. 2. Template:ISSN. pp. 80–87.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Taylor, John W.R. "Westland Lysander." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
  • Verity, Hugh. We Landed by Moonlight. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1978. ISBN 0-7110-0886-8.
  • Wake-Walker, Edward. Westland Lysander: Owners' Workshop Manual. Yeovil: Haynes Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-0-85733-395-7.

External links

Template:Westland aircraft Template:Aircraft manufactured in Canada Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 159: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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