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Yakovlev Yak-9

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Yakovlev Yak-9
Company typeFighter aircraft
IndustryAerospace
PredecessorYakovlev Yak-7B
Founded1942
Headquarters
Soviet Union
ProductsMilitary aircraft


Template:Infobox aircraft

The Yakovlev Yak-9 (Russian: Яковлев Як-9; NATO reporting name: Frank) is a single-seat, single-engine multipurpose fighter aircraft that served the Soviet Union and its allies throughout World War II and into the early stages of the Cold War. It evolved from the sturdy and effective Yakovlev Yak-7B, itself derived from the tandem-seat advanced trainer Yak-7UTI. The Yak-9 entered service with Soviet fighter units in late 1942 and was instrumental in regaining air dominance against the Luftwaffe’s advanced fighters such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 during the summer 1943 Battle of Kursk.

Featuring a lowered rear fuselage and a clear canopy for improved visibility, the Yak-9’s lighter metal frame allowed for greater fuel capacity and enhanced armament compared to earlier wooden designs. It combined excellent maneuverability at low to medium altitudes with straightforward handling characteristics, contributing to its status as one of the most extensively manufactured Soviet fighters of the war. Various versions were produced, including the Yak-9T equipped with a 37 mm (1.5 in) cannon, the heavy-hitting Yak-9K fitted with a 45 mm (1.8 in) cannon firing through the propeller hub designed for anti-armor roles, the fighter-bomber Yak-9B featuring an internal bomb bay capable of carrying up to 400 kg (880 lb) of ordnance, long-range escort variants like the Yak-9D and Yak-9DD with additional wing fuel tanks, and the Yak-9U which incorporated a more powerful engine alongside aerodynamic improvements. Production spanned from 1942 until 1948, resulting in a total of 16,769 units manufactured, with 14,579 built during wartime.

Following World War II, the Yak-9 also saw combat service with the North Korean Air Force during the Korean War.

Design and development

The Yak-9 was an evolution of the highly successful Yakovlev Yak-7 fighter, which itself was derived from the lighter Yak-7DI model, incorporating extensive combat insights gained from its predecessor. The increased accessibility of duralumin enabled a lighter airframe, allowing for numerous alterations to the original design. Various Yak-9 models featured two distinct wing types, five different engines, six fuel tank arrangements, and seven armament setups.

Yak-9U

By December 1943, the newly designed airframe designated Yak-9U was equipped with the more powerful M-107A engine, replacing the earlier VK-105PF. This engine installation introduced individual streamlined exhaust stacks. The oil cooler intake was relocated from under the nose to the left wing root, while the radiator bath was enlarged and shifted aft beneath the fuselage. The supercharger intake was positioned centrally on top of the engine cowling. The rear antenna cable was enclosed within an extended rear canopy to enhance rearward visibility for the pilot; simultaneously, the rear fuselage was lowered and the horizontal tail surfaces slightly reduced. Both wing and fuselage structures were constructed of metal and covered with Bakelite. Typically, the Yak-9U carried a 20 mm ShVAK cannon firing through the hollow propeller shaft and two 12.7 mm Berezin UB machine guns.

State acceptance trials conducted from January to April 1944 demonstrated that the Yak-9U outperformed other fighters on the Eastern Front at 6,000 m (20,000 ft) altitude. Unlike the I-185, it exhibited stability and ease of handling. Nevertheless, the M-107A engine suffered from issues inherited from the VK-105PF, such as overheating, oil leaks, loss of pressure during climbs, frequent spark plug failures, and severe vibrations that fatigued assembly bolts, resulting in a limited engine lifespan. Due to these shortcomings, initial production batches beginning in April 1944 reverted to using the more dependable M-105 PF-3 engine. Additional modifications included increasing fuel capacity to 400 L (88 imp gal; 110 US gal), shifting the wings forward by 9.9 cm (3.9 in) for balance, and replacing the VIsh-107LO propeller with the older VIsh-105S model. Production reached a total of 1,134 units by December 1944.

Second World War

File:Истребители Як-9Д над Севастополем (6).jpg
Yak-9Ds of the 6th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet flying over Sevastopol, May 1944

The Yak-9 entered operational service in October 1942 and engaged in combat within that same year. It was deployed with a variety of weapon configurations tailored for roles including anti-tank missions, light bombing, and long-range escort duties. Primarily operating at low altitudes, where it excelled in maneuverability compared to the Bf 109, successive enhancements in both performance and armament did not compromise its handling qualities. Soviet aviators considered its capabilities comparable to those of the Bf 109G and Fw 190A-3/A-4 models. During the initial phase of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Yak-9 pilots underperformed against Luftwaffe forces largely due to inadequate training; however, by the time of the Battle of Stalingrad, their effectiveness had markedly improved. Following the Battle of Smolensk in late 1943, the distinguished Free French Normandie-Niémen squadron expanded into a Groupe and was equipped with Yak-9 fighters.

File:Истребители Як-9Т на аэродроме Порт-Артура.jpg
A line-up of Yak-9Ts stationed at Port Arthur, China after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, September 1945

The first unit to operate the Yak-9U was the 163rd Fighter Aviation Regiment (163.IAP) between October 25 and December 25, 1944. Pilots were instructed to avoid using combat power settings on their engines due to drastically reduced engine lifespan—only two or three flights at full power were sustainable. Despite this limitation, over 398 sorties flown by this unit resulted in claims of 27 Focke-Wulf Fw 190As and one Bf 109G-2 shot down while losing two Yaks in dogfights, one due to anti-aircraft fire, and four from accidents. The Yak-9U played a significant role in securing Soviet air superiority; German pilots learned to evade encounters with Yaks lacking antenna masts.

A substantial number of Yak-9DD variants were deployed to Bari (the capital of Apulia, Italy) to support Yugoslav Partisans fighting in the Balkans.

Among top-scoring pilots flying this aircraft was First Lieutenant A.I. Vybornov, who piloted a Type-T variant armed with a 37 mm NS-37 cannon mounted in the nose. He achieved 19 confirmed aerial victories plus nine shared kills and received the Gold Star Medal as a Hero of the Soviet Union in June 1945. On March 22, 1945, Lieutenant L.I. Sivko from the 812th IAP scored a kill against a Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter but was shortly thereafter killed by another Me 262—likely flown by Franz Schall, one of Germany’s leading jet aces.

Loss rates among fighter units equipped with Yak-9s were below average; out of approximately 2,550 aircraft produced by late 1943, only about 383 were lost during combat operations.

Post-war period

File:Damaged North Korean Yak-9 at Kimpo.jpg
A North Korean Yak-9P, damaged, at Kimpo Air Base, September 1950

At the onset of the Cold War, Yak-9 fighters frequently intercepted flights operated by the U.S., British, and French within the air corridors leading to West Berlin. During the Berlin Blockade, these aircraft actively disrupted the U.S. Air Force and Royal Air Force airlift operations.[1][2]

In 1949, following the West Berlin blockade, the Soviet Union supplied surplus Yak-9P (VK-107) fighters to several Eastern Bloc satellite nations to assist in rebuilding their air forces. A critical section of the aircraft’s operating manual was mistakenly omitted during translation from Russian into various languages: pilots were required to manually crank a small oil pump located in the cockpit 25 times before engine start to ensure initial lubrication of the Klimov V12 engine. This procedure differed from World War II German and Western fighters, which used forced closed-cycle lubrication systems. Neglecting this essential step frequently led to engine seizure incidents during takeoff and early climb phases, resulting in multiple fatal accidents throughout 1950.[3]

That same year, the Soviet Union delivered 42 Yak-9P fighters, 12 older Yak-9s, and 9 Yak-9V trainers to the Korean People's Army Air Force. Due to losses incurred from inexperienced North Korean pilots, an additional shipment of approximately two dozen Yak-9s—including six two-seat trainers—was sent in early 1950.[3] By the outbreak of the Korean War, North Korea's air force possessed a total of 79 Yak-9 aircraft.[4]

Variants

File:Yakovlev Yak-9UM, Private JP7210026.jpg
Private Yak-9U
File:YaK-9 MAAM.jpg
Replica Yak-9 taking off at a World War II airshow in Reading, Pennsylvania
File:PL MWP Yak-9P.JPG
Yak-9 bearing Polish insignia

The Yakovlev OKB developed 22 distinct variants of the Yak-9 series, with 15 entering mass production. Key models include:

Yak-9

The initial production type powered by a Klimov M-105PF engine rated at 930 kW (1,250 hp), equipped with one 20 mm (0.79 in) ShVAK cannon carrying 120 rounds and one 12.7 mm (0.50 in) UBS machine gun with 200 rounds.

Yak-9 (M-106)

A prototype fitted with a more powerful Klimov M-106-1SK engine delivering 1,007 kW (1,350 hp), which did not proceed to production due to engine reliability issues.

Yak-9T

This variant replaced the 20 mm (0.79 in) ShVAK cannon with a larger 37 mm (1.5 in) Nudelman-Suranov NS-37 cannon loaded with 30 rounds. To balance the heavier nose, the cockpit was shifted rearward by 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in). Early prototypes suffered from poor quality control causing oil and coolant leaks triggered by cannon recoil.[5] Due to strong recoil and limited ammunition capacity, pilots had to fire brief two or three round bursts accurately. The Yak-9T was extensively employed against naval targets in the Black Sea and armored vehicles—its cannon could penetrate armor up to 40 mm (1.6 in) at 500 m (1,600 ft)—and proved effective against aircraft, where a single hit was typically devastating. Its constant altitude turn time ranged between 18 and 19 seconds. A total of 2,748 units were produced.[6]

File:Yakovlev Yak-9 and Yak-9T side-view silhouettes.png
Side profiles comparing early Yak-9 and Yak-9T variants
Yak-9K

Derived from the Yak-9T, this model mounted a powerful 45 mm (1.8 in) Nudelman-Suranov NS-45 cannon with 29 rounds and featured a distinctive muzzle brake designed to counteract heavy recoil. Firing below speeds of 350 km/h (220 mph) caused severe control difficulties and pilot discomfort due to violent cockpit movement; however, accurate targeting was achievable at higher speeds using short bursts. The recoil also resulted in frequent oil and coolant leaks. The substantial cannon weight significantly impaired performance at higher altitudes, relegating these aircraft mostly to heavy fighter roles requiring escort by lighter fighters like the Yak-3. Limited deployment occurred due to NS-45 reliability problems and performance degradation caused by both the cannon's weight and larger fuel tanks; additionally, fewer German bombers reduced operational demand.

File:Yak-9Landing.jpg
Yak-9 Racer
Yak-9D

A long-range adaptation featuring increased fuel capacity from 440[convert: needs unit name] to 650[convert: needs unit name] liters, extending maximum range up to 1,400[convert: needs unit name] km. However, its operational effectiveness on extended missions was constrained by absence of radio navigation aids; consequently, many were utilized as short-range interceptors with fuel confined to inner wing tanks. The time required for a full turn was approximately 19–20 seconds with a firing weight of around 2[convert: needs unit name] kg/s.

Yak-9TD

Based on the Yak-9D but armed with an NS-37 cannon and provisioned for carrying four 50[convert: needs unit name] kg FAB-50 bombs mounted under the wings.

Yak-9B

A fighter-bomber variant originally designated Yak-9L, featuring four vertical bomb bays arranged in pairs behind the cockpit capable of carrying up to four 100[convert: needs unit name] kg FAB-100 bombs or four PTAB cassettes each containing thirty-two 1.5[convert: needs unit name] kg bomblets. Typically only about 200[convert: needs unit name] kg of ordnance was loaded in front bomb bays. Despite limited production, it failed to achieve widespread use due to loading difficulties, poor handling when fully loaded with bombs and fuel, and lack of aiming equipment such as bombsights.

Yak-9DD

An extended-range version derived from either Yak-9D or Yak-9T featuring enlarged fuel tanks holding 845[convert: needs unit name] liters for a maximum range reaching 2,285 kilometres (1,420 mi). It incorporated radio navigation gear suitable for night operations or adverse weather conditions. Primarily employed as an escort for Petlyakov Pe-2 and Tupolev Tu-2 bombers, it proved suboptimal because its speed advantage over bombers was insufficient. In 1944, some Yak-9DDs escorted American B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers during missions over Romania via Ukraine-Romania–Italy routes.

Yak-9M

An improved version of the Yak-9D featuring cockpit repositioning rearward by 0.4[convert: needs unit name] meters similar to the Yak-9T along with multiple refinements based on operational experience.

Yak-9M PVO

A specialized variant for air defense forces (PVO Strany) equipped with slightly reduced fuel capacity, powered by a Klimov VK-105PF2 engine producing 970[convert: needs unit name] kW, fitted with radio communications and navigation systems optimized for night or poor weather flying.

File:REY 5911.jpg
HB-RYA flying near Pierre Avois, VS, Switzerland
Yak-9 MPVO

A single-seat night fighter version outfitted with a searchlight and an RPK-10 radio compass.

Yak-9S

Based on the Yak-9M but powered by a Klimov VK-105PF engine coupled with an updated propeller; armament consisted of one 23[convert: needs unit name] mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 cannon carrying 60 rounds plus two 20[convert: needs unit name] mm Berezin B-20 cannons each loaded with 120 rounds. This version did not enter production due to inferior performance compared to both the Yakovlev Yak-3 and Yak-9U models.

Yak-9R

Configured as a single-seat tactical reconnaissance platform.

Yak-9P

The final and most advanced iteration among A.S. Yakovlev’s piston-engine fighters appeared in 1946 as an evolution of the composite-construction Yak-9U fighter. Distinguished by all-metal wings featuring elliptical tips—enabled by Soviet advances in high-strength aluminum alloy manufacturing—this design simplified maintenance while enhancing durability.

Yak-9P (VK-107)

A factory designation variant based on the Yak-9U fitted with all-metal wings distinct from earlier "Yak-9P" models equipped with dual ShVAK cannons.

Yak-9PD

A high-altitude interceptor variant unrelated to other "Yak‑9P" versions, powered by a Klimov M‑105PD engine designed specifically for intercepting high-flying Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 86P reconnaissance planes over Moscow during 1942–43. Initial poor performance due to engine unreliability improved markedly after replacing it with a Klimov M‑106PV equipped with water injection technology during testing flights reaching altitudes up to 12,500 m (41,000 ft). Armament was limited solely to a ShVAK cannon for weight savings.

Yak‑9U (VK‑105)

An upgraded variant derived from the Yak‑9T incorporating numerous aerodynamic and structural enhancements inspired by the Yakovlev Yak‑3 design. Visually differentiated mainly by oil coolers mounted in wing roots similar to those on the Yak‑3 and plywood-covered fuselage replacing fabric skinning; main landing gear fairings distinguished it from contemporaries visually resembling the Yak‑3 closely. Armed with one 23 mm (0.91 in) VYa cannon (60 rounds) complemented by two 12.7 mm (0.50 in) UBS machine guns (170 rounds each). The VYa cannon could be swapped for ShVAK, B‑20 or NS‑37 guns—the latter requiring removal of starboard UBS gun—but this model did not enter mass production due to unsatisfactory performance of VYa weaponry coupled with previous models’ armament offering better operational range.

Yak‑9U (VK‑107)

Recognized as the definitive production variant powered by an upgraded Klimov VK‑107A engine delivering 1,230 kW (1,650 hp), armed with one 20 mm (0.79 in) ShVAK cannon carrying 120 rounds replacing earlier VYa armament configuration for increased firepower at an effective firing weight of approximately 2.72 kg/s (6.0 lb/s). Early flight tests in 1943 showed it rivaled only by prototypes such as Polikarpov I‑185 which were heavier and less agile. Top speed reached about 700 km/h (430 mph) at altitude around 5,600 m (18,400 ft), second only globally behind Mustang P‑51B achieving roughly 441 mph (710 km/h) under military power.[7] Radiator size was increased early in production to resolve overheating issues while aerodynamic refinements continued throughout manufacture. Turn time measured approximately 23 seconds at combat radius altitude making it highly effective at high elevations.

Yak‑9UV

A two-seat trainer derived from the Yak‑9U (VK‑107) featuring reduced armament limited to one Berezin B‑20 cannon carrying 100 rounds; however it did not enter production due to rapid jet aircraft introduction postwar.

Yak‑9UT

A variant based on Yak‑9U (VK‑107) armed with one powerful Nudelman N‑37 cannon (30 rounds) supplemented by two Berezin B‑20 cannons each loaded with 120 rounds totaling about six kilograms per second firing weight during bursts. Similar armament flexibility allowed substitution of N‑37 for smaller caliber weapons such as B‑20 (20 mm), NS‑23 (23 mm), or N‑45 (45 mm). Production models commonly carried NS‑23 cannons instead of N‑37s as standard equipment.

Yak‑9‑57

A unique conversion based on a single Yak‑9UT mounting an exceptionally large caliber 57 mm cannon.[8] Unlike other large-caliber models such as those mounting NS‑37/45 guns, this weapon did not extend beyond spinner cone contours.

Yak‑9V

Two-seat trainer variant based on either Yak‑9M or Yak‑9T powered by Klimov VK–105 PF2 engine equipped only with one ShVAK cannon loaded with ninety rounds.

Modern replicas

In early 1990s, limited series reproductions of both Yak‐9 and Yakovlev Yak‐3 were produced targeting warbird enthusiasts using original World War II components coupled with Allison V‐1710 engines instead of Soviet powerplants. These modern replicas feature counterclockwise rotating propellers—contrasting original clockwise rotation characteristic of Soviet V12 engines used during wartime service.


Operators

Template:Flagcountry
  • In 1947, the Albanian Air Force was equipped with 72 aircraft, among which were 12 Yak-9V trainers.
Template:Country data People's Republic of Bulgaria
Template:PRC
Template:FRA
Template:Country data Hungarian People's Republic
  • The Hungarian Air Force acquired these aircraft in 1949, locally referred to as "Vércse" (meaning Kestrel).
Template:Country data Mongolian People's Republic received 34 units in late June 1945.
Template:PRK
Template:Country data Polish People's Republic
Template:USSR
Template:Country data Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Surviving aircraft

File:IMG 6600a (6193829933).jpg
Yak-9 exhibited at the Museum of Flight
Bulgaria
North Korea
Poland
  • At the Museum of the Polish Navy in Gdynia, Pomerania, a Yak-9P is exhibited statically. This aircraft carried tactical number 2 and served with the Navy Aviation Escadrille until 1956 before being transferred to the museum on December 12, 1956.
  • The Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw, Mazovia features a Yak-9P on static display. Marked with tactical number 23, it was assigned to the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment from 1947 through 1950 and was handed over to the museum on August 10, 1950.
Russia
Serbia
Ukraine
United States

Specifications (Yak-9U)

File:Yakovlev Yak-9P 3-view line drawing.svg
Three-view illustration of the Yak-9P

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See also

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References

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Notes

Citations

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  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dildy 2012, p. 30–31.
  4. ↑ Dildy 2012, p. 31.
  5. ↑ Yakovlev’s Piston-Engined Fighters (Red Star №5) by Yefim Gordon and Dmitriy Khazanov page 65.
  6. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Yugoslav Air Force 1942–1992, Bojan Dimitrijevic, Belgrade 2006

Bibliography

  • Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft: World War II, Volume II (Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978.
  • Bergström, Christer. Bagration to Berlin – The final Air Battle in the East 1944–45. Hersham, UK: Classic Publications, 2008.
  • Bock, Robert. Yak-7, Yak-9 (Aircraft Monograph 14) (English translation of Polish original). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 1999.
  • Drabkin, Artem. The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and The Retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007.
  • Dildy, Douglas C. The Korean People's Air Force in the Fatherland Liberation War: Part I. Air Power History, vol. 59, no. 3, 2012, pp. 28–37.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Dmitri Khazanov. Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1998.
  • Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co., 1961 (seventh impression 1973).
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Soviet Air Force Fighters, Part 2. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1978.
  • Gunston, Bill. Aerei della 2ª Guerra Mondiale (in Italian). Milan: Alberto Peruzzo Editore, 1984.
  • Gunston, Bill. The illustrated Directory of Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Salamander Book Limited, 1988.
  • Kopenhagen, W., ed. Das große Flugzeug-Typenbuch (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Transpress, 1987.
  • Leonard, Herbert. Encyclopaedia of Soviet Fighters 1939–1951. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2005.
  • Liss, Witold. The Yak 9 Series (Aircraft in Profile number 185). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
  • Mellinger, George. Yakovlev Aces of World War 2. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2005.
  • Morgan, Hugh. Gli assi Sovietici della Seconda guerra mondiale (in Italian). Milano: Edizioni del Prado/Osprey Aviation, 1999.
  • Morgan, Hugh. Soviet Aces of World War 2. London: Reed International Books Ltd., 1997.
  • Panek, Robert. Yakovlev Yak-9U & P. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, Hertfordshire, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2006.
  • Шавров В.Б., История конструкций самолетов в СССР 1938–1950 гг. (3rd ed.). Kniga: Машиностроение, Russia: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1994.
  • Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. Yak Fighters in Action (Aircraft number 78). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1986.
  • Степанец А.Т., Истребители ЯК периода Великой Отечественной войны. Kniga: Машиностроение Publishing House Russia: Mashinostroenie Publishing House Russia: Mashinostroenie Publishing House Russia: Mashinostroenie Publishing House Russia: Mashinostroenie Publishing House Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, Russia:, - Mashinostroenie Publishing House,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
  • Williams Anthony G., Emmanuel Gustin.Flying Guns: The Development of Aircraft Guns Ammunition and Installations1933–45 Ramsbury UK Airlife Press2003 ISBN1840372273
  • Якубович Н.В., Истребитель Як-9 Заслуженный фронтовик, Москва Коллекция Яуза ЭКСМО Россия Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection Yauza EKSMO Publishing House Russian Federation Moscow Collection...

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