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Japanese cruiser Izumo

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Adapted from the English Wikipedia article Japanese cruiser Izumo, available under CC BY-SA 4.0Updated 29 November 202537 sources
Izumo
Company typeArmored cruiser
IndustryNaval military vessel
Founded1899
Headquarters
United Kingdom (built)
ProductsWarship


Izumo (出雲) (sometimes spelled Idzumo) was the lead vessel of the Izumo-class cruiser series of armored cruisers (Sōkō jun'yōkan) constructed for the Imperial Japanese Navy during the late 19th century. Due to Japan's limited industrial capabilities at the time, the ship was built overseas in the United Kingdom. Throughout her service, Izumo frequently operated as a flagship and took part in major naval engagements during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. She sustained minor damage in both the Battle off Ulsan and the decisive Battle of Tsushima. In 1913, Izumo was deployed to safeguard Japanese nationals and interests amid the Mexican Revolution, remaining stationed there when World War I commenced in 1914. During the First World War, her mission shifted to hunting German commerce raiders and protecting Allied maritime routes along the western shores of North and Central America. Early in 1915, she provided assistance to the armored cruiser Error: {{Ship}} missing name (help) after it ran aground near Baja California. By 1917, Izumo had become flagship of a Japanese naval squadron assigned to operations in the Mediterranean Sea. Following the war's conclusion, she voyaged to Great Britain to oversee several captured German submarines before escorting them partway back to Japan. Throughout most of the 1920s, Izumo served primarily as a training platform for naval cadets. In 1932, she assumed command duties as flagship for Japanese forces stationed in China during the First Shanghai Incident. Five years later, she took part in the Battle of Shanghai, emerging unscathed despite enduring multiple aerial assaults. During the Pacific War, her role was limited but included supporting Japanese operations throughout the Philippines campaign (1941–1942) until she struck a mine. After returning to Japan in 1943, she resumed duties as a training vessel for naval trainees. Ultimately, Izumo was sunk by American carrier-based aircraft during the July 1945 strike on Kure. Her remains were later raised and dismantled by scrappers in 1947.

Background and description

Following the First Sino-Japanese War, the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was formulated, incorporating four armored cruisers alongside an additional four battleships. Since Japan lacked the domestic capability to construct such vessels, all were commissioned from British shipyards. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), upon reviewing the Russian naval construction program, concluded that the battleships initially ordered would be inadequate to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Due to financial constraints, increasing the number of battleships was not feasible, leading the IJN to raise the count of more economical armored cruisers from four to six. This updated strategy became widely known as the "Six-Six Fleet". Unlike many contemporaneous cruisers designed primarily for commerce raiding or protecting colonial and trade interests, Izumo and her half-sisters were intended for fleet reconnaissance and engagement within the battleline.

The vessel measured 132.28 meters (434 ft) in overall length, with a length between perpendiculars of 121.92 meters (400 ft). Her beam spanned 20.94 meters (68 ft 8 in), and she had an average draft of 7.26 meters (23 ft 10 in). At normal load, Izumo displaced 9,503 metric tons (9,353 long tons), increasing to 10,305 metric tons (10,142 long tons) when fully loaded. The ship’s metacentric height was measured at 0.88 meters (2 ft 11 in). The crew complement consisted of 672 officers and enlisted personnel.

Propulsion was provided by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each connected to a single propeller shaft. Steam was generated by 24 Belleville boilers, producing a combined output rated at 14,500 indicated horsepower (10,800 kW). Designed for a speed of 20.75 knots (38.43 km/h; 23.88 mph), Izumo achieved 21.74 knots (40.26 km/h; 25.02 mph) during sea trials powered by 16,078 indicated horsepower (11,989 kW). Her coal capacity reached up to 1,551 metric tons (1,527 long tons), enabling a cruising range of approximately 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a steady speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

The primary armament across all "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers consisted of four eight-inch ([convert: invalid number]) guns arranged in twin turrets located fore and aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery comprised 14 Elswick Ordnance Company "Pattern Z" quick-firing six-inch guns, with only four mounted outside armored casemates on the main and upper decks; these upper deck mounts were shielded by gun shields. Additionally, Izumo was outfitted with twelve QF 12-pounder 12-cwt guns and eight QF 2.5-pounder Hotchkiss (Yamauchi) guns for close-in defense against torpedo boats. The ship featured four submerged torpedo tubes measuring 457 millimetres (18.0 in), positioned two on each broadside.

All armored cruisers within the "Six-Six Fleet" shared a similar armor layout with slight variations. A Krupp cemented armor waterline belt extended along the entire hull length, varying in thickness from 178 millimetres (7.0 in) amidships to 89 millimetres (3.5 in) at both bow and stern. The belt stood 2.13 metres (7 ft 0 in) tall, with approximately 1.39 metres (4 ft 7 in) submerged under normal conditions. Above this belt was an upper strake of armor measuring 127 millimetres (5.0 in), stretching from the waterline belt’s upper edge up to the main deck, covering a distance of about 51.18 metres (167.9 ft) between the forward and aft barbettes. Oblique armored bulkheads measuring 127 mm enclosed the ends of the central armored citadel in the Izumo class.

The barbettes, gun turrets, and frontal casemate sections were protected by six inches of armor, while casemate sides and rears had armor thickness of 51 millimetres (2.0 in). The deck armor measured 63 millimetres (2.5 in), and the conning tower was fortified with armor up to 356 millimetres (14.0 in) thick.

Construction and career

Izumo anchored in 1902

The contract for the cruiser Izumo, which took its name from the province of the same name, was finalized on 24 September 1897 with Armstrong Whitworth. The vessel's keel was laid at their Elswick shipyard on 14 May 1899, followed by its launch on 19 September of the same year. Completion occurred on 25 September 1900, and the ship set sail for Japan on 2 October under the leadership of Captain Inoue Toshio [ja], who had been appointed on 29 September 1899 to oversee construction and command the voyage home. Izumo reached Yokosuka on 8 December, where Inoue officially assumed command.[1]

Russo-Japanese War

At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, command of Izumo had passed to Captain Miyaoka Naoki[1] and she served as the flagship for Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō, leader of the 2nd Fleet.[2] On 9 February 1904, she took part in the Battle of Port Arthur, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in a surprise night assault against Russian Pacific Squadron vessels anchored near Port Arthur. Despite Tōgō’s expectation that his destroyers’ attack would cause significant Russian disarray, the defenders quickly recovered and were prepared for battle. The Japanese fleet was detected by the patrolling protected cruiser Boyarin, which alerted Russian forces. Tōgō decided to target Russian shore defenses with his main guns while engaging enemy ships with secondary armaments. This division of firepower proved ineffective, as Japanese eight- and six-inch shells caused minimal damage, while Russian fire concentrated on Japanese vessels inflicted notable harm.[3] Both sides incurred hits; Russian casualties numbered around 150, whereas Japanese losses were approximately 90 before Tōgō withdrew.[4]

In early March, Vice Admiral Kamimura led the reinforced 2nd Division northward to create a diversion near Vladivostok. During reconnaissance for Russian naval units, Japanese cruisers shelled Vladivostok’s harbor and defenses on 6 March with limited success. Returning to Japan shortly after, the division was assigned to escort transports carrying the Imperial Guards Division to Korea before joining the blockade at Port Arthur. In mid-April, Kamimura moved north to patrol the Sea of Japan and safeguard the Korea Strait against any attempt by Rear Admiral Karl Jessen’s Vladivostok Independent Cruiser Squadron to break through and unite with the Pacific Squadron. On 24 April, heavy fog prevented an encounter between these forces; subsequently, Kamimura’s squadron proceeded to Vladivostok where they laid several minefields before returning to Wonsan on 30 April.[5]

The division missed intercepting Jessen’s squadron during their attack on multiple transports south of Okinoshima Island on 15 June due to inclement weather with rain and fog. The Russians made another sortie on 30 June; Kamimura engaged them near Okinoshima the following day but fading light allowed Jessen’s ships to escape under cover of darkness. On 17 July, Jessen’s squadron sailed toward Japan’s eastern coast aiming to divert Japanese forces away from the Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea. They passed through Tsugaru Strait two days later and began capturing vessels heading for Japan. Their presence off Tokyo Bay on 24 July prompted the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff to order Kamimura to position at Cape Toi Misaki on Kyūshū, fearing Jessen might circle Japan to reach Port Arthur. Kamimura received further orders two days later to move north toward the Kii Channel and then Tokyo Bay by the 28th. Finally, he was directed back to Tsushima Island on the 30th; that same day news arrived that Jessen’s squadron had passed through Tsugaru Strait earlier that morning and reached Vladivostok by 1 August.[6]

Engagement near Ulsan

Main article: Battle off Ulsan

On 10 August, the vessels stationed at Port Arthur attempted to break through to Vladivostok but were repelled during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Jessen received orders to link up with this fleet; however, his command was delayed. His trio of armored cruisers—Rossia, Gromoboi, and Rurik—needed time to raise steam, resulting in their departure only on the evening of 13 August. By dawn, they had reached Tsushima but turned around after failing to locate any ships from the Port Arthur squadron. Approximately 36 miles (58 km) north of the island, they encountered Kamimura's formation, which comprised four modern armored cruisers: Iwate, Tokiwa, Azuma, and Izumo. The two groups had unknowingly passed each other during the night and reversed course near daybreak, positioning the Japanese squadron directly along the Russian route to Vladivostok.[7]

At 05:00, upon sighting the Japanese ships, Jessen commanded a northeast turn; Kamimura mirrored this action but on a slightly converging trajectory. Engagement commenced around 05:23 at an approximate distance of 8,500 meters (9,300 yd). The Japanese concentrated their firepower on Rurik, the trailing vessel in the Russian line. She sustained hits quickly and began lagging behind her companions. Jessen attempted to increase distance by turning southeast; however, this maneuver exposed Russian gunners to glare from the rising sun and prevented effective use of their broadside artillery against the Japanese. Around 06:00, Jessen executed a 180° starboard turn aiming to reach the Korean coastline and facilitate Rurik's rejoining of the squadron. Kamimura followed with a similar turn at 06:10 but veered portside, increasing separation between the forces. Subsequently, Azuma experienced engine troubles, causing the Japanese formation to reduce speed to match hers. Combat resumed by 06:24, during which Rurik incurred three stern hits that flooded her steering compartment, forcing navigation via engine adjustments. Her velocity further diminished, heightening vulnerability to enemy fire, and by approximately 06:40 her steering jammed hard to port.[8]

Jessen then attempted another 180° turn intending to place his two cruisers between Rurik and the Japanese fleet; unexpectedly, Rurik accelerated and veered starboard, slipping through between Jessen’s ships and their adversaries. Kamimura responded with a 180° turn so both squadrons proceeded southeast on parallel courses; however, Jessen quickly reversed course again so that they faced opposite directions. Around 07:45, the Russians made a third course reversal in an effort to support Rurik, despite Rossia being ablaze herself—her fires were extinguished roughly twenty minutes later. At 08:00 Kamimura maneuvered his squadron around Rurik from the south while allowing the two remaining Russian vessels to move northward unchallenged toward Vladivostok. Nonetheless, Jessen turned back at 08:15 and instructed Rurik to proceed independently toward Vladivostok as he headed north at full speed near 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).[9]

Shortly thereafter, Kamimura's two older protected cruisers, Naniwa and Takachiho, approached from the south. Their arrival enabled Kamimura to engage Jessen’s force with all armored cruisers while these two vessels targeted Rurik. A running skirmish ensued over ninety minutes during which sufficient hits were inflicted on the Russians to reduce their speed to about 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The Japanese closed within roughly 5,000 meters (5,500 yd), then expanded range back out to approximately 6,500 meters (7,100 yd).[9]

Around 10:00, Kamimura’s gunnery officer mistakenly reported that Izumo had used three-quarters of her ammunition supply; consequently, he ordered a withdrawal following a brief five-minute rapid-fire barrage. Concerned about leaving Tsushima Strait unprotected and believing remaining shells could be used effectively against Rurik, Kamimura turned back prematurely. By this point, however, Rurik had already been sunk by Naniwa and Takachiho. Although these cruisers transmitted confirmation of her sinking via radio, Kamimura did not receive this message. Soon after the Japanese retreat began, both Gromoboi and Rossia had to halt for repairs. None of the Japanese warships suffered critical damage; despite Izumo receiving over twenty hits during combat, casualties amounted to only three killed and sixteen wounded.[10] Repairs for Izumo commenced at Sasebo Naval Arsenal in mid-September.[11]

On 26 January 1905, Kamimura once again raised his flag aboard Izumo at Sasebo before escorting multiple troop convoys bound for Wonsan in February. On 13 April, the Second Division—including armored cruisers Tokiwa and Kasuga—departed to provide escort for minelayers deploying a total of 715 mines near Vladivostok.[12]

Battle of Tsushima

Main article: Battle of Tsushima

On 27 May, as the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons neared Japanese waters after their voyage from the Baltic Sea, Japanese patrol vessels detected them early in the morning despite poor visibility and weak radio signals. These initial sightings prompted Admiral Tōgō to dispatch his fleet to sea. Around 11:30, the 2nd Division, commanded by Kamimura, identified the Russian squadron led by Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. Kamimura approached to approximately 8,000 meters (8,700 yd) before withdrawing under enemy fire to regroup with Tōgō’s battleships.[13] Leading the 2nd Division, Izumo engaged the Russian battleship Oslyabya at 14:10 when Tōgō commenced firing on the 2nd Pacific Squadron. Like many vessels in the division, Izumo focused on Oslyabya, which was compelled to leave formation by 14:50 and sank twenty minutes later. By then, the Russian fleet was disorganized. At 15:35, Knyaz Suvorov unexpectedly emerged from the fog at roughly 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). Kamimura’s entire division fired upon her for about five minutes, while Azuma and the armored cruiser Yakumo launched torpedoes that failed to hit their mark.[14]

After 17:30, Kamimura led his division on an unsuccessful chase after several Russian cruisers, temporarily leaving Tōgō’s battleships unattended. He ceased pursuit around 18:03 and turned northward to reunite with Tōgō. By approximately 18:30, his ships encountered the rear of the Russian battleline and opened fire as they closed within a range of 8,000–9,000 meters (8,700–9,800 yd). The impact on Russian forces remains unknown; they halted their return fire by 19:30 and regrouped with Tōgō at 20:08 as darkness fell.[15] The following morning, surviving Russian vessels were located and Japanese ships commenced firing near 10:30 from beyond effective counter-fire range. Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov opted to surrender since his ships could neither retaliate nor close distance.[16] Throughout the engagement, Izumo sustained hits from five large-caliber shells—mostly 12-inch—and three smaller shells predominantly of 6-inch caliber. Damage was minimal; however, one 12-inch shell penetrated a boiler uptake and had it exploded might have disabled all central boilers.[17] Casualties included four fatalities and twenty-six wounded.[18]

In early July, as preparations for the invasion of Sakhalin Island were underway, Kamimura’s diminished 2nd Division—comprised of Iwate, Izumo, and Tokiwa—was assigned to defend the Korea Strait before escorting forces conducting an amphibious landing in northeastern Korea. By mid-August, this division provided cover for landings at Chongjin, situated closer to the Russian frontier.[19]

On 20 September 1909, under Captain Takeshita Isamu, Izumo set sail from Yokohama bound for the United States to take part in San Francisco’s Portola Festival. This citywide celebration occurred between October 19–23 to commemorate the 140th anniversary of the Portolà expedition, marking the first documented Spanish and European exploration of present-day California and symbolizing San Francisco’s recovery from the devastating 1906 earthquake.[20] During this visit, Lieutenant Prince Shimazu Tadashige served aboard Izumo.[21] Lieutenant Allen B. Reed, engineering officer on USS Albany (CL-23) and future commanding officer of heavy cruiser USS New Orleans (CA-32), accompanied Captain Takeshita as his escort during their stay in San Francisco.[22] En route to San Francisco, Izumo made stops in Hawaii, Monterrey, Santa Barbara, and San Diego.[1] On November 12, 1913, orders directed Izumo to patrol Mexico’s west coast to protect Japanese nationals and interests amid the upheaval of the Mexican Revolution.[23]

World War I

In August 1914, when Japan entered the war against the Central Powers, Izumo was positioned off the coast of Mexico and tasked with safeguarding Allied vessels and hunting for German commerce raiders. By 1 November, while near San Francisco, the cruiser received orders to join a British naval group led by Admiral Sir George Patey near San Clemente Island. This force included the battlecruiser Australia and the light cruiser Newcastle. Following the internment of the German gunboat SMS Geier by American forces on 8 November, the former Russian battleship Hizen and Asama, which had been patrolling near Honolulu, Hawaii to block the German vessel's escape, met with other ships of the American Expeditionary Squadron at Magdalena Bay, Baja California on 22 November. Now under Rear Admiral Moriyama Keizaburo's command aboard Izumo, the squadron proceeded southward along South America's west coast in search of German ships. After learning of the British success at the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 11 December, they shifted northward to patrol waters off western Central America, then moved to Mexican and U.S. coastal areas in January.[24]

During a mission near Oregon's coastline, Izumo received an SOS from the steam schooner Francis H. Leggett, but refrained from rendering assistance due to a nearby German cruiser’s presence. The Leggett subsequently sank, with only two survivors out of 62 crew members.

While conducting operations around Baja California, Asama suffered severe damage after colliding with an uncharted rock on 31 January. Due to communication delays, Izumo arrived only on 12 February, after which Admiral Moriyama requested repair and salvage vessels be dispatched from Japan. On 19 March, Izumo was relieved by Tokiwa and returned to Japanese waters.[24]

In June 1917, Izumo took over from the protected cruiser Akashi at Malta, serving as flagship for Rear Admiral Kōzō Satō, who led the Second Special Mission Squadron overseeing Japanese destroyer escorts for convoys in the Mediterranean Sea. By December 1918, accompanied by destroyers Hinoki and Yanagi, Izumo voyaged from Malta to Scapa Flow to assume control over seven captured German U-boats as war prizes. They returned these submarines to Malta in March 1919. The armored cruiser Nisshin, along with eight destroyers and the U-boats, proceeded to Japan, while Izumo made stops at Naples, Genoa, and Marseille before arriving in Japan with remaining destroyers on 2 July 1919.[1]

Interwar years

Izumo anchored in Vancouver, 1925

In 1919, Izumo took part in a naval review conducted by Emperor Taishō. On 1 September 1921, she was reclassified as a first-class coast-defense vessel[1] and primarily assigned to training roles focused on long-range oceanic navigation and officer cadet instruction from the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, she embarked on six training voyages spanning Europe, North and South America, as well as Oceania,[25] including a global circumnavigation from August 1921 to April 1922 alongside Yakumo.[26] Among the cadets aboard during this voyage were Princes Kuni Asaakira and Kachō Hirotada.[27] While docked in Vancouver, British Columbia on 7 February 1925 during one of these cruises, a nighttime collision between a tugboat and one of her ship’s boats resulted in drowning eleven crew members.[1]

In 1924, modifications saw four of her twelve-pounder guns removed along with all QF 2.5-pounder weapons; a single 8 cm/40 third Year Type anti-aircraft (AA) gun was installed. During her refit in 1930–31, torpedo tubes were eliminated as were all main deck six-inch guns; their casemates were sealed off. Consequently, her armament was reduced to four twelve-pounders.[28] In a subsequent overhaul in 1935, her boilers were replaced with six Kampon water-tube boilers rated at approximately 7,000 ihp (5,200 kW), lowering her maximum speed to around 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). At this time she carried 1,428 metric tons (1,405 long tons) of coal plus 329 metric tons (324 long tons) of fuel oil, increasing her deep displacement to roughly 10,864 metric tons (10,692 long tons).[29]

Service in China and World War II

Izumo anchored in the Huangpu River, Shanghai, 1932. To the left is the armored cruiser USS Rochester.

On 2 February 1932, amid the First Shanghai Incident, Izumo assumed the role of flagship for the newly reinstated 3rd Fleet under Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura[1] and reached Shanghai six days afterward.[30] By 1934, the vessel had been modified at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal to operate a floatplane.[1]

Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, Izumo came under attack on 14 August during multiple raids by Chinese Air Force planes amid the Battle of Shanghai. Although most bombs fell harmlessly into the river, two struck areas occupied by civilians, resulting in hundreds of casualties.[31] The cruiser’s Nakajima E4N floatplane along with another from the light cruiser Sendai took to the skies and reportedly downed one Curtiss Hawk biplane fighter and a Northrop Gamma bomber. Two days later, an E4N from Izumo claimed another Hawk kill.[1][32] On that same day, Izumo was targeted by a Chinese torpedo boat; however, its torpedoes missed their mark and the crew abandoned their vessel.[33] Throughout the battle, Izumo delivered naval gunfire support to Japanese ground forces.[34] The ship endured multiple unsuccessful air attacks by Chinese aircraft during the entire Battle of Shanghai.[1]

Izumo stationed in Shanghai, 1937

Remaining in Shanghai at the onset of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941, Izumo seized the American river gunboat USS Wake and played a role in sinking the British river gunboat HMS Peterel.[1][35] While supporting Japanese operations during the Philippines Campaign, she struck a mine in Lingayen Gulf on 31 December. Repairs were conducted after she was towed to Hong Kong in February 1942. On 1 July, Izumo was re-designated as a first-class cruiser.[1] She returned to Japan late in 1943 and was subsequently reclassified as a training vessel[36] serving within the Kure Naval District.[1]

The wreckage of Izumo, sunk following the assault on Kure.

On 19 March 1945, American carrier-based aircraft launched an attack against Izumo near Etajima, but inflicted no damage. Soon thereafter, her original eight-inch guns were replaced with four twin mounts housing 12.7 cm (5.0 in) Type 89 dual-purpose guns; simultaneously, four remaining six-inch guns were removed. Her light anti-aircraft defenses were substantially enhanced by adding fourteen license-produced Hotchkiss 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns arranged in two triple, two twin, and four single mounts, alongside two single-mounted 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns.[1][36] On 9 April, she sustained damage from an American mine near Hiroshima.[37] During the initial day of the American aerial raid on Kure on 24 July 1945, Izumo was not directly hit; however, four days later she narrowly avoided three near-misses. The resulting shockwaves caused seams in her hull to open, leading to flooding that caused her to capsize at coordinates 34°14′N 132°30′E / 34.233°N 132.500°E / 34.233; 132.500. She was officially struck from the navy list on 20 November and her remains were salvaged and dismantled by Harima Dock Company (now part of IHI Corporation) in 1947.[1]

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Hackett & Kingsepp
  2. ↑ Kowner, p. 465
  3. ↑ Forczyk, pp. 42–43
  4. ↑ Corbett, I, p. 105
  5. ↑ Corbett, I, pp. 138–39, 142–45, 160, 177, 188–89, 191–96
  6. ↑ Corbett, I, pp. 283–89, 319–25, 337–51
  7. ↑ Brook 2000, pp. 34, 37
  8. ↑ Brook 2000, pp. 39, 43
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brook 2000, p. 43
  10. ↑ Brook 2000, pp. 43, 45; Watts & Gordon, p. 117
  11. ↑ Corbett, II, p. 52
  12. ↑ Corbett, II, pp. 159–61, 177
  13. ↑ Corbett, II, pp. 232, 235
  14. ↑ Campbell, Part 2, pp. 128–32
  15. ↑ Campbell, Part 3, pp. 186–87
  16. ↑ Corbett, II, pp. 319–20
  17. ↑ Campbell, Part 4, p. 263
  18. ↑ Brook 1999, p. 113
  19. ↑ Corbett, II, pp. 356, 363–65, 377–80
  20. ↑ "Warships Coming for Portola Fete". San Francisco Call. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. 27 June 1909. p. 49. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "Guns of Harbor Roar Salute to Flag of Nippon". San Francisco Call. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 12 October 1909. p. 16. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  22. ↑ "Nippon Captain Calls on Mayor". The San Francisco Call. 13 October 1909. p. 16.
  23. ↑ "Japanese Cruiser Sent to Mexico". San Francisco Call. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 12 November 1913. p. 2. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Estes
  25. ↑ Lacroix & Wells, pp. 657, 659
  26. ↑ "World Cruise". Western Morning News. 29 November 1921. p. 5. Retrieved 11 April 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  27. ↑ "Japanese Cruisers Here With Cadets" (PDF). The New York Times. 28 October 1921. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  28. ↑ Chesneau, p. 174
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named j2
  30. ↑ Mauch, p. 84
  31. ↑ Harmsen, pp. 56–62
  32. ↑ Hata, Shores & Izawa, p. 6
  33. ↑ Wright, p. 171
  34. ↑ "Japanese Consulate in Ruins". The Sydney Morning Herald. Trove. 18 August 1937. p. 15. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  35. ↑ Rohwer, p. 123
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Fukui, p. 4
  37. ↑ Rohwer, p. 408

References

External links

Related profiles

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