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Mohamed Atta

From Alfawiki
Mohamed Atta
Born (1968-09-01) 1 September 1968 (age 58)
Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
Died11 September 2001(2001-09-11) (aged 33)
Occupation(s)Construction engineer, terrorist
Known forLead hijacker of American Airlines Flight 11 during the September 11 attacks

Mohamed Atta (1 September 1968 – 11 September 2001) was an Egyptian national and terrorist affiliated with al-Qaeda. As a committed pan-Islamist, he led the September 11 attacks and acted as the pilot-hijacker of American Airlines Flight 11, which he deliberately crashed into the North Tower of the original World Trade Center during a coordinated suicide mission. At 33 years old, Atta was the eldest among the 19 hijackers. Prior to his involvement in terrorism, he worked professionally as a construction engineer.

Born in Egypt, Atta completed his architecture degree at Cairo University in 1990 and pursued advanced studies at the Hamburg University of Technology. While in Hamburg, he became active at the al-Quds Mosque, where he met fellow extremists Marwan al-Shehhi, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Ziad Jarrah, collectively forming what became known as the Hamburg cell. Throughout this period, Atta traveled intermittently, performing the hajj pilgrimage in 1995 and visiting Afghanistan from late 1999 to early 2000, where he encountered Osama bin Laden and senior al-Qaeda figures. Bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed recruited him and other Hamburg cell members for a "planes operation" targeting the United States.

Upon returning to Hamburg in February 2000, Atta initiated inquiries about flight training in the United States. He, along with Jarrah and al-Shehhi, arrived in June to undertake pilot training, obtaining their instrument ratings by November of that year. Beginning in May 2001, Atta organized the arrival of "muscle" hijackers—individuals responsible for overpowering passengers to facilitate control by the pilot-hijackers. In July, he convened with bin al-Shibh in Spain to finalize operational details, followed by participation in reconnaissance flights during August to refine attack logistics.

On 11 September 2001, Atta commandeered American Airlines Flight 11 and piloted it into 1 World Trade Center (North Tower), resulting in over 1,600 fatalities due to impact, ensuing fires, and eventual collapse of the tower. This event stands as the deadliest aviation disaster and terrorist attack recorded.

Aliases

Throughout his activities, Mohamed Atta employed multiple aliases on official documents, including "Mehan Atta," "Mohammad El Amir," "Muhammad Atta," "Mohamed El Sayed," "Mohamed Elsayed," "Muhammad al-Amir," "Awag Al Sayyid Atta," and "Awad Al Sayad." In Germany, his registered name was "Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta," while at the Hamburg University of Technology he was known as Mohamed el-Amir. His will from 1996 identifies him as "Mohamed the son of Mohamed Elamir awad Elsayed." Within al-Qaeda circles, he was referred to as Abd al-Rahman al-Misri. Additionally, Atta claimed varying national origins, sometimes identifying as Egyptian and on other occasions as from the United Arab Emirates.

Early life

Mohamed Atta was born on 1 September 1968 in Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt. His father, Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta, practiced law with expertise in civil law and sharia. His mother, Buthayna Mohamed Mustafa Shiraqi, hailed from an affluent family involved in agriculture and commerce. The family maintained a private lifestyle; neighbors described his father as strict and disciplined. Atta was their only son among three children; his two elder sisters achieved professional success—one becoming a physician and the other an academic professor.

When Atta was ten years old, his family relocated to Cairo’s Abdeen district. Due to his father's limitations on socializing, he concentrated on academic pursuits and demonstrated strong scholastic performance. In 1985, he enrolled at Cairo University initially studying engineering before transferring into a selective architecture program. He graduated with an architecture degree in 1990, subsequently joining the Engineers Syndicate and briefly working at Cairo’s Urban Development Center on construction projects. That same year, his family moved to an apartment located in Giza.

Following his return from Germany in late 1999, Atta became engaged to a woman chosen by his family; however, this marriage never took place despite mutual affection noted by his father.

Germany

After completing his undergraduate studies at Cairo University with grades insufficient for graduate admission, Atta enrolled in a German-language course at the Goethe-Institut in Cairo. In 1992, a German couple managing an exchange initiative invited him to pursue further education in Germany, offering accommodation and meals. He arrived in July and registered in the urban planning graduate program at the Hamburg University of Technology.

Initially, Atta lived with two secondary school teachers; however, his strict observance of Islamic dietary restrictions and conservative lifestyle created tension, prompting him to leave after six months. By early 1993, he relocated to university dormitories, sharing space with two roommates but remained socially withdrawn, which caused additional conflicts.

Academic studies

At Hamburg University of Technology, Atta studied under department head Dittmar Machule, concentrating on urban planning issues related to the Middle East. He strongly opposed contemporary developments such as high-rise constructions in Cairo, considering them harmful to traditional neighborhoods and communal values. His thesis focused on Aleppo, Syria, examining how modern projects disrupted the city's historic layout and skyline.

In 1994, Machule took Atta on an archaeological field trip to Aleppo, where he stayed for several weeks and returned again in December. During this time, he met Amal, a Palestinian urban planner whose more liberal lifestyle contrasted with Atta’s conservative principles, ending their brief relationship.

In mid-1995, Atta was awarded a Carl Duisberg Society scholarship for a three-month research project in Cairo evaluating redevelopment initiatives in Islamic Cairo aimed at boosting tourism. Afterward, he spent some time living with his family.

Throughout his studies, Atta worked various jobs including part-time employment at the urban planning firm Plankontor from 1992 until 1997 when technological advances like CAD reduced his responsibilities amid declining business. He also supplemented his income through cleaning jobs and automobile trading. Although he hoped to return to Cairo after graduation, limited employment opportunities and lack of familial support hindered this plan. Additionally, political repression in Egypt made him cautious about government scrutiny due to his social and political opinions.

Religious zeal and Hamburg cell

Upon arriving in Hamburg in 1992, Atta became increasingly devout and regularly attended mosque services. Peers described him as intelligent and motivated equally by religious devotion and political concerns. He harbored strong resentment toward U.S. Middle East policies—especially the Oslo Accords and the Gulf War—and was critical of Egypt’s ruling elite and their suppression of the Muslim Brotherhood. Atta held anti-Semitic views, convinced that Jews controlled global media, finance, and politics from New York City. These convictions intensified during Operation Infinite Reach and contributed to the formation of the Hamburg cell.

On 1 August 1995, Atta returned to Egypt for a three-month study period, growing a beard as both a sign of piety and political expression. He came back to Hamburg on 31 October 1995 before embarking on a pilgrimage to Mecca soon after.

In Hamburg, he became involved with al-Quds Mosque, which advocated an austere and militant Sunni Islam ideology. There he built connections, taught classes at al-Quds and a Turkish mosque in Harburg, and led a prayer group attended by Ahmed Maklat and Mounir El Motassadeq. Ramzi bin al-Shibh occasionally taught there as well and developed a friendship with Atta.

On 11 April 1996, Atta formalized his last will at al-Quds Mosque, affirming his Muslim faith and specifying detailed burial wishes aligned with Sunni and Salafist traditions. This occurred during Israel’s Operation Grapes of Wrath in Lebanon, which deeply angered him.

After leaving Plankontor in summer 1997, Atta vanished for several months without making progress on his thesis. He cited family matters but later claimed to have undertaken a second pilgrimage to Mecca during the 1997–98 winter break—a claim met with skepticism due to its unusual timing and length. When he returned in spring 1998, he sported a full beard and appeared more solemn.

By mid-1998, no longer eligible for university dormitory housing at Centrumshaus, Atta moved into an apartment with Bahaji and Ramzi they called bayt al-ansar. By early 1999, he completed and successfully defended his thesis.

In mid-1998, Atta collaborated with Shehhi, bin al-Shibh, and Belfas packing computers for shipment in Wilhelmsburg. The group soon moved into an apartment at Marienstrasse 54 in Harburg near Hamburg University of Technology. This location became the hub where the Hamburg cell solidified as they met several times weekly to discuss anti-American sentiments and coordinate plans; members included Marwan al-Shehhi and Zakariya Essabar.

Toward the end of 1999, Atta along with Shehhi, Jarrah, Bahaji, and bin al-Shibh initially intended to fight in Chechnya but were instead persuaded to travel to Afghanistan. On 29 November 1999, Atta departed Hamburg for Karachi via Istanbul. There they were selected by al-Qaeda commander Mohammed Atef for the "planes operation," valued for their Western education backgrounds and English proficiency facilitating visa acquisition. They pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden in Kandahar and accepted suicide missions prior to receiving specific instructions from Atef and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.

German authorities confirmed that Atta underwent training at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan from late 1999 into early 2000; evidence also suggested he met bin Laden there. A video surfaced showing bin Laden at Tarnak Farms on 8 January 2000 alongside footage of Atta with Ziad Jarrah reciting their wills on 18 January.

Atta left Karachi on 24 February 2000 heading back to Hamburg via Istanbul. Upon arrival, Atta along with al-Shehhi and Jarrah reported their passports stolen—a likely tactic aimed at erasing travel visa traces linked to Afghanistan.

United States

On 22 March 2000, while still residing in Germany, Atta sent an inquiry via e-mail to the Academy of Lakeland in Florida regarding flight training, describing his group as a small delegation from Arab nations seeking intensive pilot instruction up to the ATP certification level. He dispatched between 50 and 60 similar requests to various flight schools across the United States.

Atta applied for a U.S. visa on 17 May and was granted a five-year B-1/B-2 visa by the Berlin embassy, leveraging his five-year residency in Germany along with his academic background. On 2 June, he traveled from Hamburg to Prague, then proceeded to enter the U.S. on 3 June, selecting Prague for operational security reasons. Shehhi traveled separately through Brussels.

Prior to entering the U.S. in April–May 2000, Atta sought to secure financing for a crop-dusting aircraft loan through the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Florida. During this process, he expressed intentions to attend flight school and referenced Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. The loan officer later identified him from media reports and passed a polygraph examination.

Atta arrived at Newark International Airport on 3 June 2000. That same month, he and Shehhi lodged in hotels throughout New York City, with Jarrah joining them later on 27 June. They investigated multiple flight schools, including Airman Flight School in Oklahoma, before ultimately settling in Venice, Florida. Atta and Shehhi opened bank accounts at SunTrust Bank and received wire transfers from Ali Abdul Aziz Ali in the United Arab Emirates. On 6 July, they enrolled in Huffman Aviation’s Accelerated Pilot Program.

Initially accommodated by Huffman's bookkeeper, Atta and Shehhi relocated after one week due to behavioral problems to a nearby residence in Nokomis, where they remained for six months. Atta commenced daily flight lessons on 6 July; both completed their solo flights by the end of July. He earned his private pilot certificate in September and briefly attended Jones Aviation in Sarasota but encountered difficulties passing exams before returning to Huffman Aviation by mid-October. Atta obtained his instrument rating in November and his commercial pilot license in December.

Toward the end of December, Atta and Shehhi sought advanced jet and simulator training at Eagle International for DC-9 and Boeing 737-300 aircraft. They trained on Boeing 727 simulators at Opa-locka Airport and completed Boeing 767 simulator sessions with Pan Am International on 31 December. Atta also acquired cockpit videos of Boeing and Airbus aircraft through mail order.

Documentation indicates that on 2 January 2001, Atta contacted the Moroccan embassy in Washington before traveling to Spain on 4 January to coordinate with bin al-Shibh; he returned to the United States on 10 January. He visited Lawrenceville, Georgia, where he flew locally with Shehhi.

On 11 April, Atta and Shehhi leased an apartment in Coral Springs, Florida, for $840 per month to facilitate the arrival of muscle hijackers. After receiving a citation on 16 April for driving without a license, Atta obtained one on 2 May and owned a red 1989 Pontiac Grand Prix.

On 11 May, Atta visited Boston’s Logan Airport accompanied by another individual, capturing numerous photographs and videos inside; although security concerns were raised at the time, they were not acted upon.

On 27 June, Atta traveled Fort Lauderdale–Boston–San Francisco–Las Vegas. While in Las Vegas, he rented a Chevrolet Malibu and stayed at the Econo Lodge paying cash with an AAA discount. During this trip, it is believed he used a rented video camera.

In early 2001, FBI agent Elie Assaad became suspicious of Atta due to his connections with al-Qaeda fugitive Adnan Shukrijumah.

July 2001 Summit in Spain

In July 2001, Atta journeyed to Spain to hold a final meeting with bin al-Shibh. On 7 July, he boarded Swissair Flight 117 from Miami to Zürich, with a layover en route. The following day, Atta withdrew 1700 Swiss francs from an ATM and bought two Swiss Army knives along with chocolate at Zurich Airport. He then continued to Madrid aboard Swissair Flight 656, where he spent several hours at the airport before checking into the Hotel Diana Cazadora near Barajas Airport. That evening and twice the next morning, he contacted Bashar Ahmad Ali Musleh, who served as a Jordanian intermediary for bin al-Shibh.

On 9 July, Atta rented a silver Hyundai Accent from SIXT Rent-A-Car, initially reserving it from 9 to 16 July and later extending until the 19th. He drove eastward toward the Mediterranean coast near Tarragona, stopping at Reus Airport to pick up Ramzi bin al-Shibh. They spent the night at Hotel Mònica in Cambrils and then remained for several days at a secretive location in Tarragona. The absence of hotel or credit card records indicates they likely stayed in a safe house arranged by al-Qaeda contacts in Spain. Investigators connected this period to Syrian-born Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas (Abu Dahdah) and Moroccan Amer el Azizi, believed to have facilitated the meeting. Journalist Yosri Fouda suggested Said Bahaji and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed might have been present as well. Spanish officials reported that Marwan al-Shehhi and two others joined later, though bin al-Shibh refused to comment on the gathering.

During these discussions, Atta and bin al-Shibh finalized operational details for the attacks. Interrogations of bin al-Shibh uncovered directives from Osama bin Laden emphasizing rapid execution due to concerns about operatives in the U.S. Atta confirmed that all muscle hijackers had arrived but requested an additional five to six weeks for final preparations. Bin Laden insisted that other operatives remain unaware of the attack date until the last possible moment. They chose their targets—excluding a nuclear facility—and agreed on striking the United States Capitol, the Pentagon, and the World Trade Center as emblematic American landmarks. Hijackers were instructed to crash their planes if unable to reach their assigned targets. Atta also discussed conflicts with fellow hijacker Ziad Jarrah, who was suspected of potentially abandoning the plan; Zacarias Moussaoui was reportedly undergoing training as Jarrah’s replacement.

Between 13 and 16 July, Atta stayed at Hotel Sant Jordi in Tarragona. After bin al-Shibh departed for Germany on 16 July, Atta spent two nights at Casablanca Playa Hotel in Salou followed by two nights at Hotel Residencia Montsant. On 19 July, he returned to the U.S., flying via Delta Air Lines from Madrid to Fort Lauderdale with a connection through Atlanta.

Final Preparations in the United States

On 22 July 2001, Atta rented a Mitsubishi Galant from Alamo Rent a Car, which he used before returning it on 26 July. On 25 July, he dropped off Ziad Jarrah at Miami International Airport for a flight to Germany. The next day, Atta flew via Continental Airlines to Newark, New Jersey, where he stayed at the Kings Inn Hotel in Wayne, New Jersey until 30 July before returning to Fort Lauderdale.

On 4 August, Atta was reportedly present at Orlando International Airport awaiting suspected "20th Hijacker" Mohammed al-Qahtani arriving from Dubai, who was subsequently denied entry into the U.S. It is alleged that Atta used a payphone there to place a call linked to al-Qaeda.

On 6 August, Atta and Shehhi rented a white 1995 Ford Escort from Warrick's Rent-A-Car, which they returned on 13 August. Atta reserved but later canceled a Spirit Airlines flight from Fort Lauderdale to Newark scheduled for 7–9 August due to a "Family Medical Emergency." Instead, he purchased a ticket through Central Office & Travel in Pompano Beach for the same route but did not use the return portion of that ticket. He lodged at the Wayne Inn in New Jersey from 7–9 August and booked a one-way first-class ticket on America West Flight 244 from Washington National Airport to Las Vegas. Atta made several trips to Las Vegas conducting "surveillance flights" rehearsing aspects of the attacks; other hijackers also visited Las Vegas during that summer.

Throughout the summer months, Atta met monthly with Nawaf al-Hazmi to assess progress on operational plans.

On 23 August, Atta's driver license was revoked in absentia after he failed to appear in traffic court for driving without a valid license. On that same day, the Mossad provided his name along with eighteen other U.S.-resident suspects believed to be planning an imminent attack to the CIA; only four names are publicly known—all of whom were fellow 9/11 hijackers including Marwan al-Shehhi, Nawaf al-Hazmi, and Khalid al-Mihdhar.

9/11 attacks and death

On September 10, 2001, Atta and al-Omari traveled from Boston to a Comfort Inn located in South Portland, Maine. Their journey included stops at a gas station and a visit to the Longfellow House. They spent the night in Room 233, were observed using ATMs and shopping at Wal-Mart, and were reportedly seen at a Pizza Hut where Atta ate.

The following morning, they arrived at Portland International Jetport at 5:40 a.m., left their rental vehicle behind, and boarded a Colgan Air flight bound for Logan International Airport in Boston. While Atta’s checked luggage underwent additional screening under the CAPPS program, he passed through passenger security without facing further scrutiny.

At Logan Airport, transferring between gates for US Airways and American Airlines required exiting and re-entering security checkpoints—a procedural detail that had not been accounted for in security arrangements. When informed about this extra screening, Atta reportedly expressed frustration; however, concerns over racial profiling prevented any formal report. At 6:45 a.m., Atta received a call from fellow hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi, which appeared to confirm that the attacks were imminent. Shortly thereafter, Atta checked in for American Airlines Flight 11, boarded the aircraft, and took his seat in business class (8D). The flight departed Boston for Los Angeles at 7:59 a.m. with 81 passengers on board.

Approximately fifteen minutes into the flight, around 8:14 a.m., the hijacking commenced. The pilots ceased responding to air traffic control (ATC), the plane diverted from its planned course, and its transponder was turned off at 8:21 a.m. Pilots of United Airlines Flight 175, departing nearby, reportedly overheard a suspicious transmission saying "Everyone, stay in your seats," believed to have originated from Flight 11’s cockpit. Flight attendant Betty Ong later confirmed that the cockpit was unresponsive and inaccessible.

At 8:24:38 a.m., ATC heard Atta’s voice stating: "We have some planes. Just stay quiet and you will be OK. We are returning to the airport." This message was likely intended for passengers but was inadvertently broadcast to ATC, alerting them to the hijacking situation. Shortly after, Atta instructed passengers not to move or take any actions that might jeopardize their safety or that of the aircraft. He then redirected the plane toward New York City. Another transmission followed at 8:33:59 a.m.: "Nobody move, please. We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any stupid moves." This was the final communication received from Flight 11.

At 8:46:40 a.m., Atta deliberately crashed Flight 11 into floors 93 through 99 of the North Tower of New York City’s World Trade Center. The impact resulted in the deaths of everyone on board as well as hundreds inside the building. The collision destroyed escape routes above floor 92, trapping more than 800 individuals who ultimately perished when the tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m.

Because of delays on the Portland-to-Boston leg of their journey, Atta’s luggage did not make it onto Flight 11 but was recovered at Logan Airport. Inside were airline uniforms, flight manuals, his will written in Arabic, and a document titled "The Last Night," which detailed spiritual preparations and guidance related to martyrdom.

Family response and repudiation

Atta's father vehemently rejected any claims of his son's participation in the 9/11 attacks, alleging that the Mossad and the U.S. government had orchestrated a setup against him. He dismissed accounts of Mohamed's alleged erratic conduct, portraying him instead as a reserved, introverted architecture student with no political involvement. Atta Sr. asserted that he had a telephone conversation with Mohamed on 12 September 2001 and later informed the German publication Bild am Sonntag that his son was alive and in hiding, attributing blame for the attacks to American Christians. In an interview dated 24 September 2001, he declared, "My son is gone. He is now with God. The Mossad killed him."

On the twentieth anniversary of the attacks in 2021, Atta's mother, then 79 years old, denied his role in the events and expressed her belief that he was located in Afghanistan.

Identity confusion

In the aftermath of 9/11, there was significant uncertainty surrounding Mohamed Atta's identity. Initially, he was confused with Mahmoud Mahmoud Atta, a Jordanian native responsible for bombing an Israeli bus in the West Bank in 1986. Mahmoud Atta, who was fourteen years older, held U.S. citizenship through naturalization and had been deported from Venezuela to the United States before being extradited to Israel. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment; however, Israel’s Supreme Court later overturned his extradition and released him. Additionally, erroneous reports suggested Mohamed Atta attended the International Officers School at Maxwell Air Force Base, but inconsistencies in their personal details confirmed they were separate individuals.

Prague dispute

Following 9/11, officials from the Czech Interior Ministry alleged that Atta traveled to Prague on 8 April 2001 to meet with Iraqi intelligence operative Ahmed Khalil Ibrahim Samir al-Ani. This claim was provided as "unevaluated raw intelligence" to the FBI. However, intelligence agencies eventually determined that such a meeting never took place. A Pakistani businessman named Mohammed Atta arrived in Prague from Saudi Arabia in May 2000, which likely led to confusion. The Egyptian Mohamed Atta visited Prague briefly in June 2000 before departing for Newark, New Jersey. The source for the supposed meeting was an Arab informant who only identified Atta after his photograph became widely circulated. Both U.S. and Czech intelligence agencies concur that the individual seen alongside al-Ani was misidentified and that Mohamed Atta did not attend any meetings in Prague.

Able Danger

In 2005, Army Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer and Congressman Curt Weldon asserted that the Defense Department’s data mining initiative known as Able Danger had generated a chart naming Atta, Nawaf al-Hazmi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, and Marwan al-Shehhi as members of an al-Qaeda cell based in Brooklyn during early 2000. Shaffer’s claims primarily relied on recollections from Navy Captain Scott Phillpott, who later withdrew his assertion by stating he was "convinced that Atta was not on the chart." Phillpott emphasized that Shaffer depended solely on his memory, while a Defense Department Inspector General report suggested Phillpott might have overstated Atta’s inclusion due to support for Able Danger’s counterterrorism methods.

Five witnesses associated with Able Danger interviewed by the Inspector General subsequently told journalists that their testimonies were either misrepresented or omitted from the final report—particularly regarding evidence indicating Able Danger had identified and monitored Atta several years before 9/11. Shaffer’s book further claims direct identification of both the Brooklyn cell and Mohamed Atta himself.

Assessment and motivation

Interpretations of Mohamed Atta's actions and underlying motives vary significantly. Political psychologist Jerrold Post asserted that Atta and his fellow hijackers operated under direct instructions from al-Qaeda's leadership, executing orders issued by Osama bin Laden as part of their overarching mission. Conversely, American political scientist Robert Pape viewed Atta as driven by a strong political conviction, describing him as psychologically typical and socially integrated. In contrast, Adam Lankford, a professor of criminal justice, found indications that Atta exhibited suicidal tendencies, grappling with social alienation, depression, feelings of guilt and shame, despair, and anger—paralleling profiles of individuals who commit suicide or murder-suicide. From this standpoint, while Atta’s ideological and religious views shaped the selection of his methods and targets, they were not the fundamental causes behind his behavior.

On 1 October 2006, The Sunday Times published a video obtained through an authenticated source showing Mohamed Atta alongside Ziad Jarrah recording a martyrdom message at a training camp in Afghanistan. Dated 18 January 2000, this high-definition silent footage captures them smiling and laughing together—images never previously released. Both U.S. intelligence and al-Qaeda sources verified the tape's legitimacy. The recording also includes Osama bin Laden speaking to followers near Kandahar and identifies Ramzi bin al-Shibh. According to The Sunday Times, this material places Atta in Afghanistan during a pivotal period when he assumed operational leadership before attending flight training programs in the United States several months later.

In popular culture

In the second episode of the BBC/Discovery docudrama Zero Hour, titled "The Last Hour of Flight 11," Canadian actor Elie Gemael took on the role of Mohamed Atta.

Atta was depicted as the main antagonist in the 2004 British-Canadian biographical docudrama The Hamburg Cell, with Egyptian-French actor Maral Kamel portraying him.

In the 2006 ABC miniseries The Path to 9/11, Martin Brodie portrayed Mohamed Atta.

See also

General and cited references

  • The 9/11 Commission Report. W. W. Norton & Company. .

External links

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