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Fiat S.p.A.

Coordinates: 45°01′57″N 7°40′01″E / 45.032580°N 7.666934°E / 45.032580; 7.666934
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Fiat S.p.A.
Company typeHolding company
IndustryAutomotive
Founded1899; 127 years ago (1899)
FounderGiovanni Agnelli and consortium of investors
FateMerged with Chrysler Group to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2014
Headquarters
Turin
,
Italy
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Giovanni Agnelli (founder), Gianni Agnelli (former chairman), John Elkann (vice chairman)
ProductsAutomobiles, railway locomotives and carriages, military vehicles, agricultural tractors, aircraft
Number of employees
Over 100,000 (1970)
ParentFiat Chrysler Automobiles (from 2014)

Overview

Fiat S.p.A., often referred to as the Fiat Group, was an Italian holding enterprise primarily engaged in the automotive sector.

The group encompassed a variety of prominent brands including Fiat, Abarth, Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia, and Alfa Romeo.

Established in 1899 by a consortium of investors led by Giovanni Agnelli, Fiat's extensive history spans over a century during which it expanded its manufacturing portfolio beyond automobiles to include railway locomotives and carriages, military vehicles, agricultural tractors, and aircraft. By 2013, Fiat Group, in conjunction with Chrysler Group, ranked as the second-largest European car manufacturer by volume and was positioned seventh globally, surpassing companies such as Honda, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Suzuki, Renault, and Daimler.

Throughout its evolution, Fiat acquired several automotive companies: it took over Lancia in 1968, became a shareholder in Ferrari in 1969, gained control of Alfa Romeo from the Italian government in 1986, purchased Maserati in 1993, and fully acquired Chrysler Group by 2014. At that time, Fiat Group produced vehicles under twelve marques: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Ferrari, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Ram Trucks, and SRT.

In 1970, Fiat employed over 100,000 workers within Italy and reached its peak domestic production with 1.4 million vehicles manufactured that year.[1] By 2002, the company operated six plants across Italy producing more than one million vehicles annually, with Italian operations accounting for over one-third of total revenue.[1]

Fiat-branded automobiles are assembled at multiple global sites. Outside Italy, Brazil represents the largest production hub where Fiat holds the top market share.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name The group also maintains manufacturing facilities in Argentina, Poland, and Mexico—where Fiat vehicles are produced at Chrysler-owned plants for export to markets including the United States, Brazil, and Italy. Additionally, Fiat has a longstanding tradition of licensing production internationally; notably in the 1960s it formed joint ventures across Eastern Europe such as with VAZ (Lada) in the former Soviet Union. The company has also established numerous partnerships worldwide, especially in Serbia, France, Turkey, India, and China.

Gianni Agnelli, grandson of founder Giovanni Agnelli, served as Fiat’s chairman from 1966 until 1996 and then as honorary chairman until his passing on 24 January 2003. During this period, Cesare Romiti held the chairman role. Subsequently, Paolo Fresco briefly assumed chairmanship while Paolo Cantarella acted as CEO. From 2003 to 2004, leadership passed to Umberto Agnelli as chairman. Following Umberto Agnelli’s death on 28 May 2004, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was appointed chairman; concurrently, family member John Elkann became vice chairman at age 28 alongside other relatives serving on the board. On 1 June 2004, CEO Giuseppe Morchio was succeeded by Sergio Marchionne.

On 29 January 2014, it was declared that Fiat Group would merge with Chrysler Group to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA), with completion scheduled before the end of that year. FCA then assumed ownership of Fiat Group.[2] Shareholders approved the merger on 1 August 2014 following board consent.[3] The consolidation officially took effect on 12 October 2014.[4][5]

History

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Fiat 3 ½ CV (1899)
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Corso Dante manufacturing facility
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Fiat tractor featured in a 1919 American publication
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Lingotto factory (1928)
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Advertisement from 1939
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Mirafiori manufacturing plant
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Lingotto factory (2008)

The Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin, abbreviated as FIAT) was established in 1899 by Giovanni Agnelli alongside several partners.[6] In 1906, the company's name transitioned from an acronym to the mixed-case Fiat.[7] Giovanni Agnelli remained at the helm until his passing in 1945, while Vittorio Valletta managed the company's day-to-day operations. The initial vehicle produced was the 3 ½ CV, with only 24 units manufactured, all featuring bodies crafted by Alessio in Turin.[8] This model bore a strong resemblance to contemporary Benz automobiles,[9] and was equipped with a 697 cc (42.5 cu in) boxer twin engine.[9] Fiat ventured into truck production in 1903.[10] The year 1908 marked Fiat's first export to the United States,[10] and also saw the production of its initial aircraft engine. Around this period, Fiat taxis gained popularity across Europe.[11]

By the year 1910, Fiat had risen to become Italy's leading automotive manufacturer—a status it has maintained ever since. That same year witnessed the establishment of a new factory in Poughkeepsie, New York, operated by the newly formed American FIAT Automobile Company.[12][13] Owning a Fiat during this era was considered a symbol of prestige. Initially priced at $4,000 in the US,[14] the price increased to $6,400 by 1918,[15] whereas a Ford Model T cost $825 in 1908,[16] and $525 in 1918.[17] During World War I, Fiat dedicated its entire production facilities to supplying aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances to the Allies of World War I. However, when the United States entered the conflict in 1917, operations ceased due to stringent US regulations.Template:Fix/category[citation needed] After hostilities ended, Fiat introduced its inaugural tractor model, the 702.[18] By the early twenties, Fiat commanded an Italian market share of approximately 80%.[19]

In response to workers occupying Fiat's factories in 1921 and raising communist flags above them, Giovanni Agnelli resigned from his position. Nevertheless, the Italian Socialist Party and its allied group, the Italian General Confederation of Labour, seeking compromise with centrist factions, ordered an end to the occupation. The construction of the renowned Lingotto automobile plant began in 1922 and was completed in 1923; at that time it was Europe's largest factory and marked Fiat's first use of assembly line production. By mid-decade (1925), Fiat had secured control over approximately 87% of Italy's automotive market.[20] In addition, by introducing the Fiat 509 in 1928, Fiat incorporated insurance coverage into vehicle purchase prices.[21]

During World War II, Fiat manufactured military equipment and vehicles for both the Royal Italian Army and Regia Aeronautica, subsequently supplying German forces as well. The company produced fighter aircraft such as the biplane Fiat CR.42 Falco, which ranked among Italy’s most widely used planes alongside those from Savoia-Marchetti. Additionally, Fiat developed light tanks and armored vehicles; however, these were outdated compared to German and Soviet models. The most advanced fighter produced was the FIAT G.55, but it arrived too late and in insufficient quantities to influence wartime outcomes.

Following World War II in 1945, the National Liberation Committee removed members of the Agnelli family from leadership positions within Fiat due to their association with Mussolini’s regime. These roles were restored only in 1963 when Giovanni Agnelli’s grandson Gianni Agnelli assumed management as general manager until 1966 and then as chairman until his death in 1996.[22]

In the decade following WWII during the 1950s, Fiat initiated research activities into nuclear technology,[23] becoming Europe’s first private enterprise to operate its own nuclear reactor.[23]

Gianni Agnelli

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During an official visit to the newly opened Sevel Val di Sangro factory in 1981, Gianni Agnelli (center) and the Fiat board met with Italian President Sandro Pertini (to his right).

After assuming control of Fiat, the younger Agnelli initiated a comprehensive restructuring of the company’s management, which had previously been highly centralized with minimal delegation of authority or decision-making powers. While this centralized approach had served well in earlier years, it proved inadequate for Fiat’s rapid growth and expanding international presence throughout the 1960s. The reorganization segmented the company based on product lines, creating two primary groups—one focused on passenger vehicles and another on trucks and tractors—alongside several semi-autonomous divisions and subsidiaries. This allowed top executives to concentrate on strategic objectives rather than daily operational matters. In 1967, Fiat made its inaugural acquisition by purchasing Autobianchi. At that time, with sales reaching $1.7 billion, Fiat surpassed its chief European rival Volkswagen and in 1968 produced approximately 1,750,000 vehicles, raising sales to $2.1 billion. Newsweek in 1968 described Fiat as "the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit." The following year, Fiat gained controlling stakes in Ferrari and Lancia. By then, Fiat had evolved into a conglomerate, owning interests in Alitalia, toll road operations, manufacturers of typewriters and office equipment, electronics firms, a paint producer, a civil engineering company, and an international construction enterprise.

Building on an agreement brokered by Valletta with Soviet officials in 1966, Agnelli oversaw the establishment of the AvtoVAZ factory in the newly founded city of Togliattigrad along the Volga River. This plant became operational in 1970, producing a locally adapted version of the Fiat 124 branded as the Lada. Under his leadership, Fiat also constructed automobile and truck manufacturing facilities in key industrial regions within Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania. In 1973, Fiat launched Comau, an industrial automation firm created from suppliers who had equipped the AvtoVAZ plant. Comau emerged as a pioneer in automotive robotics during the 1970s with innovations such as the "Robogate" system for body shell production and later developed the FIRE series of robot-assembled engines throughout the 1980s.

Despite offering a competitive vehicle lineup, Fiat was not exempt from the financial challenges that affected the automotive sector following the 1973 oil price shock. By late 1976, it was announced that Libya would acquire a 9.6% stake in Fiat through a capital injection valued at approximately £250 million. This investment was significant when compared to the £310 million loan that Italy was negotiating with the IMF at that time. The agreement also included plans to build a truck and bus manufacturing facility in Tripoli. Chairman Agnelli openly characterized this arrangement as "a classic petro-money recycling operation which will strengthen Italian reserves, provide Fiat with fresh capital, and grant the group greater stability to pursue its investment programs." Notably, despite dilution caused by Libya's entry as a shareholder, the Agnelli family maintained a controlling interest with a 30% stake in the recapitalized entity.

In 1979, Fiat transitioned into a holding company structure by spinning off its various operations into independent entities, including Fiat Auto. Vittorio Ghidella was appointed CEO during this restructuring. That same year marked record sales for Fiat in the United States amid the context of the Iranian Oil Crisis. However, following a decline in gasoline prices after 1981, American consumers shifted their preferences towards sport utility vehicles, minivans, and pickup trucks rather than traditional large cars. Concurrently, Japanese automakers steadily increased their share of the US market by over half a percent annually. As a result of these market dynamics, both Fiat and Lancia withdrew from the US market in 1984. The company exited Australia by 1989 but continued operations in New Zealand.

Fiat expanded its portfolio further in 1986 by acquiring Alfa Romeo from Italian state ownership. At that time, Libya still held a 15% stake in Fiat dating back to its mid-1970s investment. However, under President Reagan’s administration, US foreign policy led to cancellation of a Pentagon contract involving Fiat-produced earth movers and pressured Fiat into facilitating Libya’s divestment from its shareholding. In 1992, two senior executives within Fiat were detained amid allegations of political corruption. The following year saw Fiat’s acquisition of Maserati. Alfa Romeo withdrew from the US market in 1995 while Maserati re-entered it under Fiat’s ownership in 2002; since then Maserati’s sales have grown rapidly within that market.

Paolo Fresco

In 1998, Paolo Fresco assumed the role of chairman at Fiat, with expectations that his extensive experience at General Electric would steer the company toward a stronger focus on shareholder interests. At that time, Fiat's share of the Italian market had declined to 41%Template:Fix/category[citation needed], down from approximately 62% in 1984.Template:Fix/category[citation needed] Unlike the traditional Italian approach, Fresco introduced a management style reminiscent of Jack Welch, emphasizing performance incentives rather than job security, such as replacing lifetime employment with more precarious contracts. He prioritized rewarding strong results by implementing stock option plans for both senior and middle management.

However, his initiatives faced resistance from labor unions, which insisted on salary increases based on seniority instead of merit. Another point of contention was Fresco's informal manner; breaking from company customs—rooted in founder Giovanni Agnelli’s military background—he addressed colleagues by their first names rather than formal titles like "Chairman Fresco." While Paolo Cantarella, the CEO, managed daily operations, Fresco concentrated on strategic direction and served as the company's chief negotiator. In 1999, Fiat created CNH Global through the merger of New Holland NV and Case Corporation.

By 2003, Fiat divested its insurance business operated via Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini Group. That same year, it sold its aviation division, FiatAvio, to Avio Holding. In February 2004, Fiat also disposed of its holdings in Fiat Engineering and its share in Edison.

Sergio Marchionne

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Sergio Marchionne, CEO of Fiat Group

Appointed as CEO in 2004, Sergio Marchionne quickly gained investor confidence.[24] By the end of fiscal year 2005, Fiat reported a profit of €196 million for the first nine months of 2006—the first positive result after 17 consecutive quarters of losses.[25]

Marchionne streamlined Fiat's management structure and shifted focus toward profitability and market responsiveness. While chairman Luca di Montezemolo handled political relations and union negotiations, Marchionne concentrated on revitalizing the automotive sector. The success of the Grande Punto played a significant role in this revival, with the acclaimed Fiat 500 further solidifying the company's resurgence. Fiat also pursued joint ventures abroad: initially partnering with India's Tata Motors, which later ended,[26] and attempting a partnership with China's Chery Motors that ultimately did not materialize. In 2005, Fiat approached Ford,[27] and later re-entered China through the establishment of a joint venture named GAC Fiat in 2010. Additionally, under Marchionne’s leadership, Fiat returned to significant markets such as Mexico and Australia after previous withdrawals.

On February 1, 2007, Fiat Auto was reorganized into Fiat Group Automobiles (FGA).[28] Concurrently, distinct entities were created for Fiat Automobiles, Abarth & C., Alfa Romeo Automobiles, Lancia Automobiles, and Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles—all wholly owned by FGA. The former brand directors assumed CEO roles within these new companies while employees and manufacturing facilities remained under FGA’s control.[28][29]

In December 2008, Marchionne declared that for long-term viability, Fiat needed to rank among the world's top five automakers. Under his stewardship, the company re-entered North American markets with the launch of the new Fiat 500. Despite this progress, since 2009 Fiat experienced a decline in European market share from 9.3% to 6.2%.[30] By December 2013, he announced plans to discontinue the Grande Punto to concentrate resources on "stylish, high-margin" variants of the Fiat 500 (2007) and the Fiat Panda.[31]

In 2010, John Elkann succeeded as Chairman of Fiat while shareholders approved a plan to separate capital goods operations from automotive activities. On January 1, 2011, agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer CNH Global, truck producer Iveco, and industrial and marine divisions of Fiat Powertrain Technologies were spun off into a new entity named Fiat Industrial, which was subsequently listed on Milan’s stock exchange on January 3.[32]

In terms of credit ratings, in 2010 Fitch downgraded Fiat's debt rating to BB− amid concerns over approximately €9,300,000,000 in debt accumulation. Further downgrades followed; in 2013 Moody's lowered its rating to Ba3[33] due to weaker-than-expected European demand and slower debt reduction.[34] At that time, Financial Times estimated Fiat’s total debt near €28,000,000,000.[35]

Chrysler Acquisition

On 20 January 2009, Fiat Group and Chrysler Group revealed their plans to establish a worldwide partnership. According to the agreement, Fiat would acquire a 20% ownership in Chrysler and gain entry to its North American sales network. In return, Fiat would supply Chrysler with the technology and platforms necessary to manufacture smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles for the US market, while Chrysler would gain reciprocal access to Fiat's international distribution channels. Contracts were finalized on 30 April 2009, with Fiat's ownership stake limited to 49% until all government loans were fully repaid.

Moreover, the agreement allowed Fiat to increase its stake by an additional 15% without any cash payment, contingent upon meeting certain product and commercial milestones. Fiat was not obligated to provide direct financial support; rather, it would earn its share primarily by funding the retooling of a Chrysler factory to produce one or more Fiat models in the United States. Additionally, Fiat committed to supplying engine and transmission technologies enabling Chrysler to introduce compact, fuel-saving vehicles within the NAFTA region.

The partnership was orchestrated by Fiat’s CEO Sergio Marchionne. The collaboration aimed to enhance both companies’ economies of scale and geographic presence amid intense competition from larger global players such as Toyota, Volkswagen, and alliances like Renault and Nissan.

Fiat’s initial 20% stake in Chrysler required no upfront payment. However, on 7 June 2009, the Indiana State Police Pension Fund, Indiana Teacher's Retirement Fund, and Major Moves Construction Fund petitioned the US Supreme Court to delay the Chrysler sale to Fiat, challenging its legality under bankruptcy law for allegedly prioritizing unsecured creditors over secured ones. This temporary injunction was lifted on 9 June 2009, allowing Fiat’s acquisition to proceed. For further details, see Indiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chrysler. On 10 June, the Supreme Court confirmed Fiat’s ownership in Chrysler.

Following Chrysler’s emergence from bankruptcy, Marchionne was appointed CEO. Under his leadership, Chrysler adopted an organizational structure similar to Fiat’s and rapidly introduced numerous redesigned or updated models. In 2011, Fiat launched its 500 in the United States and Canada—its first reentry into these markets since 1984—having been available in Europe since 2007. Prior to this reintroduction, Fiat’s primary presence in North America was concentrated in Mexico, where it offered a broader product range than in the US or Canada.

On 10 January 2011, Fiat declared an increase in its Chrysler ownership from 20% to 25%, following achievement of the first of three performance targets. Subsequently, on 11 April 2011, after meeting a second milestone, Fiat raised its stake by another 5% to reach 30%. On 24 May 2011, Fiat paid $1.268 billion to acquire an additional 16%, bringing its total interest to 46% (fully diluted). This transaction coincided with Chrysler refinancing its debt owed to the US and Canadian governments. Shortly thereafter, reports indicated that Fiat might purchase government-held stakes by July 2011, potentially increasing its ownership to 54%.

By May 2011, filings revealed that Fiat had options allowing it to raise its share in Chrysler Group beyond 70%. A regulatory statement dated 22 July 2011 showed Fiat holding a fully diluted interest of 53.5%, with both companies projecting this figure would reach approximately 58.5% by year-end after fulfilling the final performance objective. On 5 January 2012, Fiat confirmed its ownership had climbed to 58.5%. This stake further rose to 68.49% by July 2013.

On 1 January 2014, Fiat announced plans to acquire the remaining shares of Chrysler held by the VEBA for $3.65 billion—a transaction completed by 21 January.

On 29 January 2014, it was declared that Fiat Group and Chrysler Group would merge into a new entity named Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA), incorporated in the Netherlands with tax residence in the United Kingdom. FCA would assume ownership of Fiat Group. By 1 August 2014, shareholder approval was secured following board consent for the merger. FCA was slated for listing on the New York Stock Exchange with a subsequent listing planned on Milan’s Mercato Telematico Azionario. The merger officially took effect on 12 October 2014.

Activities

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Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009

Originally, the group's operations concentrated on manufacturing automobiles, as well as industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over the years, it has expanded into a variety of other industries, now encompassing a broad spectrum of activities within both industrial and financial service sectors. It stands as Italy's largest industrial enterprise. The group maintains a global presence, functioning in 61 countries through 1,063 companies that collectively employ more than 223,000 individuals, with approximately 111,000 staff members based outside of Italy.

Key shareholders of Fiat include Exor S.p.A., controlled by the Agnelli family, holding a 30.1% stake; European Union institutional investors owning 24.9%; non-EU institutional investors with an 11.2% share; and the Scottish investment management firm Baillie Gifford & Co. holding 2.6%.

Principal subsidiaries

The main operational subsidiaries of Fiat S.p.A., both direct and indirect, consist of: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., Chrysler Group LLC, Fiat Automoveis, S.A., FGA Capital S.p.A. (a joint venture equally owned by FGA and Crédit Agricole CF), Ferrari S.p.A., Maserati S.p.A., Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Teksid S.p.A., Comau S.p.A., and Itedi - Italiana Edizioni S.p.A.

Alliances and joint ventures

Fiat has engaged in multiple joint ventures and strategic partnerships over time. Beginning in 1978, the Type Four platform alliance involved Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Lancia, and Saab, producing a series of vehicles marketed in the mid-1980s.

In 2000, Fiat entered several joint ventures with General Motors after GM acquired a 20% share in Fiat while Fiat took a 6% stake in GM. Due to challenges in this partnership, these collaborations were gradually dissolved by 2005. Projects emerging from this alliance included the GM Fiat Small platform and the Fiat-GM Powertrain.

In 2005, Fiat partnered with Ford to develop a new compact car platform that resulted in the launch of the Fiat 500 and the Ford Ka.

By 2012, Fiat had formed a collaboration with Mazda to jointly develop and manufacture a new rear-wheel-drive roadster for both Alfa Romeo and Mazda brands.

Automotive

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Fiat Group's global automobile manufacturing locations as of 2008, including proprietary factories, joint ventures, and licensed production facilities. Chrysler operations are not included.
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A Fiat 1500 showcased at a classic car gathering in Germany, May 2014
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Fiat 500L, in production starting from 2012
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Lancia Delta
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Alfa Romeo 159
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Maserati GranTurismo
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Ferrari 458 Italia

Fiat stands as Italy’s foremost automobile manufacturer, offering a diverse range of vehicles from compact city cars under the Fiat brand to high-performance sports cars produced by Ferrari, alongside commercial vehicles like the Fiat Ducato. The automotive segment of the Fiat Group encompasses not only Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. but also includes entities such as Chrysler Group LLC and Maserati S.p.A.. Within Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., the subsidiaries comprise: Abarth & C. S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Professional S.p.A., and Lancia Automobiles S.p.A..

The company Ferrari S.p.A., of which Fiat Group holds a 90% stake, operates as a significant part of the group. Additionally, Fiat owns the dormant marque Autobianchi S.p.A., inactive since 1995, as well as Innocenti Milano S.p.A., which halted production in 1996.

Over the past five decades, the prestigious European Car of the Year accolade has been awarded to Fiat Group models twelve times—more than any other manufacturer—with the latest recognition granted to the Fiat 500 in 2008.

Earlier winners from Fiat Group include: Fiat 124 (1967), Fiat 128 (1970), Fiat 127 (1972), Lancia Delta (1980), Fiat Uno (1984), Fiat Tipo (1989), Fiat Punto (1995), Fiat Bravo/Brava (1996), Alfa Romeo 156 (1998), Alfa Romeo 147 (2001), and the Fiat Panda (2004).

Trucks and buses

Fiat Industrial Vehicles (Fiat Veicoli Industriali) represented Fiat’s division dedicated to trucks and buses, established in 1903 with the introduction of the 24HP model. By 1908, annual truck production reached approximately 120 units, expanding significantly to around 17,000 vehicles by the conclusion of World War I in 1918.

This division was dissolved in 1974 when Fiat consolidated its commercial vehicle operations by forming Iveco, merging with companies such as OM, Lancia, Magirus, and Unic.

At the start of 2011, Iveco was spun off into a separate entity under the umbrella of Fiat Industrial.

Commercial vehicles

On 17 April 2007, Fiat Automobiles' division dedicated to light commercial vehicles, formerly known as Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles (Fiat Veicoli Commerciali), was renamed Fiat Professional. Among the light commercial vehicle models offered by Fiat are the Fiat Ducato, Fiat Scudo, and Fiat Doblò Cargo.

Agricultural and construction equipment

For information on Fiat-branded agricultural and construction machinery produced between 1917 and 1991, refer to Fiat Trattori, and for the period from 1992 to 2014, see CNH Global.

Components

Fiat owns the prominent Italian component manufacturer Magneti Marelli, which itself holds various subsidiary brands including AL-Automotive Lighting, Carello, Cromodora, Cofap, Ergom Automotive, Jaeger, Mako Elektrik, Paraflu, Seima, Siem SpA, Solex, Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni, and Weber.

Metallurgical products

The company Teksid, under Fiat's ownership, stands as the world’s largest iron foundry group with an annual output capacity near 600,000 tons. Founded in December 1978, Teksid specializes in designing and manufacturing automotive parts such as cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts, among others for both cars and commercial vehicles. With expertise in iron casting and processing, Teksid operates plants located in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico, and China. Since 2007, it has also managed Teksid Aluminum, which focuses on casting and producing automotive components made from aluminum alloys.

Production systems

Fiat’s production systems are primarily developed through Comau, a company that acquired American Pico, Renault Automation, and Sciaky. Comau manufactures industrial automation solutions and was an early adopter of industrial robotics for vehicle assembly during the 1970s and 1980s. Fiat’s manufacturing facilities rank among the most automated and technologically advanced worldwide.

Services

Fiat once held a significant position in the insurance sector through Toro Assicurazioni—which also included smaller firms such as Lloyd Italico—facilitating collaborations with affiliated banks. However, Toro Assicurazioni was later acquired by the major insurance firm Assicurazioni Generali and no longer belongs to the Fiat Group.

Construction

Entities like Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering are engaged in various construction-related activities. Additionally, IPI acts as a mediation firm that also manages real estate assets.

Information technology

The Fiat Group maintains a presence in the fields of information technology and communications through subsidiaries such as ICT—Information & Communication Technology—Global Value, TeleClient London, and Atlanet.

Publishing and communication

Fiat Group holds stakes in various prominent publishing companies as well as national and regional newspapers, including La Stampa (established in 1926), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni. Publikompass, a dedicated advertising space reseller, operates with backing from the Consorzio Fiat Media Center. Additionally, Fiat is among the largest shareholders of RCS MediaGroup.

Other activities

Several smaller enterprises affiliated with Fiat, such as Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services, Easy Drive, RM Risk Management, and Servizio Titoli, provide public services primarily in economic and financial sectors. Other ventures encompass industrial securitisation through Consorzio Sirio, treasury functions via Fiat Geva, and information technology operations under Fiat Information & Communication Services.

Fiat also supports the Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, a significant institution dedicated to social and economic research. The historic Venetian building Palazzo Grassi, once maintained by Fiat and now functioning as a museum, was sold to French entrepreneur François Pinault in January 2005.

Aviation and motorcycles

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Fiat G91T training aircraft
Main articles: Fiat Aviazione, Avio, and Piaggio Aero

Operating as Fiat Aviazione, Fiat played a key role in military aircraft production. Following World War I, it absorbed several smaller Italian aircraft manufacturers such as Pomilio and Ansaldo. Among its most renowned creations were the 1930s biplane fighters Fiat CR.32 and Fiat CR.42. Other notable models included fighters like the CR.20, G.50, G.55, and the bomber Fiat BR.20. In the 1950s, Fiat developed the light ground-attack aircraft G.91. The company merged with Aerfer in 1969 to form Aeritalia.

In 1959, control of Piaggio passed to the Agnelli family. By 1964, its aeronautical and motorcycle divisions separated into independent entities; the aeronautical branch became IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Presently, the aeronautical firm Piaggio Aero is owned by the family of Piero Ferrari, who also holds a 10% stake in the car manufacturer Ferrari.

Main article: Vespa

The Vespa motorcycle division prospered until 1992 when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli assumed the role of CEO; however, he was already battling cancer and passed away in 1997. In 1999, Piaggio was acquired by Morgan Grenfell Private Equity.

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Fiat artillery tractor featured in the journal Horseless Age, 1918

Weapons

During World War I, Fiat produced artillery tractors for both French and Italian military forces.

In the 1930s, Fiat wholly owned Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino (SAFAT), which designed and manufactured weaponry for Italy’s armed forces. After losing a contract competition to supply new machine guns for the Regia Aeronautica, SAFAT was sold to the winning bidder – Società Italiana Ernesto Breda, leading to the creation of Breda-SAFAT.

Rail transportation

The origins of Fiat Ferroviaria trace back to the period preceding World War II, when Fiat supplied propulsion systems for both Diesel and electric locomotives as well as railcars (known as littorine) across Italy, various European countries, and parts of South America. Among its notable achievements was the production of the acclaimed Pendolino tilting trains, with the initial operational prototype four-car set debuting in the mid-1970s.

In 2000, Fiat Ferroviaria was acquired by Alstom.

Leisure

The Fiat Group once owned the Sestriere ski resort facilities; this Alpine village was developed by the Agnelli family. The group divested these skiing assets in 2006.

International operations

Refer to list of Fiat Group assembly sites

Since the 1950s, Fiat played a significant role in establishing automotive industries in numerous countries, especially within Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Turkey. The AutoVAZ state enterprise in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia—producer of Lada vehicles—was based on Fiat designs, as were Spain’s SEAT models. Currently, Lada is under the control of Renault, while SEAT belongs to Volkswagen. A limited number of Fiat vehicles were also assembled in Bulgaria. One of Fiat’s earliest overseas assembly plants operated in Poughkeepsie, New York, from 1910 to 1917.

United States

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Fiat Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster produced in America

The American FIAT Automobile Company was established by U.S. licensees in 1909 as a strategic response to import tariffs reaching 45 percent on foreign cars. The factory was completed by spring 1910, with the first vehicle rolling off the line in September that year. All Fiats manufactured at Poughkeepsie utilized parts imported from Italy but often featured locally crafted bodywork by firms such as Holbrook, Quinby, or Fleetwood. The American FIAT brand concentrated on larger and more luxurious models; smaller Types 51 and 52 (Tipo 1 and 2) were only available as fully assembled imports.

The initial model offered was the Type 54, equivalent to the European Tipo 4, equipped with a 5,699 cc (348 cu in) four-cylinder engine known as "Tipo 54A," riding on a 124 in (3.15 m) wheelbase. Production continued until approximately 1914 or 1915. In 1912, the lineup expanded with the Type 56—a large seven-passenger touring car exclusive to the American market—powered by a six-cylinder engine displacing 8,549 cc (522 cu in) and mounted on a 135 in (3.43 m) wheelbase chassis. The Type 55 followed in 1913 (though some units appeared in late 1912), featuring a slightly shorter 128 in (3.25 m) wheelbase than the Type 56 but boasting a substantial 9,017 cc (550 cu in) four-cylinder engine. This model closely mirrored the European Tipo 5 and was also produced for export markets. The final American Fiat introduced was the Type 53 in 1914—the counterpart to Italy’s Tipo 3 Ter. It had a 4,396 cc (268 cu in) four-cylinder engine and rode on a 116 in (2.95 m) wheelbase. The Tipo 53 remained in production until 1916, whereas Types 55 and 56 continued until 1917; some late Type 55 units were marketed as "1918" models and appeared in new car catalogs that year. In 1917, Fiat Italy assumed control of the U.S. operations and streamlined production to focus solely on the Type 55, now featuring an extended 140 in (3.56 m) wheelbase.

Regarding NACC tax horsepower, ratings were assigned as follows: Type 54 at 30 hp, Type 56 at 45 hp, Type 55 at 42 hp, and Type 53 at 25 hp. Actual power outputs were higher, ranging from approximately 40 hp (30 kW) for the Type 53 up to around 75 hp (56 kW) for the larger Types 55 and 56.

Production volumes remained modest due to the high cost of Fiats during this era, averaging about 350 units annually. With America’s entry into World War I, shipments of Italian components ceased, halting manufacturing activities. Although there were intentions to resume production post-war, these plans ultimately did not materialize; consequently, the plant was sold to Duesenberg in February 1918. Duesenberg relocated machinery to their Elizabeth, New Jersey facility for aircraft engine manufacturing. By early 1928, ownership transferred again to truck manufacturer Larrabee Motor Truck Co., which moved its operations from Binghamton. The building later served various purposes—including part of the Marist College campus—before being demolished in 1997.

Brazil

File:Fiat 147 br.jpg
The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the pioneer modern automobile to operate solely on hydrous ethanol fuel (E100).

Fiat Automóveis S.A., a branch of Fiat S.p.A.,[36] commenced vehicle manufacturing in Brazil in 1976 with the launch of the Fiat 147, an adaptation of the Italian Fiat 127, which remained in production until 1986. Since its inception, over 10 million cars have been assembled at Fiat Automóveis' Betim facility,[37] along with an additional 232,807 units produced at Fiat's Córdoba plant in Argentina. The original manufacturing site, situated in Belo Horizonte, was established with an investment of $250 million. The government of Minas Gerais held a stake ranging between 10 and 20 percent and extended specific economic incentives to Fiat.[38]

Introduced in July 1979, the Fiat 147 became the first widely manufactured vehicle to utilize ethanol instead of gasoline.[39][40][41] Although it delivered slightly enhanced performance, its fuel consumption increased by approximately 30%. However, ethanol was priced at only a quarter of gasoline’s cost due to the high petrol prices following the 1979 oil crisis. This model earned the nickname cachacinha (meaning little cachaça) because its exhaust emitted an aroma reminiscent of that traditional Brazilian spirit.

File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg
Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4, a multifuel automobile capable of operating as a flexible-fuel using gasoline, E20-E25 gasohol, ethanol (E100), or as a bi-fuel running on CNG

In October 1984, Fiat Automóveis launched the Fiat Uno, which remained available until production ended in late 2013 under the new name Fiat Mille, accumulating total output of around 3.6 million units.[42] The manufacturing of the global model Fiat Palio began in 1996.

Following the successful debut of flexible-fuel vehicles within Brazil’s automotive market in 2003,[43] Fiat Automóveis introduced its initial flex-fuel variant in March 2004 with the release of the Fiat Palio, subsequently followed by the Siena and Palio Weekend.[44] In Brazil, Fiat sold a total of 665,514 vehicles during the year of 2008,[45] enabling it to maintain its position as Brazil’s top-selling automaker for seven consecutive years.[46] In that same year, nearly all passenger vehicles sold were flex-fuel models, representing close to full market penetration for automobiles and comprising about ninety-two percent of light trucks sold.[47]

In the year 2006, Fiat unveiled the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a vehicle capable of running on four different fuels, developed by Fiat Brazil’s Magneti Marelli division.[48][49] This model operates as a flex-fuel on pure ethanol (E100); on Brazil’s standard ethanol-gasoline blend ranging from E20 to E25;[50] on pure gasoline (though this is no longer sold in Brazil since its ban in1993,[51][52] though still used in neighboring nations); or alternatively on compressed natural gas (CNG). The Siena Tetrafuel was designed to seamlessly switch between any gasoline-ethanol mixture and CNG based on driving conditions and power demands.[53]

Argentina

Fiat's presence in Argentina dates back to the early 20th century. A manufacturing facility in Córdoba existed at least as early as 1954, when Fiat partnered with two local firms to produce tractors under a joint venture. This enterprise operated under the name Fiat-Concord until 1980. In 1959, approval was granted to build an automobile plant in Caseros, and by 1960, the first Fiat passenger car produced in Argentina, the Fiat 600, rolled off the line following earlier exports of the Fiat 1100. The production of the Fiat 1500 commenced in 1963. The Fiat 133, a rebadged version of the SEAT 133, was introduced locally in 1977. By 1978, Córdoba had become a significant hub for car manufacturing, producing models such as the Fiat 128 alongside earlier generation vehicles from Italy like the 125 (including some derivatives) and the 600R.

In 1980, Fiat entered into a joint venture with PSA known as Sevel Argentina, which operated until 1995. The modern phase of vehicle production began with the inauguration of a new factory in Córdoba on December 20, 1996. From April 1997 onwards, manufacturing commenced for the Siena and Palio models.

Production halted during the early 2000s amid Argentina's economic downturn. However, in 2008 Fiat reinvested capital to resume manufacturing of the Fiat Siena sedan and Fiat Palio. By October 2009, a milestone was reached with the two millionth unit produced by Fiat in Argentina—a Fiat Siena HLX. Fiat Auto Argentina S.A. remains a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.

Serbia

Main article: Fiat Automobili Srbija

Fiat’s initial venture in Serbia began in 1955 through an agreement with Yugoslav automaker Zastava to assemble Fiat vehicles for Eastern European markets. Zastava’s first models were adaptations of the Fiat 1300 and Fiat 1400. By 1970, Zastava was manufacturing components for newer models such as the Fiat 124 and Fiat 125, which were assembled in Poland. The iconic minicar Zastava 750, launched in 1962 and based on the Fiat 600, continued production until 1981, outliving its original Italian counterpart. Prior to the 1980s, Zastava vehicles had limited popularity beyond Eastern Europe but were exported under the Yugo brand to the United States and various European countries during that decade.

The most notable model introduced by Zastava was the Zastava 101, a front-wheel-drive vehicle derived from the Fiat 128, available also as a hatchback variant not sold in Italy. Following the discontinuation of the Zastava 750 in 1981, its market segment was filled by the Zastava Koral, better known internationally as Yugo Tempo or Yugo 45/55. This model was based on the 1971 Fiat 127, which itself was succeeded by the Fiat Uno in Italy in 1983. However, political tensions after Yugoslavia’s civil unrest in 1992 led to a rapid cessation of imports into Britain and America. Despite damage from bombing during conflict, Zastava’s Kragujevac factory was rebuilt post-war and production resumed at another facility within Kragujevac.

In 1987, Zastava launched a new design: the Zastava Florida, also marketed as Yugo or Yugo Sana in different regions. Styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro at ItalDesign, it later incorporated more contemporary Peugeot engines. The model remained on sale domestically with updates introduced toward the late 1990s. No further new models were released until sixteen years later when Zastava presented the second-generation Fiat Punto-based Zastava 10 in 2003; this model was rebranded as Fiat Punto Classic in 2009.

A memorandum of understanding signed in 2008 between Fiat and Serbia’s ministry of economic and regional development paved the way for Fiat to acquire Zastava’s Kragujevac plant. The resulting company allocated ownership shares with Fiat holding seventy percent and the Serbian government thirty percent.[54] Subsequently, Zastava Automobili Srbija was renamed Fiat Automobili Srbija. Extensive renovations took place throughout 2010 and 2011 to prepare for production of the Fiat 500L, which commenced in 2012.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

Poland

Main article: Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych
File:Fiat500126.JPG
Fiat 500 and 126

Automobile production by Fiat in Poland dates back to 1920. By 1932, the Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne (Polish Engineering Works, PZInż) commenced manufacturing the Fiat 508, which was also adapted for military use until 1939. The licensing agreement expanded in 1936 to cover the Fiat 518 model. In 1965, the communist government of Poland entered into an agreement with Fiat to locally produce selected Fiat models at the FSO plant located in Warsaw, established in 1951. The production of the new vehicle—the Polski Fiat 125p—started in 1967. Although it resembled the Fiat 125 externally, it incorporated older Fiat mechanical components dating from 1960. This model achieved strong sales domestically and was soon exported to Western European markets. In 1978, a new five-door hatchback called the FSO Polonez was introduced, utilizing the running gear from the Fiat 125p. After 1982, Fiat ended its licensing arrangement; subsequently, FSO branding returned, with the Polski Fiat 125p continuing production until 1991, and the Polonez being manufactured until 2002. In 1995, South Korean company Daewoo acquired FSO, which regained independence around 2000 following Daewoo's bankruptcy and subsequent takeover by General Motors.

Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM), based in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy, was a joint enterprise between FSO and Fiat that began producing the Fiat 126(p) in 1973 and later the Cinquecento in 1991. By 1992, Fiat had acquired a 90% stake in FSM (renamed Fiat Auto Poland in 1993) and subsequently manufactured models including the Cinquecento, Uno, Seicento, Siena, and Palio Weekend, with an annual capacity reaching up to 200,000 vehicles. FSM became the exclusive producer of the Fiat Panda in 2003, followed by the production of the Fiat 500 and its related model, the Ford Ka, starting in 2007. Production capacity expanded significantly, with output exceeding 600,000 units in 2009; however, by 2013 production had decreased below 300,000 vehicles annually, prompting a reduction of approximately one-third of the workforce.

Russia

Main article: Lada

In 1966, Fiat collaborated with Soviet state industries to establish a new automobile manufacturing facility (AvtoVAZ) along the Volga river. Around this plant, a purpose-built city named Tolyatti—honoring former Italian Communist Party leader Palmiro Togliatti—was developed. The factory began producing a "people's car" inspired by models like Germany’s Volkswagen Beetle and France’s Citroën 2CV. The Soviet vehicle, known as the Lada, offered more interior space and was available as a four-door saloon and five-door estate. For parts production, Fiat integrated British machine tools supplied by Herbert-BSA[55] from Birmingham. The original Fiat 124 design was mechanically reinforced to endure harsh Russian driving conditions and severe winter climates. Due to their affordability, these cars found popularity through exports to Western Europe, Canada, and various developing nations. In 1980, this model was updated and marketed as the Lada Riva in certain regions. Over time, Lada developed several proprietary models; for instance, the four-wheel drive Lada Niva incorporates some Fiat-derived components such as its engine and transmission but features a body and drivetrain system designed by VAZ.

Bulgaria

Between 1967 and 1971, the production of Pirin-Fiat vehicles took place in Lovech, Bulgaria.

Turkey

TOFAŞ Türk Otomobil Fabrikası A.Ş. is a collaborative enterprise jointly owned by Fiat S.p.A. and Koç Holding A.Ş. with ownership divided as 37.8% by Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., 37.8% by Koç Holding A.Ş., and the remaining 24.3% held by other investors. The Fiat 124 model was manufactured under license by TOFAŞ and marketed as the TOFAŞ Murat. This model was subsequently succeeded by a variant of the Fiat 131, known locally as the TOFAŞ Şahin. Presently, the joint venture produces vehicles such as the Fiat Linea, holding a 12.1% share of Turkey’s automobile market as of 2007.

Spain

SEAT S.A. was founded in Spain in 1950 with support from Fiat S.p.A., initially producing Fiat-designed models under its own brand until Fiat ended its involvement in 1981. In 1982, SEAT entered into a partnership with German automaker Volkswagen AG, and by late 1986, following Volkswagen’s acquisition of a controlling interest, SEAT became part of the Volkswagen Group. Despite this transition, production of certain Fiat-derived models persisted until 1998, concluding with the Fiat-based SEAT Marbella.

Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the Fiat 131 was produced under the name Holland Car Plc DOCC.

Egypt

After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, President Gamal Abdel Nasser directed the EGID (General Intelligence Agency) to establish a government-owned automobile manufacturer. This led to the creation of El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company in Helwan in 1960. Initially, El Nasr produced several Fiat-based models and subsequently obtained a license to manufacture the TOFAŞ Şahin. Production of the Fiat 128 ceased in 2008; however, the Şahin remains in production within Egypt.

Currently, Alfa Romeo and Fiat vehicles are primarily assembled for the Egyptian market by El-Mashreq Company, which is part of the Seoudi Group. Additionally, Arab American Vehicles (AAV) has been involved in manufacturing Fiats locally, including assembling the Fiat Ritmo under commission from Nasr.

India

Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited is a joint venture formed in 1997 between Fiat S.p.A. and Mumbai-based Tata Motors Limited. The company produces models such as the Fiat Palio Stile, Linea, and Fiat Punto. Its manufacturing facility is located in Ranjangaon near Pune, Maharashtra, where it also produces the Tata Indica.

Though not directly owned by Fiat, Mumbai’s Premier Automobiles Limited held licenses to produce localized versions of the Fiat 500 for India, followed by production of the Fiat 1100 starting in 1954. The Premier brand replaced Fiat branding in 1973 and continued manufacturing models such as the Fiat 1100 and 124 into the early 21st century. After a short-lived attempt to produce the Fiat Uno during this period, Premier and Fiat ended their collaboration.

Pakistan

Since 1948, Raja Motors has held the official license to manufacture Fiat vehicles in Pakistan. The company initially began production with VESPA scooters in 1948. In 2001, operations expanded to include the assembly and manufacturing of the Fiat Uno. Their manufacturing plant is situated in the Landhi Industrial Area of Karachi, Pakistan.

Sri Lanka

The Upali Motor Company, founded by entrepreneur Upali Wijewardene in 1973, started assembling a localized version of the Fiat 128, marketed as the UMC-Fiat 128. Production ceased following the shift to an open-market economy in 1978.

North Korea

Since 2002, North Korea's automobile manufacturer and distributor Pyeonghwa Motors has been assembling two Fiat models under license: the Hwiparam (meaning whistle), which is based on the Fiat Siena, and the Bbeokgugi (owl), derived from the Fiat Doblò.

China

In 2010, Fiat formed a 50:50 joint venture with GAC Group, establishing GAC Fiat Automobiles Co., Ltd.. Their manufacturing facility in Changsha was completed in 2012, producing a localized variant of the Dodge Dart sold under the name Fiat Viaggio.

See also

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References

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  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named USAToday-Snavely
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  45. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Figures include both automobiles and light-duty trucks.
  46. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  47. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Includes imports from Argentina.
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  50. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). This regulation mandated a minimum blend of twenty-five percent starting July 1, 2007
  51. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2123: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). See article 9º and subsequent amendments by Law Nº 10.696 dated July 2, 2003
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  53. ↑ {{cite web  :url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36391 ,author='Agência AutoInforme' ,title='Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$41,9 mil' ,publisher='WebMotor' ,date='19 June 2006' ,access-date='14 August 2008' ,language='pt' ,url-status='dead' ,archive-url='https://web.archive.org/web/20081210211007/http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid%3D36391' ,archive-date='10 December 2008' }} Although labeled tetra fuel by Fiat, it effectively runs on three fuels: natural gas plus ethanol and gasoline blends used in Brazil.
  54. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named forbes.com/feeds
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External links

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