Japanese cruiser Iwate

Iwate

Company type	Armored cruiser
Industry	Naval shipbuilding
Founded	29 March 1900 (launched)
Founder	Armstrong Whitworth (builder)
Headquarters	Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
Products	Warship

{{Infobox ship characteristics

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Ship class = Izumo-class armored cruiser

Ship displacement = 9,423 t (9,274 long tons)

Ship length = 132.28 m (434 ft) (overall length)

Ship beam = 20.94 m (68 ft 8 in)

Ship draft = 7.21 m (23 ft 8 in)

Ship propulsion = Two shafts powered by two triple-expansion steam engines

Ship power = *24 Belleville boilers 14,500 ihp (10,800 kW)

Ship speed = 20.75 knots (38.43 km/h; 23.88 mph)

Ship range = 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)

Ship complement = 672 personnel

Ship armament = *2 × twin-mounted 20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun (8-inch) turrets 14 × single QF QF 6-inch naval gun mounts 12 × single QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun (3-inch) guns 8 × single QF QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#Japanese service (2.5-pounder / 1.5-inch) Yamauchi guns 4 × torpedo tubes

Ship armor = *Belt armor: waterline belt thickness between and Deck armor: Gun turret protection: Barbette armor: Casemate armor: ranging from 51 to Conning tower armor: Bulkhead thickness:

was the second and final vessel of the Izumo-class class armored cruisers (Sōkō jun'yōkan) constructed for the Imperial Japanese Navy during the late 1890s. Due to Japan’s limited industrial capabilities for producing such warships domestically, the construction was carried out in the United Kingdom. Iwate took part in the majority of naval engagements throughout the Russo-Japanese War between 1904 and 1905, sustaining moderate damage in the Battle of Port Arthur, the Battle off Ulsan, and the decisive Battle of Tsushima. Its involvement during World War I was relatively limited; however, beginning in 1916, the ship commenced a lengthy series of training voyages for naval cadets, a role it fulfilled until late 1939. Throughout the duration of the Pacific War, Iwate remained active primarily in training duties within domestic waters. The vessel was ultimately sunk during an American carrier-based air raid on Kure in July 1945. Subsequently, its wreckage was salvaged and scrapped between 1946 and 1947.

Background and description

Following the First Sino-Japanese War, the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was developed, calling for the addition of four armored cruisers alongside four more battleships. Since Japan lacked the domestic capacity to construct such vessels, all were commissioned from British shipyards. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), prompted by Russia's naval construction efforts, concluded that the battleships initially ordered would be inadequate to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Due to financial constraints restricting further battleship orders, the IJN opted to increase the number of armored cruisers from four to six, as these were more cost-effective. This updated strategy became widely recognized as the "Six-Six Fleet". Unlike many contemporaneous cruisers designed primarily for commerce raiding or protecting colonies and trade routes, Iwate and her sister ships were conceived to serve as fleet scouts and participate directly in the battleline.

The vessel measured 132.28 meters (434 ft) in overall length and 121.92 meters (400 ft) between perpendiculars. It featured a 20.94 meters (68 ft 8 in) beam and an average draft of 7.21 meters (23 ft 8 in). At normal load, Iwate displaced 9,423 metric tons (9,274 long tons), increasing to 10,235 metric tons (10,073 long tons) at deep load. The ship's metacentric height was 0.73 meters (2 ft 5 in). Her complement consisted of 672 officers and enlisted personnel.

Propulsion was provided by two four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft. Steam was generated by 24 Belleville boilers, with the engines rated collectively at 14,500 indicated horsepower (10,800 kW). Designed for a speed of 20.75 knots (38.43 km/h; 23.88 mph), Iwate exceeded expectations during sea trials, reaching 22.3 knots (41.3 km/h; 25.7 mph) powered by 15,739 indicated horsepower (11,737 kW). The ship could carry up to 1,551 tonnes (1,527 long tons) of coal and had an operational range of approximately 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) cruising at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

The primary armament across all "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers included four 8-inch (20.3 cm/45 Type 41) guns mounted in twin turrets positioned fore and aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery comprised fourteen 6-inch quick-firing guns manufactured by Elswick Ordnance Company ("Pattern Z"). Of these, only four were not housed within armored casemates on the main and upper decks; those on the upper deck were shielded by gun shields. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, Iwate carried twelve QF 12-pounder (3-inch) 12-cwt guns and eight QF 2.5-pounder (1.5-inch) Hotchkiss "Yamauchi" guns. Additionally, she was equipped with four submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes, arranged with two on each broadside.

The armor protection scheme was consistent among all "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers, with slight variations. A continuous waterline belt made of Krupp cemented armor extended along the entire hull length, varying in thickness from 178 mm amidships to 89 mm at both bow and stern. This belt stood 2.13 metres (7 ft 0 in) high, with approximately 1.33 metres (4 ft 4 in) submerged under normal conditions. Above this, an upper strake of belt armor measuring 127 mm thick ran from the upper edge of the waterline belt up to the main deck, spanning a distance of 53.31 metres (174.9 ft) between the forward and aft barbettes. The Izumo class incorporated oblique armored bulkheads of 127 mm thickness to seal off the ends of the central armored citadel.

Barbettes, gun turrets, and frontal casemate armor were uniformly 6 inches thick, while casemate sides and rears were protected by 51 mm plating. The deck armor measured 63 mm in thickness, and the conning tower boasted substantial protection with armor up to 356 mm thick.

Construction and career

Iwate before her launch, Newcastle upon Tyne

Iwate anchored at Plymouth, circa 1901

The order for Iwate, named after the prefecture of the same name, was finalized on 19 July 1898 with Armstrong Whitworth. Her keel was laid down at the Elswick shipyard on 11 November 1898, and she was launched on 29 March 1900. The launching ceremony was conducted by Mme. Arakawa, spouse of the Japanese Consul-General in London. The vessel reached completion on 18 March 1901 and set sail for Japan the following day under the leadership of Captain Hikohachi Yamada, who had been assigned to oversee her construction and command her voyage home. Iwate arrived in Yokosuka on 17 May, with Captain Taketomi Kunikane assuming command from Yamada on 6 July.

Russo-Japanese War

When hostilities began in the Russo-Japanese War, Iwate served as the flagship for Rear Admiral Misu Sotarō, who commanded the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet. On 9 February 1904, she took part in the Battle of Port Arthur, during which Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an assault against the Russian Pacific Squadron anchored near Port Arthur. Tōgō had anticipated that his destroyers’ surprise nighttime attack would cause significant disarray among Russian forces; however, the Russians quickly recovered and were prepared for the offensive. The Japanese fleet was detected by the patrolling protected cruiser Boyarin, which alerted the defenders. Tōgō opted to target Russian shore defenses with his primary artillery while engaging enemy vessels using secondary guns. This division of firepower proved ineffective as Japanese eight- and six-inch shells caused minimal damage to Russian ships, which concentrated their firepower with some success against the Japanese fleet. Both sides sustained numerous hits; Russian casualties were approximately 150, while Japanese losses amounted to about 90 killed and wounded before Tōgō withdrew. During this encounter, Iwate sustained significant damage.

In early March, Kamimura received orders to lead the reinforced 2nd Division northward to conduct diversionary operations off Vladivostok. On 6 March, while searching for Russian vessels in that region, Japanese cruisers shelled Vladivostok's harbor and defensive positions with limited effect. After returning to Japan a few days later, the division was tasked with escorting transports carrying the Imperial Guards Division to Korea before joining the blockade of Port Arthur. In mid-April, Kamimura was dispatched north to patrol the Sea of Japan and secure the Korea Strait against any attempt by Rear Admiral Karl Jessen’s Vladivostok Independent Cruiser Squadron to break through and link up with the Pacific Squadron. The two forces narrowly missed each other amid dense fog on 24 April; subsequently, Kamimura’s squadron proceeded to Vladivostok where they laid several minefields before returning to Wonsan on 30 April.

The division was unable to intercept Jessen’s squadron during its attack on several transports south of Okinoshima Island on 15 June due to poor visibility caused by heavy rain and fog. The Russians made another sortie on 30 June; Kamimura succeeded in intercepting them near Okinoshima the following day but as dusk fell, Jessen's forces managed to disengage under cover of darkness. On 17 July, Jessen’s squadron again set out towards Japan’s eastern coast intending to divert Japanese forces from operations in the Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea. Passing through Tsugaru Strait two days later, they began capturing vessels heading for Japan. Upon learning of their presence near Tokyo Bay on 24 July, the Naval General Staff directed Kamimura to position his forces at Cape Toi Misaki on Kyūshū, concerned that Jessen might attempt a circumnavigation of Japan to reach Port Arthur. Two days later Kamimura was ordered northward to cover the Kii Channel, then proceed to Tokyo Bay by 28 July. Finally, he was instructed to return to Tsushima Island on 30 July; later that day he received confirmation that Jessen’s squadron had passed through Tsugaru Strait earlier that morning and reached Vladivostok by 1 August.

Engagement near Ulsan

Main article: Battle off Ulsan

Iwate at anchor, 1902

On 10 August, the Port Arthur fleet attempted to break through to Vladivostok but was repelled during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Jessen received orders to join them, though these instructions arrived late. His trio of armored cruisers—Rossia, Gromoboi, and Rurik—needed time to raise steam, delaying their departure until the evening of 13 August. By dawn the following day, they had reached Tsushima but retreated upon failing to locate any vessels from the Port Arthur group. Approximately 36 miles (58 km) north of Tsushima, Jessen’s squadron encountered Kamimura’s force, composed of four modern armored cruisers: Izumo, Tokiwa, Azuma, and Iwate. The two forces had unknowingly passed each other during the night and reversed course near daybreak, positioning the Japanese squadron directly along the Russian path to Vladivostok.

At 05:00, upon sighting the Japanese ships, Jessen directed his vessels to head northeast; the Japanese responded with a similar but slightly converging trajectory. Both sides commenced firing around 05:23 from roughly 8,500 meters (9,300 yd). The Japanese concentrated their fire on Rurik, which was trailing behind the other Russian cruisers. She quickly sustained hits and began lagging further behind. Attempting to increase distance, Jessen turned southeast; however, this maneuver caused the rising sun to blind Russian gunners and prevented their broadside guns from targeting the Japanese effectively. Around 06:00, Jessen executed a 180° starboard turn aiming for the Korean coast to enable Rurik to reunite with his squadron. Kamimura mirrored this maneuver at about 06:10 but turned portside instead, widening the gap between the opposing forces. Subsequently, Azuma experienced engine troubles, forcing the Japanese squadron to reduce speed accordingly. Engagement resumed at 06:24; Rurik was struck thrice in the stern area, flooding her steering compartment and necessitating engine-based steering. Her velocity declined further, increasing vulnerability to enemy fire until her rudder jammed portside near 06:40.

Jessen attempted another 180° turn intending to place his two cruisers between Rurik and the Japanese fleet. Unexpectedly, Rurik veered starboard and accelerated through the gap between Jessen’s ships and their adversaries. Kamimura also turned 180°, aligning both squadrons on parallel courses heading southeast; however, Jessen quickly reversed course once more so that their formations faced opposite directions. During this phase, an eight-inch shell hit Iwate’s starboard forward upper six-inch casemate roof, igniting ready ammunition stored there. This explosion resulted in 40 fatalities and injured 24 crew members while disabling that six-inch gun along with those positioned beneath and aft of it. Additionally, the twelve-pounder located above was rendered unusable. Around 07:45, despite Rossia being aflame herself—though extinguished about twenty minutes later—the Russians turned course for a third time attempting to aid Rurik. At 08:00 Kamimura circled south of Rurik, allowing Rossia and Gromoboi to slip northward unchallenged toward Vladivostok. Nevertheless, at 08:15 Jessen reversed direction again, instructing Rurik to proceed independently toward Vladivostok while he headed north at full speed near 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).

Around this moment Kamimura’s two older protected cruisers—Naniwa and Takachiho—arrived from the south. Their presence enabled Kamimura to chase Jessen using all his armored cruisers while assigning Naniwa and Takachiho to engage Rurik. A running skirmish ensued for approximately ninety minutes during which Japanese fire reduced Russian speed to about 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The Japanese closed within roughly 5,000 meters (5,500 yd) before Kamimura extended distance back out to approximately 6,500 meters (7,100 yd).

At approximately 10:00 Kamimura’s gunnery officer mistakenly reported that Izumo had depleted three-quarters of her ammunition supply; consequently, Kamimura ceased pursuit after a brief five-minute rapid-fire exchange. Concerned about leaving Tsushima Strait unprotected and believing he could still engage Rurik with remaining shells, he returned without knowing that Naniwa and Takachiho had already sunk her—a fact they had signaled but which did not reach Kamimura in time. Soon after this withdrawal, both Gromoboi and Rossia were compelled to halt for repairs. Among Japanese vessels, Iwate endured the most serious damage with total casualties numbering forty killed and thirty-seven wounded.

By mid-September, both Tokiwa and Iwate were reassigned to the 1st Division. Early in December, Iwate returned home for refitting. From mid-February through mid-April she was stationed guarding Tsugaru Strait.

Battle of Tsushima

Main article: Battle of Tsushima

A Japanese postcard of Iwate at sea, c. 1905

On 27 May, as the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons neared Japanese waters after their voyage from the Baltic Sea, Japanese patrol vessels detected them early that morning despite poor visibility and weak radio signals. These initial sightings prompted Admiral Tōgō to order his fleet to set sail. Around 11:30, the 2nd Division identified the Russian fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. Kamimura advanced to approximately 8,000 meters (8,700 yd) before withdrawing under enemy fire to regroup with Tōgō's battleships. Serving as flagship for Rear Admiral Shimamura Hayao, Iwate was positioned at the rear of the 2nd Division when Tōgō commenced firing on the Russian squadron at 14:10. Like many vessels in her division, she engaged the battleship Oslyabya, which fell out of formation by 14:50 and sank twenty minutes later. Additionally, Iwate targeted the battleship Imperator Nikolai I prior to 14:50. At about 15:06, the protected cruiser Zhemchug attempted a torpedo assault but was repelled by gunfire from Iwate alongside armored cruisers Kasuga and Nisshin. At 15:35, the battleship Knyaz Suvorov emerged suddenly from the fog at roughly 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) range. Kamimura’s ships all engaged her for approximately five minutes, with Azuma and armored cruiser Yakumo also launching torpedoes that failed to hit their target.

Following 17:30, Kamimura led his division in an unsuccessful chase after some Russian cruisers, temporarily leaving Tōgō’s battleships unaccompanied. The pursuit was abandoned around 18:03 when he altered course northward to rejoin Tōgō’s main force. His ships encountered the rear segment of the Russian battle line near 18:30 and opened fire as they closed to between 8000 and 9000 meters. The impact on the Russians is undocumented; they ceased firing by 19:30 and regrouped with Tōgō at 20:08 as dusk approached. The following morning, Japanese forces located the remaining Russian vessels and commenced firing around 10:30 from beyond effective Russian counter-fire range. Unable to respond or close distance, Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov opted to surrender his fleet.

Meanwhile, the coast defense ship Admiral Ushakov had lagged behind Nebogatov’s group and was sighted early in the day by the protected cruiser Chiyoda; however, Japanese focus remained on tracking the main Russian fleet rather than engaging this lone vessel. Later at 14:10—well after Nebogatov's capitulation—Shimamura spotted Admiral Ushakov and received authorization to pursue her with Iwate and Yakumo. The Japanese cruisers caught up by 17:00 and demanded surrender. The Russian ship tried to close distance for gun engagement but was outpaced and unable to score hits on either pursuer. After roughly thirty minutes, severe listing prevented her guns from elevating adequately; her commander ordered evacuation and scuttling charges were detonated. The ship sank within three minutes; Japanese forces rescued twelve officers and 327 crew members. During this encounter, Yakumo and Iwate fired a combined total of eighty-nine eight-inch and two hundred seventy-eight six-inch shells. Over the entire battle, Iwate sustained seventeen hits including shells detonating in nearby waters. Damage was minimal with only two lower deck compartments flooding due to two strikes. These impacts were inflicted by two twelve-inch shells, three eight-inch shells, two six-inch shells, one 120 mm (4.7 in) shell, five seventy-five mm (3 in) shells, and four shells of unidentified caliber.

As preparations for an invasion of Sakhalin Island commenced in early July, Kamimura’s diminished 2nd Division—now consisting of Iwate, Izumo, and Tokiwa—was assigned to secure the Korea Strait before escorting troop landings in northeastern Korea. By mid-August, this division provided cover for landings at Chongjin, closer to Russia’s border. Following the war’s conclusion, Captain Yamashita Gentarō briefly commanded Iwate from February 2 until November 22, 1906 before Captain Arima Ryokitsu succeeded him.

Later Service

Iwate took part in the initial phase of the Battle of Tsingtao before returning to Sasebo on 2 October 1914. The following month, she was assigned to the First South Seas Squadron, initially stationed in Fiji and subsequently operating around the Marquesas Islands. On 1 September 1915, she was transferred to the Training Squadron, where she engaged in extended oceanic voyages and provided officer instruction for cadets at the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy. Beginning on 20 April 1916, alongside Azuma, she embarked on her first of sixteen training cruises, visiting destinations such as Australia and Southeast Asia, before returning on 22 August. Although relieved from this duty the next month, Iwate rejoined the Training Squadron a year later to prepare for another training expedition. Departing on 2 March 1918, she voyaged to Central America, Hawaii, and the South Sea Islands, returning on 6 July.

Iwate docked at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1933

Two years later, on 21 August 1920, Iwate commenced another training cruise that included visits to South America and the South Sea Islands, concluding on 4 April 1921. On 1 September that year, she was reclassified as a first-class coast-defense ship. Beginning 26 June 1922, Iwate, together with Izumo and Yakumo, undertook a global circumnavigation. Their journey included stops at Hawaii and Los Angeles, passage through the Panama Canal to reach Rio de Janeiro, where naval cadets observed the Independence Centenary International Exposition celebrating Brazil’s independence. The squadron then proceeded to Buenos Aires and Durban, before returning home via the Indian Ocean, arriving on 8 February 1923.

In 1924, modifications were made to Iwate’s armament: four of her twelve-pounder guns were removed along with all QF 2.5-pounder weapons; however, a single 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type anti-aircraft gun was installed. A further refit in 1931 saw the removal of her torpedo tubes and all main deck six-inch guns, with their casemates sealed over; after this, only two twelve-pounder guns remained alongside three 8 cm/40 AA guns. Additionally, her boilers were replaced by six Yarrow boilers generating approximately 7,000 ihp (5,200 kW), reducing her maximum speed to 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). She carried 1,435 metric tons (1,412 long tons) of coal and 329 metric tons (324 long tons) of fuel oil. The crew complement was adjusted to 726 officers and enlisted personnel.

Throughout the remainder of the decade, Iwate continued regular training cruises roughly every two years, visiting locations such as North America’s East Coast and the Mediterranean Sea. Among her cadets during the 1925–26 cruise was Prince Hironobu Fushimi. In December 1928, she served as an escort for Emperor Hirohito during an Imperial fleet review held in Yokohama harbor. Starting from 1932, these training voyages became annual occurrences—except in 1935—until they ended at the close of 1939.

On 1 February 1940, Iwate was assigned to the 12th Squadron within the 3rd Support Fleet. Despite her advancing age, she was briefly reclassified as a first-class cruiser on 1 July 1942 before being redesignated as a training vessel in 1943. On 19 March 1945, American carrier-based aircraft attacked Iwate, resulting in one fatality among her crew but causing no major damage. Shortly thereafter, her original eight-inch guns were replaced by four twin-mounted 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) Type 89 dual-purpose guns; simultaneously, four remaining six-inch guns were removed. Her light anti-aircraft defenses were significantly enhanced by adding nine license-built Hotchkiss Type 96 twenty-five-millimeter AA guns arranged in one triple mount, two twin mounts, and two single mounts, plus two single-mounted thirteen-point-two-millimeter Hotchkiss machine guns.

Iwate sunk near Kure in October 1945

During the American aerial bombardment of Kure on 24 July 1945, although not directly struck by bombs, near misses caused structural damage that led to flooding and sinking in shallow waters at coordinates 34°14′N 132°30′E the following day. She was officially removed from the navy register on 30 November. Subsequently, her hull was salvaged and dismantled between 1946 and 1947 by the Harima Dock Company (now IHI Corporation).

References

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• Milanovich, Kathrin. "Armored Cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy". In Jordan, John (ed.). Conway. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |2=, |4=, and |6= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Text "isbn 978-1-84486-236-8" ignored (help); Text "location London" ignored (help); Text "title Warship 2014" ignored (help); Text "year 2014" ignored (help)
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