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Brazilian cruiser Bahia

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Adapted from the English Wikipedia article Brazilian cruiser Bahia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0Updated 29 November 202558 sources
Bahia
Company typeScout cruiser
IndustryNaval warfare
Founded20 January 1909 (launch)
FounderArmstrong Whitworth (builder)
Headquarters
Newcastle upon Tyne
,
United Kingdom
ProductsWarships

Brazilian Scout Cruiser Bahia

Bahia was the lead vessel of a pair of cruisers constructed for Brazil by the British firm Armstrong Whitworth. In November 1910, sailors aboard Bahia, along with those on the coastal defense ship Deodoro and battleships Minas Geraes and São Paulo, initiated a mutiny that lasted four days, known as the Revolta da Chibata (or Revolt of the Lash). The threat of naval bombardment placed the Brazilian capital Rio de Janeiro under siege, compelling the government to concede to the rebels’ demands, which notably included ending the practice of flogging in the navy.

During World War I, Bahia and her sister ship Rio Grande do Sul were assigned to the Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra (Naval Division in War Operations), representing Brazil’s principal naval force in the conflict. Stationed at bases in Sierra Leone and Dakar, this squadron escorted convoys through waters considered to be heavily monitored by German U-boats.

In the mid-1920s, Bahia underwent significant modernization. The refit replaced her original machinery with three new Brown–Curtis turbines and six Thornycroft boilers, converting her propulsion system from coal to oil fuel. This overhaul also altered her silhouette, changing from two funnels to three. Her weaponry was upgraded by adding three 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen autocannons, a 7 mm (0.28 in) Hotchkiss machine gun, and four 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes. Throughout the 1930s, she participated in suppressing various revolutions on behalf of government forces.

During World War II, Bahia resumed convoy escort duties, covering over 100,000 nautical miles (190,000 km; 120,000 mi) within approximately one year. On 4 July 1945, while serving as a plane guard for transport aircraft transitioning between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters, an accident occurred during anti-aircraft training: gunners firing at a kite inadvertently struck depth charges stored near the stern. This caused a catastrophic explosion that quickly disabled and sank the cruiser. Only a small number of crew survived the blast itself, and even fewer were found alive when rescue rafts were located days later.

Construction and commissioning

File:Brazilian cruiser Bahia - Oscar Parkes.png
Bahia illustrated by Oscar Parkes, circa 1910

The cruiser Bahia was included in Brazil’s extensive naval expansion plan initiated in 1904.[1][2] This program also encompassed two Minas Geraes-class dreadnought battleships, a fleet of ten Pará-class destroyers, three submarine vessels, and a submarine tender.[2][3] The design of Bahia drew significant inspiration from the British Adventure-class scout cruisers,[4] with her keel laid on 19 August 1907 at the Elswick yard of Armstrong Whitworth in Newcastle upon Tyne.[4][5] The construction phase lasted approximately eighteen months, culminating in her launch on 20 January 1909. Madame Altino Correia served as the sponsor on behalf of Madame Dr. Araugo Pinho.[6][5][1][upper-alpha 1] The fitting-out period extended until completion on 2 March 1910,[5] after which she sailed to Brazil, arriving at Recife on 6 May.[9] The cruiser—named after the Brazilian state of Bahia, marking the third vessel in the navy to bear this title[9][1]—was formally commissioned into service on 21 May 1910.[9] At the time of their induction, both Bahia and her sister ship were recognized as the fastest cruisers globally,[4] and they were pioneers within the Brazilian Navy for employing steam turbine propulsion systems.[9]

Mutiny

Main article: Revolt of the Lash

At the time Bahia entered service, Brazil was grappling with a deep economic downturn.[10] This financial crisis, combined with widespread racial discrimination within all sectors of the Brazilian military and the harsh disciplinary measures imposed across naval vessels, led to a significant mutiny known as the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash) among sailors aboard the nation's most formidable warships.[10][11]

Dissatisfied with the brutal treatment they endured, black sailors serving on the dreadnought battleship Minas Geraes began organizing a revolt in early 1910. They selected João Cândido, a seasoned sailor later dubbed the "Black Admiral," to lead their cause.[10] In mid-November, despite legal prohibitions against such punishment, a sailor was sentenced to be flogged publicly in front of his peers.[10][11] The flogging was carried out and persisted even after the sailor lost consciousness,[10] provoking outrage among those preparing to rebel. Although their plans were not yet complete and they were not fully prepared to act immediately, they accelerated their efforts and initiated the uprising on 21 November, ahead of schedule.[11] During the mutiny, several officers and the captain of Minas Geraes were killed, while other officers were expelled from the vessel.[11] The insurrection rapidly spread to include the battleship São Paulo, the aging coastal defense ship Deodoro, and Bahia.[11] Meanwhile, crew members aboard the scout cruiser assassinated one of their officers as they joined the revolt.[1] Despite rebelling, discipline aboard these ships was maintained; daily drills continued and Felisberto ordered all alcoholic beverages to be discarded overboard.[11]

João Cândido with reporters, officers and sailors on aboard Minas Geraes on 26 November 1910, the final day of the rebellion.

The torpedo boat crews remained loyal to government authority,[11] while army forces positioned themselves at the presidential palace and along the coastline; however, neither faction succeeded in suppressing the mutineers.[10] Sympathy for the rebels among many personnel manning Rio de Janeiro's harbor defenses,[11] combined with the threat that mutinous ships might bombard the capital, compelled the National Congress of Brazil to concede to several demands made by the insurgents.[10] These included ending flogging as a form of punishment, enhancing living conditions for sailors, and granting full amnesty to all participants in the mutiny.[10][11] The government also issued formal pardons along with an official apology; this concession brought an end to the rebellion on 26 November when control of all four vessels was restored to naval command.[10]

First World War

At the onset of the First World War, the Brazilian Navy was deployed to patrol the South Atlantic alongside naval forces from France, Britain, and the United States. However, its vessels were restricted from engaging any hostile forces beyond Brazil’s territorial waters, as the nation had not yet entered into conflict with the Central Powers.[12] Brazil aimed to maintain strict neutrality during this period; in August 1914, the ships Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were dispatched to Santos to enforce neutrality regulations after reports emerged that the German raider Bremen was positioned near the port targeting British and American merchant vessels.[13][upper-alpha 2] Eventually, Brazil joined the Entente powers and declared war against the Central Powers on 26 October 1917.[9][12]

Following a British request on 21 December 1917, the Brazilian Navy assembled a modest naval contingent intended for deployment across the Atlantic.[14] On 30 January 1918, Bahia was appointed flagship of the newly formed Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra (Naval Division in War Operations or DNOG), commanded by Rear Admiral Pedro Max Fernando Frontin.[9][1] The squadron included Bahia’s sister ship Rio Grande do Sul, four Pará-class destroyers—Piauí, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Santa Catarina—along with the tender Belmonte and the tugboat Laurindo Pita.[9][1][2][14]

Crew members aboard Bahia, 1917

The DNOG departed for the British colony of Sierra Leone on 31 July. As logistical support was primarily provided by other Allied nations, Brazil contributed mainly its ships and personnel.[14] Despite facing potential threats from U-boat attacks, frequent stops were necessary to allow Belmonte to resupply coal and water to the fleet.[14] The squadron safely arrived at Freetown on 9 August and remained until departing for Dakar on 23 August.[14] During this transit, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Belmonte, and Laurindo Pita detected what appeared to be a torpedo aimed at Belmonte, which fortunately missed. Subsequently, Rio Grande do Norte engaged by firing several rounds and deploying depth charges against a suspected U-boat.[9][15] While official Brazilian accounts assert that a submarine was destroyed,[9] historian Robert Scheina points out that this claim lacks confirmation,[15] and records of U-boat losses during the war do not corroborate it.[16]

Upon reaching Dakar on 26 August, DNOG’s mission involved patrolling a triangular zone defined by Dakar, Cape Verde, and Gibraltar, an area believed by Allied intelligence to be heavily frequented by U-boats targeting convoys.[15] The Brazilian squadron’s responsibilities included detecting naval mines planted by German minelaying submarines and safeguarding convoy routes.[15] Operational challenges arose when both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul experienced condenser malfunctions exacerbated by the region’s hot tropical climate.[15]

In early September, the squadron was afflicted by the Spanish flu pandemic.[15] Originating aboard Bahia, the illness spread throughout the fleet over seven weeks.[15] At its peak, some ships saw infection rates as high as 95% among their crews; overseas fatalities numbered 103 with an additional 250 deaths occurring after returning to Brazil.[15] On 3 November, Bahia, three of its four destroyers, and the tugboat were dispatched to Gibraltar for Mediterranean operations.[15] They arrived on either 9 or 10 November,[1][15][17][upper-alpha 3] escorted by the American destroyer Israel,[1][17] but hostilities ended shortly thereafter with the signing of the Armistice with Germany on November 11.[15] Early in 1919, Bahia along with four destroyers sailed to Portsmouth, England; they then crossed the English Channel to dock at Cherbourg, arriving on February 15.[18] Squadron commander Admiral Pedro Max Fernando Frontin met with the Maritime Prefect before attending a series of "social events" that continued until February 23. Subsequently, the ships relocated to Toulon, while Frontin traveled overland to Paris.[18] The DNOG was officially disbanded on August 25, 1919.[9]

Modernization and Interwar Period

A ship with a tall mast and low superstructure apparently at rest
Bahia following its extensive modernization; the addition of a funnel notably altered the vessel's silhouette

Between 1925 and 1926,[4][1][upper-alpha 4] Bahia underwent a thorough modernization.[9] The cruiser’s original complement of five turbines was supplanted by three Brown–Curtis turbines, while its ten boilers were replaced by six Thornycroft oil-fired boilers, prompting the installation of a third funnel. The reduction in boiler numbers allowed for conversion of former coal bunkers and additional freed space into oil tanks with a capacity of 588,120 litres (155,360 US gal).[9] These upgrades enhanced Bahia’s maximum speed to 28 knots (52 km/h).[4] The ship’s onboard boats were all renewed, and armament was bolstered with three 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen guns, a 7 mm (0.28 in) Hotchkiss machine gun, plus four 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes, improving both anti-aircraft capabilities and surface combat power.[9] Despite these enhancements, by 1930 The New York Times described Bahia along with other vessels in Brazil’s fleet as "obsolete," noting that most ships exceeded the age limits deemed effective under the Washington Naval Treaty and London Naval Treaty.[20]

On 28 June 1926, the Ludington Daily News announced that Bahia would visit Philadelphia, having accepted an invitation from the U.S. government to take part in the Sesquicentennial Exposition celebrations.[19][upper-alpha 5] In mid-1930, under the command of Heráclito Belford Gomes, both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul escorted Brazil’s President-elect Júlio Prestes during his visit to the United States.[21] Prestes traveled aboard the Brazilian-Lloyd ocean liner Almirante Jacequay, reciprocating then-U.S. President-elect Herbert Hoover’s earlier trip to Brazil in December 1928.[21][22] The cruisers USS Trenton and Marblehead met the Brazilian ships approximately 100 miles (160 km) off Sandy Hook, rendering a 21-gun salute in honor of Prestes.[23][24] Due to fog, Prestes remained aboard within the Ambrose Channel for five hours before transferring via launch to shore; during this time, Bahia fired one 21-gun salute while Fort Jay responded with two.[24] After disembarking, he proceeded to New York City Hall, followed by a journey to Washington, D.C.[24] His stay in the U.S. lasted eight days before departing for France aboard the White Star Line’s Olympic.[25] Throughout this visit, both cruisers were docked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.[24]

During the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, Bahia operated alongside Rio Grande do Sul—until that vessel defected—and was supported by five or six destroyers off the coast of Santa Catarina, all under Belford Gomes’ command.[9][26][upper-alpha 6] Two years later during the Constitutionalist Revolution, when São Paulo rebelled, Bahia, commanded by Frigate Captain Lucas Alexandre Boiteux, participated with other warships in blockading the rebel-controlled port of Santos.[9][1] Repairs kept Bahia out of service from late 1934 into early 1935.[1] In November of that year, both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul sailed to Natal—the capital of Rio Grande do Norte—to support government forces suppressing another uprising.[28][29] Their orders included sinking the steamship Santos on sight due to its carrying several fleeing revolutionary leaders.[30]

From May 17 to May 22, 1935,[31][32] both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, accompanied at an unspecified time by Argentine battleships Rivadavia and Moreno, heavy cruisers Almirante Brown and Veinticinco de Mayo, plus five destroyers,[32] escorted the Brazilian battleship São Paulo, carrying President Getúlio Vargas, along the Río de la Plata (River Plate) en route to Buenos Aires.[1][31][32][33] This visit reciprocated earlier trips made by Argentine President Agustín Pedro Justo and Uruguayan President Gabriel Terra.[1][31] Both Vargas and Justo intended to attend the opening session of the Pan-American Commercial Conference on May26,[31] as well as inaugurate a peace conference aimed at resolving the Chaco War,[31][33] before São Paulo transported Vargas onward to Montevideo for discussions with Terra.[33]

On March2,1936,Bahia escorted Argentine vessels ‘‘Veinticinco de Mayo’’, carrying Navy Minister Rear Admiral Eleazar Videla, and ‘‘Almirante Brown’’ during their final approach to Rio de Janeiro.[34]

Second World War

Following Brazil's declaration of war on 21 August 1942, which became effective on 31 August, the Bahia played a significant role in the Atlantic campaign. Throughout this period, it conducted 67 escort missions and 15 patrol operations.[9] Over the course of 358 days, the vessel covered a distance of 101,971 nmi (188,850 km; 117,346 mi) and was instrumental in escorting more than 700 merchant ships.[9] The magazine Proceedings, published by the United States Naval Institute, described both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul as "oversized destroyers" with comparatively low speeds.[35]

During the war, Bahia underwent two further modernization phases in 1942 and again in 1944; however, these updates were less comprehensive than those carried out in the 1920s. Notably, two of its 47 mm (1.9 in) guns were replaced by 76 mm (3.0 in) L/23 anti-aircraft guns. Additionally, its Madsen guns were swapped out for seven single-mounted Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, complemented by the installation of a director specifically for these weapons.[9] The ship also received two depth charge tracks, enhanced range-finders for its 120 mm (4.7 in) artillery, as well as sonar and radar systems alongside other minor improvements.[9][upper-alpha 7] The Brazilian Navy’s official records confirm these modifications but do not clarify which specific changes occurred in each year.[9]

On 3 June 1943, while escorting convoy BT 12, Bahia detected an underwater mine and neutralized it using a 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen gun.[9] Subsequently, on 10 July at coordinates 26°15′S 43°35′W / 26.250°S 43.583°W / -26.250; -43.583, the vessel obtained a sonar contact and deployed depth charges against what is believed by the Brazilian Navy’s official history to have been the German submarine U-199. This U-boat was later sunk that month in the same vicinity off Rio de Janeiro by combined American and Brazilian air forces.[9][36] In November 1944, Bahia participated alongside the American light cruiser Omaha and destroyer escort Gustafson in escorting the troopship General M. C. Meigs, which was transporting the fourth contingent of troops from the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to Italy during the Italian campaign.[9]

Loss

A warship at sea under clear skies, possibly underway
Profile view of Bahia following its modernization during the 1920s; note the crew gathered on the foredeck
An underwater explosion propels water into the air just behind a fast-moving warship
Bahia deploying depth charges, likely during a naval drill; an accidental detonation of one such charge caused the vessel to sink

At the conclusion of combat operations in Europe during World War II, Allied naval vessels were tasked with patrolling the Atlantic Ocean to serve as rescue ships, positioned along routes used by military transport aircraft ferrying personnel from Europe to the Pacific theater.[1][37] Bahia was among these ships,[37] stationed northeast of Brazil near 0°N 30°W / 0°N 30°W / 0; -30 adjacent to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago on 4 July 1945.[9][38][1] During an anti-aircraft gunnery exercise, crew members fired the ship’s 20 mm guns at a kite being towed behind the vessel. Although one gunner successfully brought down the kite, he inadvertently struck depth charges located at the stern. The absence of guide rails, which would typically restrict gun aiming away from the ship’s own structure, contributed to this mishap.[38][1] The resulting blast disabled all electrical power and sank Bahia within approximately three minutes.[4][38][39]

Survivors endured four to five days exposed to intense heat and direct sunlight on improvised rafts without access to food.[39][40] According to reports by The New York Times, some individuals succumbed to mental distress under these harsh conditions and voluntarily entered the water, where sharks claimed their lives.[40] Beyond this point, accounts diverge significantly. An article in Time magazine notes that Bahia’s loss was not confirmed until 8 July when the freighter Balfe rescued 22 survivors.[39][41][upper-alpha 8] Naval historian Robert Scheina suggests that the incident came to light when the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul arrived four days later to relieve Bahia at its post but found no trace of her.[38]

Discrepancies also exist regarding survivor numbers and fatalities. Official ship records state that 36 crew members survived while 336 perished,[9] whereas Navios de Guerra Brasileiros reports 36 survivors and 339 deaths.[1][upper-alpha 9] Contemporary news coverage presented varying statistics as well: The Evening Independent claimed a complement of 383 men aboard without further detail,[42] while The New York Times cited 28 survivors and 347 fatalities,[40] and the St. Petersburg Times reported figures of 32 rescued and 395 dead.[43] All sources concur that four American sound technicians lost their lives.[9][1][44]

Those rescued initially believed that a mine had exploded near one of the ship’s magazines.[39] Vice Admiral Jorge Dodsworth Martins, head of Brazilian naval intelligence, speculated that Bahia might have been sunk by a mine or torpedo launched from U-530,[40][45] which surrendered under unusual circumstances at Mar del Plata, Argentina on 10 July—nearly two months after Germany’s capitulation. However, Argentine Naval authorities declared it impossible for that submarine to have traveled from the sinking location to Mar del Plata within six days (4–10 July).[45][upper-alpha 10] The submarine U-977, also en route to Argentina seeking asylum, was similarly accused; however, investigations by both U.S. and Brazilian naval authorities concluded that the cruiser sank due to an accidental gunnery explosion.[47][44][48]

See also

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  • USS Indianapolis (CA-35), a United States heavy cruiser lost in July 1945, whose survivors faced hardships comparable to those experienced by the Bahia's crew.

Notes

  1. ↑ There exists some academic uncertainty regarding the launch dates of Bahia and her sister ship Rio Grande do Sul. According to the Miramar Ship Index, which relies on original builder documentation, and the Navios de Guerra Brasileiros, Bahia was launched on 20 January 1909, while Rio Grande do Sul followed on 20 April 1909.[5][1][7] The date for Bahia is corroborated by a contemporary report from the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer.[8] However, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 mistakenly reverses these dates, assigning 20 January to Rio Grande do Sul and 20 April to Bahia.[4] Further confusion arises from the Brazilian Navy’s official records, which indicate a keel laying date of 19 April for Rio Grande do Sul.[9]
  2. ↑ The New York Times' article mentions Bremen, but this ship was operating in the Baltic Sea at that time. The only German cruiser present in that region in August 1914 was Dresden. This confusion likely resulted from wartime misinformation.
  3. ↑ Sources differ regarding precise arrival dates; both Navios de Guerra Brasileiros and the entry for USS Israel in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships cite 9 November, whereas Scheina records it as 10 November.[1][15][17]
  4. ↑ While the official ship history cites a modernization period from 1924 to 1927,[9] Scheina’s accounts in Conway's and Navios de Guerra Brasileiros specify 1925–1926.[4][1] Supporting evidence for the latter timeframe is found in a June 1926 article from the Ludington Daily News, which announced Bahia’s forthcoming visit to the United States, indicating the ship had returned to active duty.[19]
  5. ↑ No subsequent reports detail events following Bahia’s arrival.
  6. ↑ The exact date of Rio Grande do Sul’’s defection is unclear,[26] and it is possible that Bahia also switched sides; on 6 October, a rebel general claimed both ships had defected.[27]
  7. ↑ It remains uncertain whether sonar was introduced for the first time in 1942 (as indicated by its use during the depth charge attack on 10 July) or if an older model was replaced with a more advanced one during either the 1942 or 1944 refits.
  8. ↑ The article mentions additional survivors saved in subsequent days but does not specify a total count. Conversely, Navios de Guerra Brasileiros records that Balfe rescued a total of 36 survivors on that date.[1][39]
  9. ↑ These figures conflict internally within the source; initially stating that out of 372 crew members, 339 died (implying 33 survivors), yet later affirming a survival count of 36.[1]
  10. ↑ Persistent rumors suggest either U-530 or U-977 was responsible for sinking Bahia.[46]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 "Cruzador Bahia – C 12/C 2 " (in Portuguese), Navios de Guerra Brasileiros. Accessed 8 November 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Scheina, "Brazil," 403.
  3. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 37.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Scheina, "Brazil," 405.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 R.B. Haworth, "6103832 [Bahia]" (subscription required), Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  6. ↑ The Engineer. Vol. 107. 1909. p. 82.
  7. ↑ R.B. Haworth, "6103914 [Rio Grande do Sul]" (subscription required), Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  8. ↑ "Brazilian Warship Launched at Elswich," Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 21 January 1909, 4.
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 "Bahia (3°)" (in Portuguese), Histórico de Navios; Serviço de Documentação da Marinha, Marinha do Brasil. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Smallman, Fear & Memory, 28.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 74.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 35, 37–38.
  13. ↑ "Warships off Argentina," The New York Times, 7 August 1914, 7.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 38.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 39.
  16. ↑ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 396.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Israel ," Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval History & Heritage Command/Navy Department.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Brazilian Warships at Cherbourg," The New York Times, 16 February 1919, 23.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Brazilian cruiser Will Pay Visit," Ludington Daily News, 28 June 1926, 5.
  20. ↑ "Brazil Navy Composed of 28 Obsolete Ships," The New York Times, 7 October 1930, 3.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Program for Visit of Senor Prestes," The New York Times, 8 June 1930, 13.
  22. ↑ "City Hails Prestes for Nation Today," The New York Times, 11 June 1930, 16.
  23. ↑ "Cruisers meet Prestes's Ship," The New York Times, 11 June 1930, 16.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Prestes Acclaimed by City and Nation," The New York Times, 12 June 1930, 21.
  25. ↑ "President-elect of Brazil at Sea," Pittsburgh Press, 21 June 1930, 2.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Cavalry Put in Action as Battle Begins," Sarasota Herald, 10 October 1930, 2.
  27. ↑ "80,000 Rebels Move on Rio and Sao Paulo From the South," The New York Times, 7 October 1930, 1.
  28. ↑ "Brazil Revolt Takes 40 Lives; Federal Gain," Miami Daily News, 26 November 1935, 13.
  29. ↑ "Rebels Seize Brazil Towns," Pittsburgh Press, 25 November 1935, 17.
  30. ↑ "Loyal Troops, Rebels Fight as Uprising in Brazil hits Capital", 4 March 2016, Urbana Daily Courier, 27 November 1935, 1.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 "Brazil's President Sails for Argentina; Vargas, Returning Visit of Justo, Escorted by Fleet Bound of Winter Manoeuvres," The New York Times, 18 May 1935, 4.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Argentina Greets Brazil's President; Hails Vargas With Elaborate Ceremonies as He Arrives to Promote Trade Relations," The New York Times, 23 May 1935,14.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Argentina: Lobsters, Pigeons, Parades," Time, June3,1935.
  34. ↑ "Argentine Navy Head is Received in Brazil; Visit of Admiral Videla Viewed as Evidence of Growing American Ties," The New York Times, March3,1936,14.
  35. ↑ "Brazil," Proceedings 65 (June 1939): 436; 901–902; quoted in Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 164.
  36. ↑ "Barnegat", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval History & Heritage Command/Navy Department.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 169.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 427.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 "Brazil: Disaster," Time, 23 July 1945.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "Rescued Brazilians Tell of Sufferings," The New York Times, 12 July 1945, 22.
  41. ↑ R.B. Haworth, "1143604 [Balfe]" (subscription required), Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  42. ↑ "Brazilian Cruiser Lost in Explosion," Evening Independent, 9 July 1945, 2.
  43. ↑ "Brazilian Cruiser Sinks in Atlantic," St. Petersburg Times, 10 July 1945, 3.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Brazil Cruiser Sinking Accident," The New York Times, 31 October 1945, 10.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Argentina: U-530," Time, 23 July 1945.
  46. ↑ Thorne, Stephen J. (2023-01-18). "Nazi treasure: The ever-elusive myth". Legion Magazine. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
  47. ↑ Rohwer, 2005. p. 423
  48. ↑ "Brazilian Cruiser Sunk Explosion Killed 300," Toronto Daily Star, 30 October 1945, 10.

Sources

  • Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. Gravesend, Kent, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.
  • Moore, John, editor. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Random House [Jane's Publishing Company], 2001 [originally 1919]. ISBN 1-85170-378-0. OCLC 48257502.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Naval Institute Press, 2005. p. 423
  • Scheina, Robert L. "Brazil" in Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, editors. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. OCLC 12119866.
  • Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars: Volume II, The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001. Washington D.C.: Brassey's, 2003. ISBN 1-57488-452-2. OCLC 53078537.
  • Smallman, Shawn C. Fear & Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889–1954. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8078-5359-3. OCLC 250188940.
  • Whitley, M.J. Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-141-6. OCLC 34089382.

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