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Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes

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Adapted from the English Wikipedia article Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes, available under CC BY-SA 4.0Updated 29 November 202555 sources
Minas Geraes
Company typeBattleship
IndustryNaval military vessel
FoundedApril 1907; 119 years ago (1907-04)
Headquarters
Newcastle-on-Tyne
,
United Kingdom

Overview

Minas Geraes, occasionally spelled Minas Gerais,Template:Efn-ua was a dreadnought battleship belonging to the Brazilian Navy. Bearing the name of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, construction began in April 1907 as the lead vessel of the class. This made Brazil the third nation to have a dreadnought under construction, sparking a naval arms competition among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.

Shortly after its completion in January 1910, Minas Geraes was highlighted in Scientific American, which praised it as "the ultimate in heavy battleship design and the most powerfully armed warship afloat".[1] Later that year, in November 1910, the ship became central to the Revolt of the Lash. This uprising, fueled by racial discrimination and harsh treatment, spread from Minas Geraes to other vessels in the fleet including its sister ship São Paulo, the older coastal defense ship Deodoro, and the newly commissioned cruiser Bahia. Under the leadership of João Cândido, the mutineers threatened to bombard Rio de Janeiro if their grievances were not addressed. With no effective military force nearby besides small torpedo boats and land-bound army units, the National Congress of Brazil ultimately acquiesced to their demands, including granting amnesty, thereby ending the revolt peacefully.

When Brazil joined the First World War in 1917, Britain’s Royal Navy declined Brazil’s offer to deploy Minas Geraes with the Grand Fleet due to its obsolescence; lacking upgrades such as modern range-finders and a fire-control system since commissioning. In 1920, São Paulo underwent modernization in the United States, followed by similar refitting for Minas Geraes in 1921. The following year, Minas Geraes took part in suppressing one of the initial Tenente revolts, while São Paulo bombarded rebel positions leading to their surrender; Minas Geraes did not engage with its artillery. During the 1924 mutiny when rebels captured São Paulo, attempts to persuade crews aboard Minas Geraes and other ships to join failed.

Throughout the 1930s, Minas Geraes was modernized at Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard and underwent further overhauls between 1939 and 1943. During Second World War, due to its outdated status, it remained stationed at Salvador as a port defense asset rather than participating actively. In its final nine years of service, Minas Geraes saw minimal activity before being sent to Italy for dismantling in March 1954.

Background

Main articles: South American dreadnought race, Argentine–Chilean naval arms race, and Minas Geraes-class battleship
Aerial perspective of the Minas Geraes focusing on one of its gun turrets

Starting in the late 1880s, Brazil's naval forces experienced decline, exacerbated by the 1889 revolution that overthrew Emperor Dom Pedro II, along with subsequent naval uprisings in 1891 and 1893–94.[2] By the early 1900s, Brazil's navy had fallen behind those of Chile and Argentina both in terms of overall tonnage and technological sophistication,[3]Template:Efn-ua despite Brazil's population being nearly triple that of Argentina and almost five times that of Chile.[4]

At the dawn of the twentieth century, Brazil's economy flourished due to booming coffee exports and the rubber boom,[5] enabling the government to allocate funds toward an extensive naval expansion program initiated in 1904.[6] This program approved the construction of numerous warships, notably including three battleships.[7] On 23 July 1906, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, then Minister of the Navy, formalized a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for these three battleships.[8] Initial ship designs drew inspiration from the Norwegian coastal defense vessel Norge and the British-built (originally intended for Chile) Swiftsure class,Template:Efn-ua but ultimately followed Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (also cataloged as Design 188 by Vickers). These vessels would displace approximately 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), achieve speeds up to 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by a belt armor thickness of 9 inches (23 cm) along with deck armor measuring 1.5 inches (3.8 cm). Armament consisted of twelve 10 inches (25 cm) guns arranged in six twin turrets positioned hexagonally—an arrangement comparable to that later adopted by German Nassau-class battleships.[9]

Armstrong constructed two vessels—Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro—at their Elswick yard, while Vickers in Barrow was subcontracted to build the third ship—São Paulo. The emergence of the dreadnought design paradigm with the launch of HMS Dreadnought in December 1906 rendered these initial ships outdated.[10] Consequently, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Faria de Alencar, who succeeded as Minister of the Navy, redirected funding toward constructing two dreadnought-class battleships immediately with plans for a third after completion. Additionally, he prioritized two scout cruisers (which became the Bahia class), ten destroyers (the Pará class), and three submarines (the Foca class).[11] The three battleships under construction were dismantled starting on 7 January 1907, with approval for the new dreadnought designs granted on 20 February 1907.[10]

Despite higher costs limiting immediate construction to only two ships,[12] progress continued. Armstrong laid down Minas Geraes, the lead vessel, on 17 April 1907; shortly after, on 30 April, Vickers began work on São Paulo. [13] This development caused alarm among Brazil’s neighbors—particularly Argentina—whose Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that either dreadnought alone could potentially neutralize both Argentine and Chilean fleets.[14] Furthermore, Brazil’s initiative placed it ahead of several major naval powers such as Germany, France, and Russia in dreadnought construction.Template:Efn-ua Thus Brazil became only the third nation globally to have dreadnoughts under construction after the United Kingdom and United States.[15] This spurred increased diplomatic interest from the United States seeking alliance opportunities; American naval publications frequently invoked concepts like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation." Meanwhile international media outlets—especially in Britain and Germany—speculated that Brazil might be acting on behalf of a larger naval power intending to acquire these dreadnoughts upon completion since Brazil was previously perceived as a minor geopolitical actor unlikely to commission such formidable warships.[16]

Early career

Minas Geraes' superstructure and fore main guns in 1910; note the presence of wing turrets on either side of the superstructure

The battleship Minas Geraes was officially named by Senhora Regis de Oliveira, spouse of the Brazilian minister to Great Britain,[17] and launched at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 10 September 1908.[18] During its fitting-out phase, the vessel was relocated to Vickers' Walker Yard, where thousands gathered to witness the nearly completed ship navigate under low overhead and swing bridges.[19] Upon finishing, Armstrong formally delivered Minas Geraes to the Brazilian Commission representing the government on 5 January, while the crew assembled on deck.[20] Gunnery tests were conducted by the British Royal Navy at Armstrong's request and with Brazil’s approval.[21] Although superfiring turrets were not a novel concept—the American South Carolina-class battleships had been designed similarly around that era—the trials drew attention from several countries who sent observers. Their primary concerns were twofold: determining how firing the upper superfiring turrets would impact the crew operating the lower guns, and whether smoke from the lower gun discharges would obstruct the targeting of the upper turret. The results satisfactorily addressed both issues.[1]

Departing the Tyne on 5 February 1910, Minas Geraes sailed to Plymouth before embarking towards the United States on 8 February.[22] Upon arrival in Norfolk, Virginia, it escorted the American armored cruiser North Carolina, which was transporting the remains of Joaquim Nabuco—the former Brazilian ambassador to the United States who passed away in Washington, D.C. on 17 January—to Rio de Janeiro.[23] The two vessels departed on 17 March 1910 and arrived in Rio de Janeiro approximately one month later,[24] where Minas Geraes was officially commissioned into Brazil’s Navy on 18 April.[25]

Following its arrival in Brazil, economic prosperity declined sharply as a severe depression affected the nation.[6] Alongside economic difficulties, pervasive racial discrimination within all branches of Brazil’s armed forces,[26] combined with strict discipline aboard naval vessels to spark a mutiny known as the Revolt of the Lash, or Revolta da Chibata, involving sailors from Brazil’s most formidable warships.[27]

  • Launch of the Minas Geraes
    Launch of the Minas Geraes
  • Invitation to the launch of Minas Geraes on 10 September 1908
    Invitation to the launch of Minas Geraes on 10 September 1908
  • Minas Geraes painted in 1908 by Charles de Lacy for Armstrong Whitworth, from printed booklet available at launch
    Minas Geraes painted in 1908 by Charles de Lacy for Armstrong Whitworth, from printed booklet available at launch
  • Arrangements of Guns and Armour of Minas Geraes c. 1910
    Arrangements of Guns and Armour of Minas Geraes c. 1910

Revolt of the Lash

Main article: Revolt of the Lash
Afro-Brazilian and pardo sailors pose for a photographer on board Minas Geraes, probably during the ship's visit to the United States in early 1913.

The catalyst for the uprising occurred on 16 November 1910, when Afro-Brazilian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes was subjected to a severe punishment of 250 lashes for defiance. José Carlos de Carvalho, a retired navy captain and government envoy to the rebels, later described Menezes' back as resembling "a mullet sliced open for salting." Many Afro-Brazilian crew members were either descendants of former slaves or had been freed by the Lei Áurea (abolition law) but compelled to join the navy. Having long harbored plans for insurrection, Menezes' harsh treatment ignited the revolt. The rebellion commenced aboard Minas Geraes around 10 pm on 22 November, during which the ship's commanding officer and several loyal sailors were killed. Shortly after, other vessels including São Paulo, the recently completed cruiser Bahia, the coast-defense ship Deodoro, minelayer República, training ship Benjamin Constant, and torpedo boats Tamoio and Tymbira joined the mutiny with minimal bloodshed. The first four represented some of the navy's most modern and formidable ships; Minas Geraes, São Paulo, and Bahia had been commissioned only months prior. Although twelve years old, Deodoro had recently undergone a refit. Crews from smaller vessels constituted merely two percent of the mutineers, with some transferring to larger ships after hostilities began.[28]

The mutineers were well provisioned with food, ammunition, and coal. Their sole demand—led by João Cândido—was the termination of what they deemed slavery within the navy: they protested against inadequate wages, excessive working hours, insufficient training, and brutal disciplinary practices such as bolo (striking hands with a ferrule) and whipping with lashes (chibata), which became emblematic of their struggle. By 23 November, discussions on granting a general amnesty for the sailors were underway in the National Congress. Senator Ruy Barbosa, an ardent abolitionist, strongly supported this initiative, which passed unanimously in the Federal Senate on 24 November before proceeding to the Chamber of Deputies.[29]

Feeling deeply dishonored by the mutiny, naval commanders and Brazil’s president firmly opposed amnesty and swiftly devised plans to retake control through force. They considered such measures essential to restore naval prestige. Anticipating an assault, the rebels sailed their ships out of Guanabara Bay overnight on 23–24 November but returned during daylight hours. Late on 24 November, presidential orders directed naval officers to attack using smaller warships and the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul, sister ship to Bahia armed with ten 4.7-inch guns. The planned offensive was set for the morning of 25 November when mutineers were expected back in Guanabara Bay. However, when they did not return and amnesty legislation was nearing approval in the Chamber of Deputies, the attack order was withdrawn. Following a decisive vote of 125–23 in favor and presidential ratification, rebels surrendered control on 26 November.[30]

Throughout the rebellion, observers noted that despite prior doubts about Brazilian naval proficiency—especially amid internal strife—the crews managed their vessels competently. João Cândido prohibited alcohol aboard ships, maintaining exemplary discipline during this period. While 4.7-inch guns were fired over urban areas as warnings, larger caliber 12-inch guns remained unused; this led naval officers to suspect limited rebel capability with these weapons. Subsequent inquiries revealed that Minas Geraes’ artillery was fully functional; however, São Paulo’s guns were immobilized due to saltwater damage affecting its hydraulic system—a problem British engineers aboard were addressing following its delivery voyage from the United Kingdom. Despite this information, historians have yet to conclusively determine how proficiently mutineers operated these warships.[31]

The torpedo boat crews remained loyal to government forces,[32] while army units secured positions at the presidential palace and along coastal defenses; however, neither group succeeded in suppressing the rebellion.[26] Complicating matters further was that many personnel manning Rio de Janeiro’s harbor fortifications sympathized with the mutineers.[32] Faced with potential bombardment threats against the capital, the National Congress of Brazil conceded to rebel demands.[26] These included ending flogging practices, enhancing living conditions aboard ships, and granting full amnesty to all participants.[26][32] Official pardons were issued alongside expressions of governmental regret. This concession brought an end to hostilities on 26 November when control over four warships reverted back to naval authorities.[26]

In 1913, Minas Geraes transported Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lauro Müller to visit the United States as a reciprocal gesture following U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root’s visit to Brazil seven years earlier.[33]

First World War

Minas Geraes' gun tests; this image captures the moment when ten 12-inch guns were aimed to port to unleash a full broadside. A 1910 Scientific American article described this as "the greatest broadside ever fired from a battleship".


Although the First World War did not directly impact Brazilian territory, it severely disrupted the country's economy.[34] Demand for rubber and coffee collapsed; with limited wartime need for rubber and British restrictions on coffee imports into Europe—reserving shipping space exclusively for "essential goods"—prices fell sharply. Additionally, coffee was classified as contraband, subjecting all Brazilian shipments destined for the Central Powers to inspection and confiscation; even consignments to certain neutral nations were blocked to prevent coffee from reaching enemy hands. Despite these constraints, Brazil officially declared neutrality on 4 August 1914.[35] During the initial three years of the conflict, Brazil leaned toward the Allies due to its substantial merchant fleet; as Allied merchant vessels were sunk, Brazilian ships filled the void on many trade routes. This stance exposed Brazilian shipping to attacks by German U-boats, and following Germany's announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917, multiple Brazilian vessels were torpedoed, pushing Brazil closer to entering the war against the Central Powers.[34]

On 1 June 1917, Brazil withdrew its neutrality concerning the conflict between the United States and Germany but stopped short of declaring war. Concurrently, all German merchant ships interned in Brazilian ports—totaling 45—were seized; most were rendered inoperable due to neglect or deliberate damage. On 28 June, Brazil rescinded its neutral status regarding all belligerents on both sides, permitting Brazilian merchant ships to join Allied convoys, yet still refrained from formally declaring war.[36]

The Brazilian Navy began patrolling the South Atlantic alongside French, British, and American naval forces. However, none of its vessels were equipped with anti-submarine weaponry, and given Brazil’s non-belligerent status at that time, its ships were restricted from engaging hostile forces beyond national waters.[37] On 18 October, German submarine U-93 sank another Brazilian merchant ship, Macao, off the coast of Spain,[38][39] prompting Brazil to declare war eight days later.[37]

Brazil proposed deploying its dreadnoughts Minas Geraes and São Paulo to serve with the British Grand Fleet, but this offer was declined due to both ships being in poor condition and lacking modern fire-control systems. Neither dreadnought had undergone any refits since their original construction in Britain.[40] When attempting to sail to New York in June 1918 for modernization work, fourteen out of eighteen boilers on São Paulo malfunctioned.[41]

Inter-war period

Drawings of a Minas Geraes–class battleship from the 1923 edition of Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual, illustrating the vessels following their 1920s American refits

The overhaul of São Paulo was completed on 17 January 1920, after which it sailed back to Brazil. Subsequently, on 15 July, Minas Geraes set out for New York to undergo its own modernization.[42][43] The refit commenced on the day of arrival, 22 August,[44][45] and concluded on 4 October 1921.[44] This extensive modernization included the installation of Sperry fire-control systems and Bausch and Lomb range-finders for both the forward and aft superfiring turrets. Internally, vertical armor bulkheads were incorporated within the primary turrets. The secondary artillery was downsized from twenty-two to twelve 4.7 in (120 mm) guns by removing five casemate-mounted guns on each side. A selection of modern AA weaponry was added: two 3"/50 caliber guns manufactured by Bethlehem Steel were positioned on the aft superstructure, 37 mm (1.5 in) guns were installed near each turret, and the previously mounted 3-pounder guns atop turrets were taken off.[42] While undergoing this upgrade on 16 September 1921, a squadron of Brazilian sailors stood in formation on the ship's stern deck as the British light cruiser HMS Dauntless carried the remains of the crew from the ZR-2 disaster past them.[46]

In July 1922, Minas Geraes accompanied São Paulo in suppressing the initial phase of the Revolução Tenentista (known in English as the Tenente revolts). During this event, rebels stationed at Rio de Janeiro's Fort Copacabana initiated shelling against the city. While São Paulo actively bombarded the fort leading to a swift surrender by insurgents, Minas Geraes refrained from engaging its weapons.[47]

View from above showing Minas Geraes after its modernization.

The year 1924 saw another naval mutiny involving these battleships; however, Minas Geraes remained loyal to government forces. On 4 November that year, First Lieutenant Hercolino Cascardo, along with seven second lieutenants and additional personnel, seized control of São Paulo while it was docked in Rio de Janeiro harbor. Their objective was to pressure authorities into releasing prisoners detained aboard the prison ship Cuibaba who had participated in the earlier Tenente revolts of 1922. Their demands went unmet. Subsequently, São Paulo's boilers were stoked up and it maneuvered aggressively around Minas Geraes, attempting to persuade it and other vessels to join their insurrection. Only one aging torpedo boat crew defected to their cause. Frustrated by this refusal to join them, mutineers aboard São Paulo fired a six-pounder shell at Minas Geraes, injuring a cook aboard. The rebels then exited the harbor under fire from coastal forts at the entrance and set sail for Montevideo in Uruguay. Mechanical issues with their condensers slowed them to approximately 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h), but they arrived on 10 November. The dissenting sailors disembarked there and were granted asylum, while those remaining aboard re-hoisted Brazil's national colors.[48][49][50]

From June 1931 until April 1938, a comprehensive reconstruction and modernization of Minas Geraes took place at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard. The propulsion system was converted entirely from a coal-oil mix to exclusive oil firing. All eighteen original Babcock & Wilcox boilers were replaced with six modern boilers supplied by John I. Thornycroft & Company. The former No. 1 boiler room along with all twelve side coal bunkers were repurposed as fuel oil storage; meanwhile, upper coal bunkers were removed entirely. Additionally, new turbogenerators replaced the ship's original dynamos. Visually prominent was the consolidation of boiler exhausts into a single funnel stack. Fire-control apparatus installed post-World War I was upgraded with advanced Zeiss range-finders. Armament refurbishments included adding two more 4.7 in (120 mm) guns for a total of fourteen; six 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen anti-aircraft guns were also fitted—two positioned atop 'X' turret among them. The elevation capability of the main twelve-inch guns increased from thirteen degrees to eighteen degrees.[42][51]

Second World War and Subsequent Service

Minas Geraes stationed in Salvador during 1942, following an extensive overhaul

Similar to its stance during the First World War, Brazil maintained neutrality in the initial phase of the Second World War. However, after German forces targeted Brazilian merchant vessels, Brazil aligned with the Allies, officially declaring war on 21 August 1942, with the declaration becoming effective on 31 August.[52]

Aside from three destroyers commissioned in 1940 and four submarines acquired during the interwar period,[53]Template:Efn-ua Brazil's naval fleet primarily consisted of aging pre-World War I ships that were largely outdated.[53] The core vessels—Minas Geraes, São Paulo, Bahia, and Rio Grande do Sul—were all more than three decades old.[53][54] Despite undergoing modernization between 1939 and 1943, Minas Geraes remained too antiquated and deteriorated for active wartime deployment; consequently, it served as a stationary gun platform in the harbor of Salvador throughout the conflict.[48][53]

For much of its remaining lifespan, Minas Geraes saw little operational activity. It was officially decommissioned on 16 May 1952 and subsequently repurposed as a fixed command post for the Brazilian Navy's Commander-in-Chief until 17 December that year. The vessel was struck from the naval registry on 31 December,[48] then sold to the Italian ship dismantling firm SA Cantiere Navale de Santa Maria. Towed away on 1 March 1954, it reached Genoa on 22 April;[48] after serving over forty years, this venerable dreadnought was dismantled for scrap later that same year.[55]

Further reading

  • João Roberto Martins Filho. "The Battleship Minas Geraes (1908)" featured in Bruce Taylor (ed.), The World of the Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing, 2018.
  • David Topliss. "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts, 1904–1914," published in Warship International, volume XXV, issue 3, pages 240–289, 1988.

External links

Template:Minas Geraes battleships

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SA
  2. ↑ Barman, Citizen Emperor, 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.
  3. ↑ Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.
  4. ↑ Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.
  5. ↑ Scheina, "Brazil," 403.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Scheina, "Brazil," 404.
  7. ↑ Scheina, Naval History, 80; English, Armed Forces, 108.
  8. ↑ Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.
  9. ↑ Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.
  11. ↑ Scheina, Naval History, 81; Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, "Brazil," 883.
  12. ↑ Whitley, Battleships, 24.
  13. ↑ Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, Naval History, 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.
  14. ↑ Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.
  15. ↑ Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, Battleships, 13.
  16. ↑ Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Launch
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Times 11 September 1908
  19. ↑ "New Brazilian Battleship," Times (London), 17 August 1909, 10b.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The Times 6 January 1910
  21. ↑ Tupper, Reminiscences, 185.
  22. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence," The Times, 7 February 1910, 4f; "Naval and Military Intelligence," The Times, 9 February 1910, 8c.
  23. ↑ Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76; "Minas Geraes Fogbound," The New York Times, 3 March 1910, 13; Whitley, Battleships, 27–28.
  24. ↑ Whitley, Battleships, 27–28.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NGB
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Smallman, Fear & Memory, 28
  27. ↑ Smallman, Fear & Memory, 28; Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 74.
  28. ↑ Love, Revolt, 20, 28–31, 35–36; Morgan, "Revolt of the Lash," 32–38.
  29. ↑ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 40–42.
  30. ↑ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 44–46.
  31. ↑ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 39–40, 48–49, 52.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 74
  33. ↑ "Brazilian Envoy Host on Warship," New York Times, 12 July 1913, 7; "Tell Brazil's Envoy of Trade Problems," New York Times, 18 June 1913, 14.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, pp. 35–36
  35. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 35–36.
  36. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 36
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 35, 37–38
  38. ↑ Template:Cite Uboat.net
  39. ↑ Template:Csr
  40. ↑ Roderick Barman, "Brazil in the First World War", History Today 64, no. 3 (March 2014), 26.
  41. ↑ Whitley, Battleships, 28
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Whitley, Battleships, 27
  43. ↑ "Brazilian Dreadnought Coming Here," The New York Times, 17 July 1920, 3 (PDF).
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Whitley, Battleships, 26
  45. ↑ "Brazilian Battleship Arrives," The New York Times, 11 (PDF).
  46. ↑ "British Cruiser Brings Home Dead of ZR-2". New York Tribune. New York. 17 September 1921. p. 11.
  47. ↑ Guilherme Poggio, Um encouraçado contra o forte: 2ª Parte, Poder Naval Online, n.d., accessed 10 June 2009 [,archived version accessed 12 April 2009].
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Whitley, Battleships, 29
  49. ↑ Mike Bennighof, "Brazil's Dreadnoughts," Avalanche Press, October 2006, accessed 16 April 2006.
  50. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 129
  51. ↑ Gardiner and Chesneau, 416
  52. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 162–164
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 164
  54. ↑ Gardiner and Gray (1984), pp. 404–405
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Miramar

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