OpenSUSE version history
| Company type | Community project |
|---|---|
| Industry | Linux distribution development |
| Predecessor | SUSE Linux |
| Founded | August 2005 |
| Headquarters | International |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Dr. Gerald Pfeifer (Chair of openSUSE Board) |
| Products | openSUSE Leap, openSUSE Tumbleweed, MicroOS, Kubic, YaST, Open Build Service, openQA, Snapper, Portus, KIWI, OSEM |
| Owner | Community-driven; sponsored primarily by SUSE |
| Website | www |
openSUSE () represents a free and open-source Linux distribution maintained by the openSUSE Project. It is available in two primary versions: Tumbleweed, which is a rolling release that tracks upstream changes continuously, and Leap, a stable release derived from SUSE Linux Enterprise.
Originally launched in 1994 as SUSE Linux and sponsored by Germany-based SUSE, the project opened up to community contributions in 2005, resulting in the creation of openSUSE. The distribution emphasizes providing a reliable, user-friendly RPM-based operating system designed for both desktop workstations and servers.
The development team also produces essential tools such as YaST, Open Build Service, openQA, Snapper, Portus, KIWI, and OSEM.
SUSE Linux
At its inception, SUSE Linux concentrated on marketing SUSE Linux Personal and SUSE Linux Professional boxed editions, which included comprehensive printed manuals and were sold through retail outlets. Although licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the source code for new releases was typically released two months after the retail debut, reflecting a more closed development methodology. SUSE aimed to build a technically advanced Linux distribution supported by a sizable engineering team, encouraging customers to purchase their software.
Founded in Germany, SUSE—an acronym for "Software und System-Entwicklung"—released its initial version in early 1994, positioning it among the earliest commercial Linux distributions. The distribution is well-known for its innovative YaST configuration utility.
openSUSE
Following Novell's acquisition of SUSE in 2003, the company revised its approach. Beginning with version 9.2, an unsupported one-DVD ISO image of SUSE Professional was made available for direct download alongside FTP installation options, simplifying package selection and easing installation for less experienced users.
The openSUSE Project's inaugural stable release, SUSE Linux 10.0 (October 2005), was accessible for download prior to its retail availability. Novell discontinued the Personal edition, rebranded Professional as simply "SUSE Linux," and adjusted pricing accordingly. In 2006 with version 10.2, the distribution adopted the name openSUSE to highlight its commitment to open-source principles. Up until version 13.2, openSUSE provided fixed stable releases with separate maintenance streams distinct from SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE). Since late 2015, openSUSE has offered two flagship products: Leap—a conservative fixed release based on SLE—and Tumbleweed—a rolling release that integrates the newest stable upstream software packages.
Over time, SUSE transitioned from a closed development model featuring delayed source code availability to an open distribution with immediate access to source code and transparent development practices.
After Attachmate acquired Novell in April 2011, SUSE continued operating as an independent business unit without altering its collaboration with the openSUSE project. When Attachmate merged with Micro Focus in 2014, SUSE reiterated its ongoing support for openSUSE.
EQT AB announced its intention to purchase SUSE on 2 July 2018 and finalized the deal on 15 March 2019. This acquisition marked the third change of ownership since openSUSE's inception while preserving the established partnership between SUSE and the openSUSE community.
The openSUSE Project
The openSUSE Project is a community-driven effort initially established by Novell and mainly supported by SUSE to develop and advance the openSUSE Linux distribution alongside associated software tools. Its core mission involves delivering free software solutions such as the openSUSE Leap and openSUSE Tumbleweed editions, as well as niche variants like MicroOS—an immutable operating system tailored for container environments—and Kubic, a Kubernetes-certified container OS built upon MicroOS.
Collaboration within the project is facilitated through platforms including the Open Build Service and openQA, complemented by community involvement in areas like documentation, graphic design, and active participation on mailing lists and IRC channels. Prominent sponsors backing the initiative encompass SUSE, AMD, B1 Systems, Heinlein Support, and TUXEDO Computers.
The inception of openSUSE dates back to August 2005 when Novell revealed intentions to create a community-oriented Linux distribution under the openSUSE banner. Since then, it has emerged as a prominent community championing Linux and free software adoption. Beyond distributions, the project also develops essential tools such as the Open Build Service and YaST, operating under an inclusive collaboration framework that invites contributions from all interested parties.
Activities
The openSUSE Project is responsible for producing the openSUSE Linux distribution along with critical tools used in Linux distribution development, including Open Build Service, KIWI, YaST, openQA, Snapper, and Portus. It organizes annual free software gatherings, featuring a community conference in Europe and a summit held in Asia.
Organization
Driven by its community, openSUSE depends on a diverse array of contributors—testers, writers, translators, usability specialists, artists, and developers. The project's leadership is provided by the openSUSE Board, which offers strategic direction and formalizes policies but does not directly govern development activities; these are coordinated through community-led processes.
Although openSUSE currently lacks a formal legal entity, discussions about forming a foundation have been ongoing. While SUSE serves as the primary sponsor influencing the project’s course, openSUSE maintains legal independence. The project's governance follows a "do-ocracy" philosophy where decision-making authority lies with those actively contributing work, particularly regarding desktop environments and application development.
With the introduction of the Leap development approach, core packages are sourced from SLE. To further consolidate this foundation, the 'Closing-the-Leap-Gap' initiative targets making openSUSE Leap 15.3 entirely reliant on SLE’s binary package base.
Organizational units
The project consists of three principal organizational bodies:
- openSUSE Board: comprises five members elected for two-year terms plus a chairperson appointed by SUSE. The Board serves as the main liaison point, mediates disputes, and advocates for community interests vis-à-vis SUSE. As of February 2025, its members are:
- Dr. Gerald Pfeifer (Austria), Chair
- Ish Sookun (Mauritius)
- Jeff Mahoney (United States)
- Rachel Schrader (United States)
- Shawn W Dunn (United States)
- Simon Lees (Australia)
- Election Officials: a group of at least three volunteers responsible for overseeing Board elections.
- Membership Officials: individuals appointed by the Board tasked with approving contributor memberships that confer voting privileges and @opensuse.org email addresses.
openSUSE Tumbleweed
Tumbleweed represents openSUSE's premier rolling release, providing uninterrupted updates with system states preserved as "snapshots." It is widely preferred as a desktop operating system.
In earlier versions, each new openSUSE release would reset Tumbleweed, leading to conflicts between package versions. With the introduction of Leap, the development approach transitioned to the Factory First strategy: all packages are initially submitted to Factory, where daily snapshots undergo testing through openQA. Only snapshots that pass these tests are promoted to Tumbleweed releases, establishing it as a tested rolling release that greatly improves reliability.
Additionally, Tumbleweed forms the underlying technical base for both MicroOS and Kubic.
openSUSE Leap
Leap adopts a traditional stable release cycle with one major version annually, complemented by ongoing security patches and bug fixes. This approach offers a dependable environment suitable for servers and desktops alike, requiring limited upkeep.
The term openSUSE Leap was introduced with version 42.1 in 2015, nodding to the number 42 from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Its core components originate from SUSE Linux Enterprise, while user applications and desktop environments are sourced from Tumbleweed.
At the 2016 openSUSE conference held in Nuremberg, it was reported that Leap 42.1’s realignment led to increased user engagement. Monthly downloads reached 400,000 DVD images, resulting in 1,600 fresh installations and half a million packages deployed. The Tumbleweed user base stood at 60,000, with half updating regularly and overall installations doubling within a year.
Most users install via DVD images on x64 systems. The user base distribution remains consistent: approximately one-third in Germany, 12% in the United States, 5% in Russia, and 3% in Brazil.
With the release of openSUSE Leap 15.3, repositories from Leap and SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) were unified to share identical source code and binaries. Support for SLE 15 continues until 31 July 2028.
openSUSE MicroOS
MicroOS is an immutable, streamlined, self-managing transactional operating system mainly tailored for edge computing and container runtime scenarios, though it can also function as a desktop platform.
It updates transactionally—applying changes atomically with automatic rollback on failure—and runs from a read-only file system to guard against accidental modifications and malware threats. These transactional updates occur without interrupting active operations.
All software accessible in Tumbleweed is likewise available for MicroOS. Featuring the podman container runtime, MicroOS is marketed as an ideal Container Host.
The MicroOS Desktop variant was a significant focus during the 2021 Hackweek.
On 31 May 2023, openSUSE rebranded the GNOME edition of MicroOS as Aeon and the Plasma edition as Kalpa.
Factory project
The Factory project acts as the rolling development repository for openSUSE Tumbleweed. It is the main destination for all contributions to openSUSE’s core codebase, continuously receiving package updates without any freezes. Due to potential instability, Factory is not intended for everyday use.
Key system packages undergo automated validation using openQA. Once testing verifies repository integrity, updates are synchronized with download mirrors and released as openSUSE Tumbleweed multiple times weekly.
Supported Architectures
By 2024, openSUSE facilitates installation through ISO files and network repositories on a wide range of hardware and virtualization environments. The supported platforms encompass AArch64 (including a tailored edition for Raspberry Pi), Arm8, POWER8 (ppc64le), IBM zSystems (s390x), as well as the commonly utilized Intel 64 (x86-64), alongside i586 and i686. The Arm8 architecture (covering earlier Raspberry Pi models), i586, and i686 are available exclusively in 32-bit variants. Specialized distributions are designed for containerized and virtualized setups, supporting environments such as onie, Microsoft Hyper-V, kvm, xen, Digital Ocean Cloud, Container Host with VMware, Vagrant, and VirtualBox. Traditional virtualization platforms like VirtualBox, VMWare, and Hyper-V are also supported for installation.
Currently, openSUSE Leap accommodates architectures including aarch64, ppc64le, s390x, and x86_64.
YaST Control Center
YaST ("Yet another Setup Tool") serves as openSUSE’s comprehensive installation and system administration suite, overseeing tasks such as disk partitioning, system configuration, RPM package handling, online updates, network and firewall management, user administration, among others. Since 2010, YaST has grown to incorporate additional modules like Bluetooth support. The SaX2 utility for monitor configuration was phased out following openSUSE 11.3.
Beginning with Leap 42.1, the GTK interface was discontinued; however, the ncurses and Qt interfaces continue to be supported.
AutoYaST
AutoYaST functions as an automated installation utility within YaST2 that leverages XML configuration files to facilitate unattended system deployments.
WebYaST
WebYaST provides a web-based management interface allowing remote configuration of settings and updates on openSUSE systems. It also handles host status monitoring and shutdown operations.
ZYpp package management
The ZYpp (libzypp) engine powers zypper, which is openSUSE’s standard command-line tool for package management.
Build Service
The Open Build Service equips developers with tools to build, release, and distribute software packages across various Linux distributions such as Mandriva, Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. This service simplifies packaging processes and enhances software availability across multiple openSUSE versions regardless of distribution release. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2+ license.
Default use of Delta RPM
openSUSE employs Delta RPMs by default when applying updates. These Delta RPMs contain only the changes between installed packages and their new versions, which significantly reduces download size and update duration—an advantage especially valuable for users with limited Internet bandwidth.
KDE
SUSE has played a significant role in advancing the KDE project, contributing to components such as kdelibs, KDEBase, Kontact, and kdenetwork. Notable initiatives include KNetworkManager, a frontend for NetworkManager, and Kickoff, a revamped K menu designed for the KDE Plasma Desktop environment.
Between openSUSE Leap 42.1 and 15.0, the default desktop environment utilized a classic cascading Application Menu rather than the upstream Kickoff-style launcher. Starting with Leap 42.2's long-term support KDE Plasma versions, openSUSE Leap reinstated the Kickoff-style menu as the default beginning with Leap 15.1.
GNOME
After Ximian became part of Novell, SUSE played a role in developing GNOME applications such as F-Spot, Evolution, and Banshee. Between openSUSE versions 10.2 and 11.4, GNOME utilized the slab menu rather than the traditional dual-panel bars; this was later substituted in version 12.1 by the upstream GNOME Shell along with Fallback options.
Beginning with openSUSE Leap 15.0, the default session for GNOME runs on Wayland, while users can also select from GNOME Classic, GNOME on Xorg, or "GNOME SLE" sessions.
10.x series
The openSUSE Project's first stable release was SUSE Linux 10.0, launched on 6 October 2005. It was distributed both as a free downloadable ISO image and a retail boxed edition, with certain software packages exclusive to the retail version.
On 11 May 2006, SUSE Linux 10.1 was released, showcasing new features such as Xgl, NetworkManager, AppArmor, and Xen virtualization.
The third installment, openSUSE 10.2, arrived on 7 December 2006 and brought redesigned KDE and GNOME menus, set ext3 as the default file system, added support for internal Secure Digital card readers, enhanced power management with additional suspended states, and improved the package management system. Mozilla Firefox version 2.0 was also included.
Released on 4 October 2007, openSUSE 10.3 emphasized an improved package management experience with the introduction of 1-Click-Install, legal MP3 playback via Fluendo, and faster boot times.
11.x series
openSUSE 11.0 debuted on 19 June 2008 featuring updated GNOME and two KDE variants (3.5.9 and 4.0.4). It was available in three free editions: a comprehensive installation DVD containing both GNOME and KDE environments, plus separate GNOME and KDE Live CDs. The package management system saw significant speed enhancements through ZYpp.
Released on 18 December 2008, openSUSE 11.1 included GNOME 2.24.1, KDE Plasma 4.1.3 alongside KDE 3.5.10, OpenOffice.org 3.0, VirtualBox 2.0.6, Compiz 0.7.8, Zypper 1.0.1, X.Org Server 7.4, and Linux kernel version 2.6.27.7. This marked the first release supported under the Evergreen program.
openSUSE 11.2 arrived on 12 November 2009 featuring Plasma 4.3, GNOME 2.28, Mozilla Firefox 3.5, OpenOffice.org 3.1, enhanced integration with social networks, Ext4 as the default filesystem complemented by Btrfs support, whole-disk encryption options during installation, and substantial improvements to YaST and zypper tools. All ISO images were converted to hybrid formats suitable for both USB drives and CD-ROMs.
On 15 July 2010, openSUSE 11.3 was released including Plasma version 4.4.4, GNOME version 2.30.1, Mozilla Firefox version 3.6.6, OpenOffice.org version 3.2.1, support for SpiderOak cloud storage, Btrfs filesystem compatibility, the LXDE desktop environment option, and Linux kernel version 2.6.34.
openSUSE 11.4 reached finalization on 3 March and was publicly released on 10 March 2011 with Plasma version 4.6.0, GNOME version 2.32.1, Mozilla Firefox beta version 4 beta12, a transition from OpenOffice.org to LibreOffice version 3.3.1, along with Linux kernel version 2.6.37.
12.x series
openSUSE 12.1 launched on 16 November 2011 including Plasma version 4.7, GNOME version 3.2, Firefox version 7.0.1, and Linux kernel version 3.1.0. This release introduced Snapper—an advanced utility for managing Btrfs snapshots—and was the first openSUSE edition to adopt systemd as the default init system while still permitting System V init at startup.
Due to stability concerns causing delays, openSUSE 12.2 was eventually released on 5 September 2012 featuring Plasma version 4.8, GNOME version 3.4, Firefox version14 .0 .1 , Xfce version4 .10 , along with Plymouth boot splash and GRUB2 bootloader set as defaults.
openSUSE12 .3 arrived punctually on13 March2013 , offering Plasma version4 .10 , GNOMEversion3 .6 , Firefoxversion19 .0 , LibreOfficeversion3 .6 , removal of SuSEconfig , replacement of Live CD images with Live USB images , and introduction of an Xfce-based rescue image .
13.x series
The release of openSUSE 13.1 occurred on 19 November 2013, introducing updates such as Plasma 4.11, GNOME 3.10, Firefox 25.0, and LibreOffice 4.1. Notable improvements included the YaST framework rewritten in Ruby, the implementation of a LightDM greeter for KDE, and initial experimental support for Wayland within both GNOME Shell and KDE Plasma Desktop environments. This edition was designated as an Evergreen release, receiving community-driven patches for a duration of 18 months following the conclusion of official SUSE support.
openSUSE 13.2 was launched on 4 November 2014, featuring updates to Plasma 4.11, KDE Applications 4.14, GNOME 3.14.1, Firefox 33.0, and LibreOffice 4.3.2.2.
Leap 42.x series
The Leap 42 series was developed by basing it on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), with the codename "Leap 42"—a reference to the answer to life, the universe and everything. This numbering was a temporary deviation prior to transitioning to the 15.X series.
Leap 42.2 debuted with KDE Plasma 5.8 LTS set as its default desktop environment.
Leap 15.x series
openSUSE Leap 15 aligns its foundation with SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE), matching its versioning to SLE 15. It incorporates the long-term support Linux kernel 4.12 and KDE Plasma 5.12 LTS as the standard desktop, while also allowing users to switch to SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 if desired. The Leap 15.5 update, released on 7 June 2023, brought enhancements including Linux kernel version 5.14.21, KDE Plasma 5.27, and added compatibility with Python 3.11. This release is anticipated to be the second-to-last in the Leap 15 lineup, with version 15.6 planned for release on 12 June 2024.
Version history
Starting from the Leap series (post-13.2), each major version (such as 15.0) receives support for a minimum of three years (36 months), synchronized with SUSE Linux Enterprise releases. Minor versions (like 15.5 and 15.6) are issued annually in line with SUSE Linux Enterprise Service Packs, requiring users to upgrade within six months; this results in an overall support span of approximately eighteen months.
Tumbleweed follows a rolling release model, necessitating only frequent incremental updates and snapshots.
The Evergreen initiative was a community-driven effort aimed at prolonging maintenance for selected openSUSE versions beyond their official end-of-life dates before the introduction of Leap.
Between 2009 and 2014, openSUSE targeted a new release approximately every eight months. Versions from 11.2 through 13.2 were supported with critical updates covering two subsequent releases plus an additional two months, culminating in an eighteen-month maintenance period.
| Name | Version | Codename | Release date | End of life | Kernel version | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | Evergreen | |||||
| SUSE Linux | 10.0 | Prague | 2005-10-06 | 2007-11-30 | Template:N/A | 2.6.13 |
| 10.1 | Agama Lizard | 2006-05-11 | 2008-05-31 | Template:N/A | 2.6.16 | |
| openSUSE | 10.2 | Basilisk Lizard | 2006-12-07 | 2008-11-30 | Template:N/A | 2.6.18 |
| 10.3 | Template:N/A | 2007-10-04 | 2009-10-31 | Template:N/A | 2.6.22 | |
| 11.0 | Template:N/A | 2008-06-19 | 2010-06-26 | Template:N/A | 2.6.25 | |
| 11.1 | Template:N/A | 2008-12-18 | 2011-01-14 | 2012–04 | 2.6.27 | |
| 11.2 | Emerald | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-12 | 2013–11 | 2.6.31 | |
| 11.3 | Teal | 2010-07-15 | 2012-01-16 | Template:N/A | 2.6.34 | |
| 11.4 | Celadon | 2011-03-10 | 2012-11-05 | 2014-09 | 2.6.37 | |
| 12.1 | Asparagus | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-15 | Template:N/A | 3.1.0 | |
| 12.2 | Mantis | 2012-09-05 | 2014-01-15 | Template:N/A | 3.4.6 | |
| 12.3 | "Dartmouth" | "2013-03-13" | "2015-01-01" | "Template:N/A" | "3.7.10" | |
| "13.1" | "Bottle" | "2013-11-19" | "2016-02-03" | "2016-11" | "3.11.6" | |
| "13.2" | "Harlequin" | "2014-11-04" | "2017-01-16" | "Template:N/A" | "3.16.6" | |
| openSUSE Leap | "42.1" | "Malachite" | "2015-11-04" | "2017-05-17" | "Template:N/A" | "4.1.12" |
| "42.2" | "Template:N/A" | "2016-11-16" | "2018-01-26" | "Template:N/A" | "4.4" | |
| "42.3" | "Template:N/A" | "2017-07-26" | "2019-06-30" | "Template:N/A" | "4.4" | |
| "15.0" | "Template:N/A" | "2018-05-25" | "2019-12-03" | "Template:N/A" | "4.12" | |
| "15.1" | "Template:N/A" | "2019-05-22" | "2021-01-31" | "Template:N/A" | "4.12" | |
| "15.2" | "Template:N/A" | "2020-07-02" | "2021-12-31" | "Template:N/A" | "5.3.18" | |
| "15.3" | "Template:N/A" | "2021-06-02" | "2022-12-31" | —" | "5.3.18" | |
| "15.4" | "Template:N/A" | "2022–06–08" | "2023–12–31" | —" | "5.14.21" | |
| '15.5' | 'Template:N/A' | '2023–06–07' | '2024–12–31' | —' | '5.14.21' | |
| '15.6' | 'Template:N/A' | '2024–06–12' | '2025–12–31' | —' | '6.4' | |
| '16.0' | 'Template:N/A' | '2025–10' | 'TBD' | 'Template:N/A' | 'TBD' | |
| openSUSE Slowroll | 'Rolling' | 'Template:N/A' | '2023–06' | 'Rolling' | 'Template:N/A' | '?' |
| openSUSE Tumbleweed | 'Rolling' | 'Template:N/A' | '2014–11' | 'Rolling' | 'Template:N/A' | 'Latest stable' |
Historic Releases (1994–2005)
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.0 8.1 8.2| Project | Version | Release Date | Support End Date | Linux Kernel Version |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S.u.S.E. Linux (based on Slackware) | 4/94 | 1994-03-29 | Template:Dunno | 1.0 |
| 7/94 | 1994-07 | Template:Dunno | 1.0.9 | |
| 11/94 | 1994-11 | Template:Dunno | 1.1.62 | |
| 4/95 | 1995-04 | Template:Dunno | 1.2.9 | |
| 8/95 | 1995-08 | Template:Dunno | 1.1.12 | |
| 11/95 | 1995-11 | Template:Dunno | 1.2.13 | |
| S.u.S.E. Linux (based on jurix) | 4.2 | 1996-05 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.0 |
| 4.3 | 1996-09 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.18 | |
| 4.4 | 1997-04 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.24 | |
| 4.4.1 | 1997-04-24 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.28 | |
| 5.0 | 1997-07 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.30 | |
| 5.1 | 1997-10 | Template:Dunno | 2.0.32 | |
| 5.2 | 1998-03-23 | 2000 | 2.0.33 | |
| 5.3 | 1998-09-10 | 2000 | 2.0.35 | |
| SuSE Linux | 6.0 | 1998-12-21 | 2001-03-19 | 2.0.36 |
| 1999-04-07 |
2.2.6 | |||
| 1999-08-12 |
2.2.10 | |||
| 1999-11-25 | 2001-12-10 | 2.2.13 | ||
| 2000-03-09 | 2002-06-17 | 2.2.14 | ||
| 2000-09-27 | 2002-11-04 | 2.2.16 | ||
| 2001-04-21 | 2003-05-16 | (2.2.18 / 2.4.0) | ||
| 2001-06-15 | 2003-10-01 | (2.2.19 / 2.4.4) | ||
| 2001-10-13 | 2003-12-15 | (2.4.9) | ||
| 2002-04-22 | 2004-06-30 | (2.4.18) | ||
| 2002-09-30 | 2005-01-31 | (2.4.19) | ||
| 2003-04-07
|2005-07-14 |(2.4.20) |- ! rowspan="4" |SUSE Linux 9.x |9.0 |2003–10–24 |2005–12–15 |(2.4.21 / 2.6 test) |- 9 . 1 |2004–05–06 |2006–06–21 |( 2 . 6 . 4 ) |- 9 . 2 |2004–10–22 |2006–11–21 |( 2 . 6 . 8 ) |- 9 . 3 |2005–04–20 |2007–06–18 |( 2 . 6 . 11 ) |} Forks and DerivativesThis distribution has inspired multiple forks and spin-offs, such as SUPER, SLICK Linux, FyreLinux, Gibux—which is utilized by the Turkish Revenue Administration—Lietukas Linux, Nelson GNU/Linux-libre, Edu Li-f-E, Linux Kamarada, and GeckoLinux. Critical ReceptionJesse Smith of DistroWatch Weekly highlighted openSUSE Leap 15.0’s intuitive installation process but pointed out deficiencies in multimedia compatibility and noted sluggishness during system startup and shutdown sequences. See alsoExternal links
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