Jump to content

RT (TV network)

From Alfawiki
RT
Company typeAutonomous non-commercial organization (ANO)
IndustryBroadcasting, media
FoundedApril 2005; 21 years ago (2005-04) (as TV-Novosti)
FounderRIA Novosti
Headquarters
Moscow
,
Russia
Area served
International
Key people
Margarita Simonyan (Editor-in-Chief)
ProductsTelevision news channels in multiple languages, digital media
OwnerRussian government
Number of employees
Approximately 300 (at launch in 2005)
Websitewww.rt.com

RT, previously known as Russia Today (), is an international news television network under Russian state control and financed by the Russian government. It broadcasts through both pay television and free-to-air platforms targeting viewers outside Russia, delivering programming in Russian, English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic, Portuguese, and Serbian.

RT functions as a brand of TV-Novosti, a nonprofit entity registered as an "autonomous non-commercial organization" (ANO), which was established by the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti in April 2005. Amid the 2008 financial crisis, the Russian government classified ANO "TV-Novosti" as a strategically significant institution. RT provides multilingual channels including English (initiated in 2005), Arabic (2007), Spanish (2009), German (2014), and French (2017). It also operated regional outlets like RT America (2010–2022) and RT UK (2014–2022) that produced localized content. Additionally, RT owns the Ruptly video agency, which encompasses the Redfish channel and the digital media firm Maffick.

Widely regarded as a principal propaganda vehicle for the Russian state and its foreign policy objectives, RT has been identified by scholars, fact-checkers, journalists, and even some former employees as a source of disinformation and conspiracy narratives. The UK regulator Ofcom has repeatedly ruled that RT breached impartiality standards by airing misleading material.

In 2012, Margarita Simonyan, RT’s editor-in-chief, compared the network to the Russian Ministry of Defence, emphasizing its role in conducting an information war parallel to military operations. In 2017, U.S. authorities mandated RT America to register as a foreign agent under American legislation.

Following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, RT experienced bans beginning with Ukraine; Latvia and Lithuania followed suit in 2020; Germany prohibited RT DE in February 2022. During Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, both the European Union and Canada officially banned RT’s broadcasts; over ten countries suspended its transmissions. Major social media platforms either blocked or limited access to RT content. Microsoft removed RT applications from its store and lowered their search rankings; Apple withdrew the RT app globally except within Russia. Despite these restrictions, RT material continues to circulate via third-party websites.

Foundation

RT was launched in 2005 as part of a Russian governmental public relations strategy designed to enhance Russia’s global image. The concept originated with former media minister Mikhail Lesin and Aleksei Gromov, intending to offer a more comprehensive portrayal of Russia beyond dominant Western narratives.[1] Supported financially by the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media, RT operates under direct government supervision.[2]

In 2005, RIA Novosti established ANO TV-Novosti as RT’s overseeing body and named Sergey Frolov as chief executive officer.[3]

RT began broadcasting on 10 December 2005 with a team of 300 journalists, approximately 70 of whom were recruited from outside Russia.[4] Margarita Simonyan, then a 25-year-old former Kremlin pool correspondent, was appointed editor-in-chief. She actively sought foreign journalists to boost the channel’s appeal internationally.[1]

Simonyan noted that RT’s workforce was notably younger compared to conventional media outlets, reflecting shifts in post-Soviet media landscapes.[5] Journalist Danny Schechter characterized RT as driven by young, eager but relatively inexperienced personnel.[6] Early assessments grouped RT with broadcasters like France 24 and TeleSUR as "counter-hegemonic" networks offering alternative viewpoints to Western outlets such as CNN and BBC.[7]

Development and Expansion

RT broadened its international footprint by introducing several new channels: the Arabic-language Rusiya Al-Yaum in 2007, the Spanish-language Actualidad RT in 2009, RT America aimed at the U.S. audience in 2010, and RT Documentary in 2011.

In August 2007, RT made history as the first television network to broadcast live from the North Pole, covering the Russian polar expedition Arktika 2007 aboard the icebreaker Akademik Fyodorov. Later that year, RT showcased New Year's Eve festivities from Moscow and Saint Petersburg ahead of the Times Square event in New York City, emphasizing its global broadcasting reach.

RT attracted considerable international attention with its reporting on the 2008 South Ossetia conflict, depicting Georgia as the aggressor against separatist regions under Russian protection. This coverage highlighted RT’s journalistic capabilities and set it apart from other English-language media by presenting the South Ossetian viewpoint, as noted by editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan.

In 2009, RT underwent a rebranding from "Russia Today" to project a more global image and diminish perceptions of direct state control. Concurrently, it enhanced its U.S. operations by establishing a modern studio in Washington, D.C., aligning with a shift toward less overtly anti-American content during President Obama’s tenure.

At the start of 2010, RT launched a prominent advertising campaign featuring the "Question More" slogan, developed by Ketchum, GPlus, and London's Portland PR. The campaign included provocative advertisements challenging mainstream narratives about nuclear threats and terrorism; notably, one ad was banned from U.S. airports. These initiatives boosted brand awareness and earned accolades such as the British Awards for National Newspaper Advertising "Ad of the Month."

In response to growing influence from networks like RT, Walter Isaacson, chairman of the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), advocated for increased funding in American international broadcasting to counteract foreign messaging from Russia Today, Iran's Press TV, and China's CCTV. By 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton acknowledged that foreign outlets including RT and Al Jazeera were surpassing U.S. media abroad, highlighting a strategic challenge in global information dissemination.

2012–2021

Shortly after his appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Russia in early 2012, Michael McFaul confronted RT's Margarita Simonyan on Twitter regarding claims that he facilitated Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny’s studies at Yale University. RT attributed McFaul’s statements to a political scientist's perspective and subsequently interviewed McFaul, who reiterated the Obama administration’s commitment to a "reset" in U.S.-Russia relations.

On 17 April 2012, RT premiered World Tomorrow, an interview series hosted by WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. The inaugural episode featured Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah—his rare appearance on Western media attracted widespread attention. Assange maintained editorial control over the program, which sought to provide a platform for discussions often excluded from mainstream outlets. Later that year, RT experienced a denial-of-service attack suspected by some to be linked to its association with Assange.

On 23 October 2012, RT co-hosted the Free and Equal Elections Foundation's third-party U.S. presidential debate alongside Al Jazeera and C-SPAN, spotlighting candidates frequently overlooked by major networks. Subsequently, RT organized follow-up debates with Libertarian Gary Johnson and Green Party candidate Jill Stein from its Washington studio.

In May 2013, former CNN anchor Larry King joined RT to present Politicking, bringing his Hulu series Larry King Now to the network. The show debuted focusing on Edward Snowden’s NSA disclosures. The following month saw Russian President Vladimir Putin visit RT’s new broadcast center, underscoring RT's mission to challenge Anglo-Saxon dominance in global news while reflecting Russia’s official stance without serving as political propaganda.

RT further expanded with the launch of RT UK in October 2014 targeting British viewers. In October 2016, NatWest bank unexpectedly terminated services for RT’s UK branch; this decision was reversed in January 2017 after resolution was reached.

In 2018, several former RT employees founded Redfish.media, promoting itself as grassroots journalism but facing criticism for undisclosed Kremlin links. Another RT-supported outlet, In the NOW, encountered temporary suspension on Facebook in February 2019 due to undisclosed funding; Facebook reinstated it after transparency measures were implemented. In the NOW continues active operations through YouTube channels managed under Maffick, an RT subsidiary.

By February 2021, RT had established a presence on Gab—a social platform known for far-right users—coinciding with former President Donald Trump’s second impeachment trial. During this period, RT posted content critical of anti-Trump groups such as The Lincoln Project.

In December 2021, RT launched its German channel RT DE TV utilizing a Serbian broadcasting license; however, within a week it was removed from European satellite services following intervention by German media regulators.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 27 February 2022, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen declared that the European Union would prohibit RT and Sputnik from functioning within its 27 member states. This restriction caused RT to be blocked on downstream television networks beyond the EU, including in the United Kingdom and Singapore, due to their dependence on EU signal transmissions. Canadian telecommunications providers Shaw, Rogers, Bell, and Telus also removed RT from their offerings, a decision commended by Canada's Minister of Canadian Heritage Pablo Rodriguez, who described RT as Vladimir Putin’s "propaganda arm." On 28 February, Ofcom initiated 15 rapid investigations into RT’s broadcasts over potential violations of impartiality rules.

On the same day, social media platforms Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok limited content from RT and Sputnik within the EU. Microsoft followed by removing RT and Sputnik from MSN, Microsoft Store, and its advertising network. By 1 March, YouTube had banned all RT and Sputnik channels across Europe. Apple withdrew their applications globally from the App Store except in Russia, while Roku and DirecTV discontinued RT apps and channels. Uruguay’s National Administration of Telecommunications and New Zealand’s Sky also stopped distributing RT after customer complaints. Reddit blocked outbound links to RT and Sputnik on 3 March. YouTube extended its ban worldwide on 11 March. From 16 March onwards, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission formally banned RT and RT France from authorized broadcast programming.

On 8 March, RT France contested the EU ban at the General Court of the European Union; however, the court rejected the appeal on 27 July 2022, confirming the ban as legitimate.

Before and during the invasion, posts from RT and Sputnik garnered over 5 million engagements on Facebook, while videos spreading false narratives amassed more than 73 million views on YouTube. The hacktivist collective Anonymous launched distributed denial-of-service attacks that temporarily disrupted RT's website. In March 2022, RT America ceased operations with most employees departing. Shortly after hostilities began, RT began marketing merchandise featuring the pro-Kremlin "Z" military emblem.

In March 2022, Vice News reported that RT created a channel on Gab TV, a platform promoting itself as a "free speech broadcasting platform," with Gab’s CEO Andrew Torba openly supporting Russia’s invasion. Despite global bans, certain RT divisions experienced audience growth: interactions with the Arabic-language "RT Online" surged by 161.2% between late February and mid-March, while "RT Play in Español" increased by 22.5%.

In October 2022, RT host Anton Krasovsky made provocative comments about Ukrainian children and mocked reports of Russian soldiers committing war crimes; he was subsequently suspended by editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan and became subject to a criminal probe.

To broaden its audience amid ongoing restrictions, RT launched RT Hindi and RT Balkan in late 2022 to target new regional markets.

2023–present

In September 2023, RT introduced its digital platform in Portuguese under the name "RT Brazil."

On August 9, 2024, equipment used for broadcasting and other operations at RT's Washington DC studio was sold at auction.

Meta declared on September 16, 2024, that it would prohibit RT from accessing its platforms, including Facebook and Instagram, due to concerns over foreign interference.

Organization

RIA Novosti, a state-owned news agency and the founder of RT in 2005, ranks among Russia’s largest news organizations. Svetlana Mironyuk, who assumed leadership in 2003, played a key role in modernizing the agency.

In 2007, RT moved into the same premises as RIA Novosti after the Russian Union of Journalists vacated the building. Although they share a location, RT and RIA Novosti function independently regarding funding, editorial direction, management, and personnel. By 2010, RT had expanded its staff to approximately 2,000 employees. Margarita Simonyan noted in 2008 that more than fifty young journalists from RT had transitioned to prominent Western media outlets.

December 2012 saw RT relocate its headquarters and production studios to a new facility in Moscow and upgrade all its English-language broadcasts to high-definition format.

Following a presidential decree in 2013, RIA Novosti was dissolved and replaced by Rossiya Segodnya ("Russia Today"). On December 31 of that year, Margarita Simonyan was appointed editor-in-chief of Rossiya Segodnya while continuing her leadership role at RT.

From August 2020 until August 2021, ownership of ANO TV Novosti was shared between RAMI RIA Novosti—a federal state unitary enterprise—and the Association for the Development of International Journalism (ADIJ), founded by Simonyan along with other RT affiliates. After RAMI RIA Novosti was liquidated in August 2021, ADIJ assumed full ownership.

Budget

Founded in 2005, ANO TV-Novosti invested $30 million to establish RT, with initial financing split evenly between the Russian government and pro-Kremlin commercial banks. RT’s annual budget increased from roughly $80 million in 2007 to $380 million by 2011 before being reduced to $300 million in 2012. In October 2012, President Putin forbade any further budget cuts.

About 80% of RT’s expenditures occur outside Russia; for instance, partner networks received approximately $260 million for distribution services in 2014. That same year, government funding amounted to 11.87 billion rubles (around $310 million), with projections estimating an increase to 15.38 billion rubles ($400 million) in 2015. By comparison, the BBC World Service had a budget of $376 million during the 2014–15 period. Despite a ruble depreciation and proposed subsidy reductions early in 2015, government support rose to approximately 20.8 billion rubles (about $300 million) by September. For the following year, RT was anticipated to receive a government allocation of 19 billion rubles ($307 million).

As of 2022, RT remains the leading recipient of state funding within Russian media, with planned allocations totaling 82 billion rubles for the period from 2022 through 2024.

Network

By March 2022, RT’s broadcast signal was transmitted via 22 satellites and more than 230 operators worldwide, reaching close to 700 million households across over 100 countries. As of 2012, RT America was accessible to roughly 85 million households in the United States.

RT manages several channels: its flagship English-language network RT International; RT UK; RT America; Arabic-language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum; Spanish-language Actualidad RT; and the documentary-focused channel RTDoc. The network operates twenty-one bureaus located in sixteen different countries including Washington D.C., New York City, London, Paris, Delhi, Cairo, and Baghdad.

Channel Description Language Launched
RT International Primary news channel offering global and regional coverage from a Russian viewpoint featuring commentary and documentaries. Headquarters in Moscow with international bureaus. English 2005
RT Arabic A round-the-clock broadcast based in Moscow delivering news reports, features, and documentaries. Arabic 2007
RT Spanish Operating from Moscow with bureaus in Miami, Los Angeles, Havana, and Buenos Aires; covers political news, sports events, and special reports. Spanish 2009
RT America Based in Washington D.C., featuring American-hosted programming with an independent weekday schedule; registered under U.S. foreign agent law. English 2010
(ceased operations March 2022)
RT UK London-based channel with British-hosted shows offering five hours of daily content prior to closure. English 2014
(ceased operations March 2022)
RT Documentary A dedicated documentary channel broadcasting RT-produced content related to Russia around-the-clock. English, Russian 2011
RT en Français Initially headquartered in Paris but now Moscow-based; shifted focus toward African audiences after EU restrictions; provides news bulletins and interviews. French 2017
RT Balkan Operating from Belgrade targeting viewers in Serbia and Republika Srpska regions. Serbian 2024

Plans for German- and French-language channels were postponed due to the sharp depreciation of the ruble at the end of 2014.

In addition to its news agency Ruptly, RT maintains websites in Russian (RT на русском), French (RT en français), and German (RT DE).

By 2015, RT’s YouTube presence consisted of channels for its main feed alongside regional services such as RT America, RT Arabic, RT en Español, RT Deutsch, RT French, RT UK, RT на русском as well as the newly launched RT Chinese.

The German service (RT DE) was removed from YouTube in September 2021 because of violations related to COVID-19 misinformation policies. Investigations highlighted contrasting messaging on COVID-19: strong pro-vaccination content domestically contrasted with anti-vaccination misinformation distributed internationally.

In September 2012, Israeli company RRSat was contracted by RT for HD distribution across regions including the U.S., Latin America, and Asia. By October that year, both the Arabic channel and main feed joined Al Yah Satellite Communications' HD network.

In July 2014 President Putin announced that Actualidad RT would begin free-to-air broadcasts in Argentina—the first time a foreign channel achieved this there. Nevertheless, Argentina suspended these broadcasts in June 2016 to reallocate frequencies for domestic broadcasters.

RT became available on Australia’s Foxtel subscription service starting February 2015.

Ratings and Influence

Audience Metrics

By March 2022, RT asserted that it regularly outperforms other international broadcasters such as Euronews and Fox News, boasting a quarterly UK audience of around 2.5 million viewers. Nevertheless, a 2015 report from The Daily Beast accused RT of greatly inflating its audience figures, noting that much of its most viewed content centered on non-political subjects like accidents and catastrophes rather than political news. Between 2013 and 2015, over 80% of RT’s viewership was drawn to these apolitical topics, with political programming attracting less than 1%. In late 2015, RT’s top 20 videos, collectively amassing 300 million views, primarily featured disaster or novelty themes. The most viewed clip involving Russian President Putin depicted him performing at a charity event. A 2017 analysis by the Washington Post concluded that RT had relatively low popularity as "Moscow’s propaganda outlet." RT contests these conclusions, arguing the data is outdated.

Research by Professor Robert Orttung highlighted RT’s strategy of using human interest stories to engage audiences; notably, the Russian-language channel attracted roughly twice the viewers compared to the main channel despite having fewer subscribers (January–May 2015). According to data from Rasmus Kleis Nielsen at Oxford, RT’s online presence in the UK, France, and Germany was modest on traditional websites but showed strong social media engagement in certain markets—for instance, it ranked first for Facebook news interactions in Germany between late 2021 and early 2022.

As of 2015, reliable worldwide audience statistics were not available. In the United States, RT generally pays cable and satellite providers to carry its channel. It was the second most viewed foreign news network in the US in 2011 and ranked first in five major metropolitan areas in 2012, enjoying notable popularity among younger demographics and urban populations.

In the United Kingdom, BARB began including RT in its audience measurements from 2012, reporting about 2.5 million viewers during the third quarter of that year—placing it third among rolling news channels behind BBC News and Sky News. Subsequently, Al Jazeera English surpassed RT in viewership, with numbers declining to approximately 2.1 million by the end of 2013. Kremlin-submitted internal documents estimated RT’s European market share at under 0.1%, except in Britain where daily viewership was around 120,000 in 2013. By August 2015, weekly viewing figures in the UK had dropped to about 450,000 (a 0.8% share), less than half that of Al Jazeera English; monthly viewership further decreased to a mere 0.04% by March 2016.

Latin America stands as RT’s second-largest region for internet influence; in 2013, its website ranked within the top 100 across seven Latin American countries.

A Pew Research Center survey conducted between 2011 and 2012 identified RT as the leading source for popular YouTube news videos, accounting for 8.5% of posts—primarily first-person dramatic footage likely obtained rather than originally produced by RT. In 2013, RT became the first television news channel to surpass one billion views on YouTube; by 2014, its main English-language channel had approximately 1.4 million subscribers.

Social Media Following

In 2013, RT achieved a milestone as the first news network to exceed one billion views on YouTube. Despite being blocked by various technology companies following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, RT’s primary Facebook page maintained over seven million followers—including some users located in European countries where the channel is restricted. Its YouTube channels had roughly 4.65 million English-speaking followers and about 5.94 million Spanish-speaking subscribers.

Influence

A 2021 investigation published in Security Studies revealed that RT affects viewers' political attitudes, boosting support for the U.S. stepping back from global leadership roles by 10–20%. This influence was consistent across political affiliations and remained even after disclosing RT's funding from the Russian government. Nonetheless, exposure to RT did not significantly alter Americans' perceptions of domestic politics or their opinions about Russia.

Peter Pomerantsev, the author, argues that RT’s main objective is less about audience numbers and more focused on financial gains, political leverage, and media sway. Both RT and Sputnik produce material that numerous fake news outlets repurpose and spread hacked information aligned with Russian state interests. Furthermore, RT fosters connections with key individuals beneficial to Russia’s agenda, including retired U.S. Lieutenant General Michael Flynn, who reportedly received $40,000 to attend RT’s anniversary celebration in Moscow near Vladimir Putin.

Programming

In 2008, Heidi Brown wrote in Forbes that the Kremlin employs charm, appealing visuals, and a notable degree of sex appeal to attract a varied and skeptical audience, crafting content that is engaging yet distinctly Russian. She observed that Russia Today has effectively persuaded international viewers to consider the Russian perspective, no matter how unconventional it may seem. Matt Field from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists emphasized RT's use of polished graphics and high production standards while focusing on divisive topics that frequently diverge from President Vladimir Putin’s official stance.

Tim Dowling of The Guardian noted that RT's programming predominantly features fringe viewpoints, often supported by testimony from obscure experts and lesser-known institutions.

The Alyona Show

The Alyona Show, presented by Alyona Minkovski between 2009 and 2012, ranked among RT's most-watched programs. After transitioning to The Huffington Post, Minkovski earned acclaim for incisive political discussions and sharp interviews. Jesse Zwick of The New Republic described her as "arguably the best interviewer on cable news," while Benjamin R. Freed from SOMA magazine praised the show's keen wit. David Weigel characterized it as an attempt to create a cult hit with news segments covering government surveillance, the Federal Reserve, and America's undeclared conflicts.

Minkovski rejected labels portraying her as "Putin’s emissary in Washington" or anti-American. When she criticized Glenn Beck and asserted that RT was more transparent with U.S. audiences, Julia Ioffe of Columbia Journalism Review questioned when Russia Today began advocating for any American president’s policies or informational needs.

Adam vs. the Man

Between April and August 2011, RT broadcast the half-hour primetime show Adam vs. the Man, hosted by Adam Kokesh, a former Marine who served in Iraq and later became an anti-war activist. Kokesh defended RT’s role as a platform for alternative viewpoints, describing it as "the Russian government... challenging the United States and calling them out on their falsehoods."

World Tomorrow

Julian Assange launched his program World Tomorrow on RT during his house arrest period. Critics noted Assange generally took a deferential tone but asked pointed questions to Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah concerning regional politics. The New York Times remarked on Assange’s surprisingly conventional interviewing style despite RT’s Kremlin affiliations. Some commentators suggested that partnering with RT served Assange’s publicity objectives. Glenn Greenwald pointed out the predictable critical response from media outlets toward both RT and Assange.

Additional Programming

According to Marcin Maczka, RT's significant budget allows the network to recruit seasoned journalists and utilize cutting-edge technology. RT's presenters concentrate on contentious international topics, including financial misconduct, corporate economic influence, and protests in Western countries. The channel has also aired perspectives from various conspiracy theorists, such as neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and Holocaust deniers, who are presented under the guise of "human rights activists." While Russian news coverage exists, it is secondary and tends to highlight themes like modernization, economic development, culture, and natural scenery, while downplaying social issues and corruption.

#1917LIVE Initiative

In 2017, RT introduced the "#1917LIVE" social media campaign to mark the centenary of the Russian Revolution. This project incorporated multimedia features such as Periscope live broadcasts and immersive virtual reality panoramic videos to engage viewers through innovative digital experiences.

Show Lineup

Prominent RT programs include (with hosts):

Currently Airing

Former Programs

RT America previously featured 25 staff members among its on-air talent.

On-air personnel

The RT broadcasting team consists of 25 members from RT News and an additional eight from RT UK. Among the prominent current staff are:

Present Team
News Anchors
Correspondents
Additional Hosts
Business Hosts
Documentary Hosts
  • James Brown – presenter of Discovering Russia (previously a news anchor and host of Close-Up Russia)
Former Personnel


Guest Contributors

RT draws a range of "credible experts and journalists" by providing an extended platform for topics often neglected by mainstream outlets. The channel regularly features progressive and libertarian thinkers affiliated with organizations such as The Nation, Reason, the Center for American Progress, and the Cato Institute, who often critique U.S. foreign policy and civil liberties issues. High-profile guests have included Julian Assange and Noam Chomsky, alongside less prominent commentators such as anarchists and left-wing activists.

The network’s approach highlights diversity by amplifying viewpoints seldom represented in mainstream U.S. media. This includes contentious interviews, like those with Hank Albarelli discussing CIA drug experiments or Carl Dix from the American Revolutionary Communist Party. Critics argue that RT’s selection of provocative guests frequently involves fringe or controversial figures to present alternative perspectives.

In 2010, reports indicated that RT covered conspiracy theories including "birther" allegations and New World Order narratives, featuring interviews with militia leaders and white nationalist figures. The channel is known for spotlighting unconventional stories and conspiracy themes, with Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan admitting that controversy drives audience growth more than enhancing Moscow’s reputation. RT has also been criticized for biased coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, regularly hosting critics such as Israeli peace advocate Miko Peled.

Distinguished guests have included think tank experts like Jared Bernstein, John Feffer, and Lawrence Korb; journalists such as Jacob Sullum, Pepe Escobar, and Brian Doherty; as well as heads of state including Ecuador’s Rafael Correa and Syria’s Bashar al-Assad. Nigel Farage appeared eighteen times between 2010 and 2014, while Steve Bannon has been featured "probably over 100 times." Controversial individuals like neo-Nazi Manuel Ochsenreiter and white supremacist Richard B. Spencer have also appeared on the network, which has portrayed Holocaust denier Ryan Dawson as a human rights advocate.

RT has offered a platform to conspiracy theorists including Alex Jones, Jim Marrs, David Ray Griffin, and Webster Tarpley to discuss subjects such as the September 11 attacks, Bilderberg group conspiracies, and the "New World Order," reinforcing its role in promoting alternative narratives within global media.

Content

RT presents itself as an international broadcaster comparable to networks like the BBC or France 24, aiming to provide "alternative perspectives" that are often neglected by "Western-centric news outlets." Nevertheless, numerous Western authorities regard RT not merely as a news organization but as "a polished centerpiece of a widespread, frequently covert disinformation campaign" designed to weaken democratic frameworks and destabilize Western societies. Steven Erlanger observes that RT combines "serious journalism and high-quality visuals" with interviews featuring a broad range of political voices, all sharing skepticism toward Western and American narratives and a robust endorsement of Russia and Vladimir Putin.

The channel has showcased leaders from populist European factions, such as Nigel Farage of UKIP and Marine Le Pen of France's National Rally. Additionally, British politician and broadcaster George Galloway hosted the show "Sputnik: Orbiting the World with George Galloway" on RT.

Propaganda and related issues

Margarita Simonyan, RT’s editor-in-chief, has characterized the network as a source of Russia’s "soft power," equating its role to that of the "BBC or CNN" for Britain and the United States. In 2012, she claimed RT was engaged in "an information war ... against the entire Western world" during the Russo-Georgian War.

Critics emphasize RT’s government-backed status as a propaganda instrument. In 2005, Pascal Bonnamour from Reporters Without Borders described RT as "another step by the state to control information." Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nosik compared RT’s establishment to Soviet-era propaganda efforts. Journalist Luke Harding viewed RT’s UK marketing campaign as an "ambitious bid to build a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire." Former advisor to Putin Andrey Illarionov labeled it "the most effective Russian propaganda apparatus aimed at foreign audiences." Chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov asserted that RT America employs state-controlled media tactics to influence viewers in the U.S.

Some commentators acknowledge RT’s emphasis on topics ignored by mainstream outlets. Researcher Precious N Chatterje-Doody noted that while viewers are aware of RT’s state control, they select it for its coverage of "non-mainstream" stories and technological presentation, arguing that overt propaganda would alienate audiences. Adam Johnson writing for The Nation pointed out RT’s reporting on marginalized American issues such as prison strikes and Occupy Wall Street—subjects largely overlooked by mainstream U.S. media. John Feffer, co-director at Foreign Policy in Focus, commended RT for providing viewpoints on military expenditure seldom seen in U.S. news.

RT is frequently criticized for its journalistic standards and dissemination of "propaganda and falsehoods." In 2015, Columbia Journalism School students monitoring RT’s U.S. broadcasts found frequent neglect of source verification and objective reporting, featuring unqualified commentators, conspiracy theories, and fabrications promoting a pro-Kremlin agenda. Media analyst Vasily Gatov remarked that many Russian media professionals, including those at RT, often lack solid ethical standards or reporting expertise. The Wikipedia community classifies RT as an unreliable source, identifying it as a government mouthpiece engaged in propaganda efforts.

A 2022 study by King's College London researchers Martin Moore and Thomas Colley categorized RT under a "partisan parasite" propaganda framework. They observed that RT focuses on subjects primarily relevant to U.S. audiences with limited global significance and seldom addresses Russia except through American political contexts. Its presentation style closely resembles right-wing U.S. outlets such as Fox News, Newsmax, and One America News Network.

RT's disinformation strategies include:

  • Concentrating on portraying the United States and Western nations negatively instead of positively promoting Russia; disseminating conspiracy theories about the West while casting Russia as a global underdog (Michael Dukalskis).
  • Granting reporters freedom except on sensitive topics like the Russo-Georgian War or Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s trial, where strict pro-Russian messaging is imposed (Julia Ioffe).
  • Functioning within a larger Russian disinformation campaign during incidents like the 2016 U.S. election aimed at eroding trust in democracy and damaging adversaries through a mix of genuine, hacked, and fabricated content amplified by social media bots (Steven Erlanger).
  • Rarely adhering to a single anti-Western narrative; instead presenting conflicting stories that foster confusion about factual accuracy (Lithuania's STRATCOM). Its primary message promotes distrust of Western journalism by suggesting all narratives hold equal validity once objectivity diminishes (Peter Pomerantsev).
  • Employing a "firehose of falsehood" approach—distributing large volumes of rapid, multichannel, repetitive false stories—making countermeasures challenging (RAND Corporation). The objective is to generate skepticism toward Western institutions even among those critical of Russian policies (Robert Pszczel).

RT customizes its messaging by region to align with Russian strategic interests:

    • Positioning itself as a liberal alternative in the U.S., while endorsing nationalist movements in Europe (Patrick Hilsman).
    • Providing serious COVID-19 warnings to Russian audiences but spreading misinformation and conspiracy theories on platforms targeting foreign languages.
    • Altering narratives when confronted or poorly received, illustrated by shifting accounts regarding the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over separatist-held Ukrainian territory—from initially blaming Ukrainian forces to proposing various debunked theories including an attempted assassination on Vladimir Putin.

These methods highlight RT’s calculated function within Russia’s worldwide information campaigns that deploy tailored propaganda to shape perceptions while advancing Kremlin objectives.

Disinformation and conspiracy theories

Scholars, fact-checking organizations, and journalists—including some individuals formerly or currently affiliated with RT—have identified the network as a prominent source of disinformation and conspiracy theories.

In 2010, The Economist remarked that although RT's content can be engaging, it also frequently features "bizarre conspiracy theories" regarded as "eccentric." A 2013 piece by Der Spiegel characterized RT’s output as a blend of conspiracy narratives and overt propaganda, referencing a program that portrayed the Boston Marathon bombing as orchestrated by the U.S. government.

The 2014 debut of RT UK sparked backlash within the British media. Nick Cohen, columnist for The Observer, accused RT of intentionally disseminating conspiracy theories and described its approach as a "degradation of journalism." Similarly, The Times columnist Oliver Kamm called on the regulator Ofcom to intervene against RT’s deceptive broadcasts.

Reports from journalists at The Daily Beast and The Washington Post revealed that RT employed Tony Gosling, who is known for endorsing discredited Illuminati conspiracies and antisemitic fabrications such as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

RT has aired numerous falsehoods, including claims that EU office employees were implanted with microchips to enhance obedience; overstated European endorsement of the Crimea annexation; assertions about EU intentions to commit "genocide" against Russians; fabricated stories regarding a Russian girl abducted in Germany; allegations that NATO stores nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe; and unsubstantiated quotes attributed to European officials. These narratives have been widely debunked as misleading or entirely false.

In 2017, RT introduced its fact-checking initiative FakeCheck in response to accusations of spreading fake news. Nonetheless, evaluations by the Poynter Institute and analysts from the Atlantic Council found that many FakeCheck entries contained errors, exhibited bias, or lacked sufficient supporting evidence.

Following the 2014 unrest in Ukraine, RT has consistently produced fake news. For example, in 2017 it falsely reported that a New York diner created a 'Putin burger' to commemorate Vladimir Putin’s birthday—a claim swiftly disproven and retracted. When confronted with inaccuracies, RT frequently removes content without issuing explanations.

A 2022 investigation by the Centre for Democratic Integrity outlined RT’s disinformation efforts aimed at European viewers through its localized editions (French, Spanish, German, British), emphasizing specific divisive tactics.

Also in 2022, Martin Moore and Thomas Colley from King's College London noted that RT’s coverage of the 2020 United States presidential election was notably anti-Joe Biden and supportive of Donald Trump. The network promoted unsubstantiated allegations that Biden headed a "crime family," accused Hunter Biden of corrupt business activities in Ukraine and China, questioned Joe Biden’s suitability for office, and circulated unfounded rumors about performance-enhancing drugs or debate aids. After the election, RT uncritically echoed Trump’s baseless claims of electoral fraud, depicting the U.S. voting system as "dysfunctional, fraudulent or futile."

Portrayal of Putin and Medvedev

A 2007 article in the Christian Science Monitor highlighted RT’s emphasis on lauding Vladimir Putin’s international stature, while largely overlooking contentious issues such as the Chechen conflict and the killings of government critics. According to a 2010 report by The Independent, RT journalists acknowledged covering sensitive Russian subjects but were prohibited from directly criticizing Putin or then-President Dmitry Medvedev. Masha Karp, writing for Standpoint, noted that topics like restrictions on free speech, public protests, economic shortcomings, and judicial corruption are either minimized or omitted. In 2008, The New York Times characterized RT’s depiction of corruption as a byproduct of an emerging economy rather than a critical concern.

Anti-American and Anti-Western Sentiments

James Kirchick of The New Republic accused RT of exhibiting "virulent anti-Americanism" and glorifying Russian leadership. Edward Lucas, quoted by Al Jazeera English, described RT’s essence as "anti-Westernism." Julia Ioffe portrayed RT as a platform chiefly dedicated to opposing the U.S. under the pretense of objective journalism. Shaun Walker from The Independent observed RT’s reputation as a vociferous critic of American policies. Alessandra Stanley in The New York Times likened RT to Voice of America but with greater funding and a pronounced anti-American stance. David Weigel remarked that RT fosters skepticism toward the U.S. government while implying greater trustworthiness among Russians.

Russian affairs scholar Stephen F. Cohen (2012) remarked that RT emphasizes negative stories about Western nations and resents perceived American moralizing overseas. He contrasted RT’s coverage of Russia’s 2011–2012 election protests with U.S. responses to the Occupy movement, concluding that despite its pro-Kremlin bias, astute viewers can critically assess its content.

RT America labeled journalists reporting on Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation into 2016 election interference as "Russiagate conspiracy theorists."

Russian journalist Yuri Sigov observed that RT selectively reports unfavorable news about Canada in line with political directives.

Coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict

RT, particularly through former presenter Abby Martin, has been accused by outlets such as The Algemeiner and Israel National News of harboring an anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian bias. Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman reportedly raised concerns about RT's reporting with Vladimir Putin during their 2012 meeting.

Climate Change Denial

A November 2021 study by the Center for Countering Digital Hate identified RT among "ten fringe publishers" responsible for nearly 70% of Facebook interactions involving climate change denial content. Facebook contested the study’s methodology.

COVID-19 Misinformation

Internationally, RT's coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by misinformation and conspiracy theories, contrasting with its domestic Russian broadcasts which promoted vaccination and mask-wearing. On its English, German, French, Spanish, and Arabic services, RT frequently opposed public health measures aimed at curbing the virus.

Governmental Actions

File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union – Since Russia's 2014 invasion and annexation of Crimea, sanctions have targeted Dmitry Kiselyov, head of state-controlled Rossiya Segodnya and RT presenter. The EU Council describes Kiselyov as a "key figure in government propaganda supporting Russian military actions in Ukraine." Initially, EU countries did not impose widespread bans on Russian state media except Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The European Parliament Special Committee on Foreign Interference labeled RT as actively spreading disinformation and noted that RT and Sputnik displace local broadcasters through significant Russian financial backing. Editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan faced EU sanctions on 23 February 2022 after Russia recognized Donetsk and Luhansk separatist regions. Subsequently, on 27 February 2022, the EU prohibited broadcasting by RT and Sputnik following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia – Communications Minister Paul Fletcher urged the publicly funded broadcaster SBS to suspend airing RT and NTV news on its World Watch service due to Russia's actions in Ukraine and absence of independent Russian media outlets. SBS halted broadcasts on 25 February 2022. On 26 February, Australian pay-TV provider Foxtel removed the RT channel citing concerns over its Ukraine coverage.

File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada – On 16 March 2022, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission prohibited RT and RT France from Canadian airwaves.

File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany – Germany's regulatory body Commission for Licensing and Supervision [de] (ZAK) banned RT DE on 2 February 2022 after it failed to secure a compliant broadcast license. In retaliation, Russia expelled German broadcaster Deutsche Welle from its territory.

Template:Country data Gibraltar – Chief Minister Fabian Picardo called for a nationwide ban on RT on 25 February 2022, labeling it "a dangerous source of disinformation." Local television providers ceased broadcasting RT.

File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia – In June 2020, Latvia banned seven RT channels following amendments to its Law on Electronic Media due to Kiselyov’s control over them amid sanctions. Latvia encouraged other EU states to adopt similar measures. Kiselyov condemned this action as "stupidity and ignorance."

File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania – Lithuania’s Foreign Minister described RT propaganda as destructive during Crimea's annexation period. The Radio and Television Commission banned RT on 8 July 2020. Both Latvia’s and Lithuania’s prohibitions drew criticism from Reporters Without Borders, which viewed them as misapplications of EU sanctions policy.

File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland – Poland's National Broadcasting Council prohibited RT broadcasts on 24 February 2022 in response to Russia’s military actions in Ukraine.

Template:Country data Ukraine – Since August 2014, Ukraine’s Ministry of Internal Affairs has banned RT following Russia's invasion and annexation activities within Ukrainian territory.

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom – On 18 March 2022, Ofcom revoked ANO TV Novosti's broadcasting license effectively banning RT UK due to its funding from the Russian government and dissemination of state narratives violating impartiality rules. This followed an investigation initiated on 2 March related to the invasion.

File:Flag of the United States.svg United States – In September 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice mandated that RT register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA). Former Secretary of State John Kerry described RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" promoting Putin’s narratives concerning Ukraine. While demanding proof from the State Department regarding these claims, RT was told it functions as a "distortion machine" within Russia’s global disinformation efforts but retains broadcasting rights within the U.S.

Political Engagement

In April 2017, during his successful presidential campaign, Emmanuel Macron's team excluded RT and the Sputnik news agency from campaign events citing their "systematic propagation of fake news." Macron later characterized both outlets as "instruments of influence and propaganda." Margarita Simonyan criticized Macron's comments as an attack on freedom of expression.

In October 2017, Twitter banned advertising from both RT and Sputnik amid allegations regarding Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections; this move drew condemnation from Russia's foreign ministry. By August 2020, Twitter had labeled these outlets as "state-affiliated media" in their profiles.

In November 2017, Alphabet chairman Eric Schmidt announced Google would reduce visibility ("derank") for content from RT and Sputnik over election interference concerns; both outlets accused this action of censorship.

In March 2018, British Labour Party Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell urged MPs to avoid engaging with RT due to journalistic standards concerns; however, the party maintained ongoing review.

In July 2019, the UK Foreign Office barred RT and Sputnik from participating in the Global Conference for Media Freedom in London because of their dissemination of disinformation. The Russian Embassy denounced this decision as politically motivated discrimination; meanwhile, RT criticized it as hypocritical regarding press freedom principles.

2008–2012

During the 2008 South Ossetia War, correspondent William Dunbar resigned after being denied permission by RT to report on Russian airstrikes affecting civilians; he stated that RT consistently aligned with Kremlin perspectives. However, Variety cited sources indicating Dunbar's resignation was not solely due to editorial bias; a senior journalist noted that while coverage was predictably pro-Russian, it often surpassed Western reporting standards.

Shaun Walker from The Independent reported that RT instructed reporters to avoid covering ethnically cleansed Georgian villages in South Ossetia. Julia Ioffe recounted an incident where an RT journalist was reprimanded for diverging from Kremlin narratives blaming Georgians for Ossetian casualties. Human Rights Watch criticized an exaggerated claim by RT asserting that South Ossetian deaths numbered around 2,000.

In 2012 Jesse Zwick writing for The New Republic criticized RT for minimizing Syrian civilian casualties while framing Western humanitarian appeals as NATO strategies targeting Russia, Iran, and China. He also highlighted disproportionate airtime given to libertarian Republican Ron Paul during his presidential campaign aligning with narratives portraying U.S. global dominance negatively. After resigning in 2014, former presenter Liz Wahl suggested Paul's non-interventionist views conformed with RT messaging goals. In June 2011 Adam Kokesh's show Adam vs. the Man supported fundraising efforts for Paul leading to an FEC complaint over foreign political contributions; Kokesh's show was canceled shortly thereafter reportedly unrelated to this complaint.

In September 2012 UK regulator Ofcom ruled two Libyan reports by Lizzie Phelan breached accuracy and impartiality standards; further rulings in November 2012 and August 2013 found additional violations related to Syrian conflict coverage including unverified claims about Kurdish civilian deaths near Turkey-Syria border. In December 2013 Ofcom again found impartiality breaches concerning the documentary Syrian Diary. Former reporter Sara Firth disclosed senior editorial interference resulting in her withdrawal from Syria assignments after disputes over coverage direction.

2014

On 4 March 2014 Abby Martin publicly condemned Russia's intervention in Ukraine during her tenure at Breaking The Set, stating "what Russia did is wrong," despite her association with RT. She later confirmed that despite her dissenting views she continued working at RT which supported Kremlin positions. The network responded to propaganda allegations by asserting such accusations arise whenever it offers perspectives outside mainstream Western narratives in conflicts like those in Georgia or Ukraine. Journalist Glenn Greenwald acknowledged its pro-Russian bias while commending Martin's journalistic independence.

On 5 March Washington D.C.-based anchor Liz Wahl resigned live on air criticizing censorship and propaganda surrounding Russia's role in Ukraine; her departure was dismissed by RT as a publicity stunt. Wahl later elaborated that RT smeared America favoring Kremlin interests while promoting extremist anti-Western rhetoric; she labeled it part of Putin’s propaganda network amid Ukraine tensions.

Former Moscow anchor Staci Bivens along with other ex-employees expressed regret about working at RT citing propaganda use; Bivens recounted being asked to produce stories portraying Germany negatively which she refused.

Steve Bloomfield from Monocle observed that Ukrainian crisis coverage heavily favored Moscow narratives denying Russian troop involvement while depicting unrest in eastern Ukraine as peaceful protests fearing chaos emanating from Kiev.

After Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was downed in July 2014 amid accusations involving Russia, RT quickly shifted blame elsewhere; journalism professor Sarah Oates criticized its poor propaganda execution.

Sara Firth resigned over MH17 coverage condemning biased reporting describing it as mass information manipulation with clear agendas; numerous journalists left citing similar reasons.

In November Ofcom found multiple breaches regarding impartiality during Ukraine crisis coverage prior to Crimea annexation warning potential statutory sanctions upon further violations.

2015–2016

In January Ofcom cleared both BBC and RT concerning graphic MH17 crash site imagery complaints.

Following March European Council calls against Russian disinformation campaigns European External Action Service was tasked with countermeasures including launching EU vs Disinformation website under slogan "don’t be deceived."

September Ofcom rulings found breaches over Ukrainian and Syrian conflict coverage including misleading accusations against BBC Panorama program Saving Syria's Children alleging faked scenes without adequate counterbalance; allegations included Ukrainian atrocities such as bombing civilians with insufficient opposing views presented—Ofcom mandated corrective broadcasts by RT.

David J. Kramer suggested freezing assets linked to Yukos shareholder case including those associated with RT in October.

A RAND Corporation report described RT as part of broader Russian propaganda dubbed "Firehose of Falsehood," appearing credible yet disseminating misinformation deliberately.

July Ofcom again found breaches over Turkey-Kurdish conflict coverage where episodes accused Turkey without sufficient balance; difficulties obtaining pro-Turkey views were cited following political tensions after Turkish downing of Russian aircraft in late-2015.

Post-2016 U.S. election reports labeled state-funded outlets like RT mimicking independent news but spreading falsehoods amplified via social media though some critiques questioned source reliability used by media such as PropOrNot analyses.

December marked tenth Ofcom breach finding involving biased panel composition lacking alternative NATO views during summit discussion; omissions attributed partly to caption errors though noted difficulties sourcing balanced perspectives were acknowledged by network.

2017–2018

On January 12th an unintended transmission caused about ten minutes of C-SPAN internet streaming to carry an RT broadcast during system tests around President Trump’s inauguration; explained as signal routing error between primary encoders.

January 19th saw temporary Facebook restrictions preventing media posts by RT due to alleged copyright issues involving Radio Liberty feeds during Barack Obama’s final press conference; both parties claimed Associated Press sourced footage; restriction lifted within a day without clear explanation if technical or policy-related cause prevailed.

September US Department of Justice mandated registration under Foreign Agents Registration Act for RT America provoking editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan condemnation labeling it free speech assault while Russian foreign ministry threatened reciprocal actions against US journalists.

November compliance saw official registration requiring financial disclosures drawing criticism from Committee to Protect Journalists concerned about government definitions blurring journalism-propaganda lines.

December Ofcom ruled seven programs breached impartiality rules post Salisbury nerve agent attacks resulting in £200k fine though license retained; network denounced regulator actions inappropriate given prior history.

2021

German journalist Daniel Lange departed from German-language service after being assigned surveillance tasks unrelated to journalism involving Alexey Navalny during hospital stay following poisoning attributed to FSB; he also cited editorial bias emphasizing negative German aspects per leadership instructions.

September saw Russia threaten YouTube ban after deletion of several channels including those affiliated with German-language service due to COVID-19 misinformation policy violations or suspension circumvention attempts.

2022

January US State Department Global Engagement Center issued report highlighting Kremlin-funded media including false narratives disseminated by RT concerning military buildup near Ukraine border.

Following February invasion numerous employees across UK Germany France resigned protesting official bans against using term "invasion." Notably Frédéric Taddeï left hosting duties at French-language program Interdit d'interdire. Former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond suspended his talk show amid criticism over association with network coverage stance.

Several British journalists publicly resigned or quietly left citing disagreements over invasion reportage per The Times.

February saw hacker collective Anonymous launch distributed denial-of-service attack targeting network website supporting Ukraine; Google parent company Alphabet blocked advertising revenue streams shortly thereafter on YouTube platforms tied to network content.

2024

September United States indicted two employees based in New York alongside imposing sanctions targeting executives alleging payments made via right-wing Tennessee media firm Tenet Media aiming at influencing US presidential elections through Russian propaganda dissemination according to Attorney General Merrick Garland statements; Secretary Antony Blinken announced further sanctions revealing creation during previous year within network structure of cyber operational unit linked with Russian intelligence collaborating with Global South partners opposing Western narratives; additionally accused covert fundraising efforts supporting military equipment procurement for forces engaged in Ukraine conflict operations.


Accolades

  • June 2007 – Awarded Grand Prix at the eleventh "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival for series titled Meeting with Nature.
  • November 2007 – Received special recognition at international AIB Media Excellence Awards for investigative report on Chernobyl disaster.
  • September 2008 – Kevin Owen honored with Russia's prestigious TEFI award for Best News Anchor.
  • January 2009 – Silver World Medal presented at New York Festivals recognizing Best News Documentary titled "A city of desolate mothers."
  • August 2010 – Earned first International Emmy Award nomination within News category covering President Barack Obama’s visit to Russia.
  • August 2012 – Secured second International Emmy nomination focusing on international Occupy Wall Street movement.
  • May 2014 – Editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan awarded Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" by President Vladimir Putin acknowledging coverage related to Russo-Ukrainian conflict.
  • August 2014 – Third International Emmy nomination granted for reporting on hunger strikes at Guantanamo Bay.
  • August 2016 – Fourth International Emmy nomination recognizing coverage during seventieth session of United Nations General Assembly.


See also

Explanatory notes

1.Template:NoteStephen Heyman writing for The New York Times estimated investment exceeding $100 million into the channel by May 2008.

External links

  • (restricted in the EU and UK following legal orders)
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Osborn
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ForeignPolicy
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Heyman
  6. ↑ Danny Schechter interview on RT website.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Painter
Retrieved from "https://www.alfawiki.org/index.php?title=RT_(TV_network)&oldid=46668"