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HAL Tejas

From Alfawiki
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Company typePublic sector undertaking
IndustryAerospace and defence
Founded1940
Headquarters
Bangalore
,
India
ProductsAircraft, helicopters, aerospace components
OwnerGovernment of India
Websitehal-india.co.in

HAL Tejas Overview

The HAL Tejas () represents an Indian-developed, single-engine, 4.5 generation[1][2] delta wing[3] multirole[4] combat jet engineered by the Aeronautical Development Agency and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to serve the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Indian Navy.[5][6] Its maiden flight occurred in 2001, and it was officially inducted into the IAF fleet in 2015.[7] Among supersonic fighters of its era, it is distinguished as the most compact and lightweight.[8]

The designation 'Tejas,' adopted in 2003, translates to 'radiance' in Sanskrit and continues India's tradition of naming indigenous and imported combat aircraft using Sanskrit terms.[9]

As HAL's second jet-powered fighter after the HAL HF-24 Marut, Tejas has two main production versions: Mark 1 and Mark 1A, along with trainer variants. By 2016, the Mark 1 variant featured an indigenous content composition of 59.7% by value and 75.5% by line replaceable units,[10] with these figures increasing in the Mark 1A.[11]

Currently, the IAF operates approximately 30 Mark 1 units and six trainers distributed across two squadrons.[12][13][14] The first operational squadron, No. 45 Squadron IAF ('Flying Daggers'), was commissioned in 2016 at Sulur Air Force Station in Tamil Nadu. The second squadron, No. 18 Squadron IAF ('Flying Bullets'), is stationed at Naliya Air Force Station in Gujarat.[15] The IAF has placed orders for 141 Mark 1A fighters along with 41 trainer aircraft.[16][17][18] Future procurement plans aim for a total acquisition of at least 324 aircraft across different variants, including the more advanced HAL Tejas Mk2, which remains under development.[19]

LCA Programme

During the 1980s, the Indian Air Force (IAF) primarily operated older fighter jets such as the MiG-21, which had been a cornerstone of its fleet since 1963, with a total of 874 units in service.[20] According to the 1981 Long Term Re-Equipment Plan issued by the Ministry of Defence, a majority of these aircraft were expected to reach the end of their operational lifespan by the early 1990s. This forecast indicated that by 1995, the IAF would face a 40% shortfall relative to its planned force strength.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

In response, the Government of India initiated the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme in 1983 with the goal of creating a modern light combat fighter to succeed this aging fleet.[21] The following year saw the formation of the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the aegis of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), tasked with overseeing LCA development. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was appointed as the principal contractor.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name The government outlined critical requirements including a digital fly-by-wire control system, a multi-mode pulse-Doppler radar, and an afterburning turbofan engine.[22]

The project entered its definition phase in October 1986.[21] French aerospace company Dassault-Breguet was engaged as a consultant for design and systems integration.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name Kota Harinarayana took on the roles of director and chief designer.[23]Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name Initially conceived as a direct replacement for the MiG-21, by 2021, according to statements from the Defence Minister, the LCA had evolved into an element of broader IAF modernization efforts rather than serving solely as a MiG-21 substitute.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

Design

By 1990, the LCA’s design was finalized as a compact tailless compound delta wing aircraft featuring relaxed static stability. To improve agility, it was engineered as a control configured vehicle employing a digital fly-by-wire flight control system. While Dassault-Breguet recommended a hybrid architecture combining three digital channels with one analog channel plus an analog backup, ADA opted for an entirely quadruplex digital channel configuration. In 1992, the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) established a dedicated National Control Law team (CLAW) to create an indigenous fly-by-wire system. A collaboration with Lockheed Martin was discontinued following the 1998 US embargo imposed after India’s nuclear tests, causing approximately an 18-month delay.

The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire system was developed domestically. CLAW completed both design and integration of flight control laws using an Iron Bird simulation rig, accumulating over 50 hours of pilot trials. Aerodynamic studies were conducted at NAL’s 1.2-meter tri-sonic wind tunnel.

For the multi-mode radar (MMR), initial plans involved adopting the Ericsson–Ferranti PS-05/A radar used on Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters. Nevertheless, DRDO chose to pursue an indigenous radar jointly developed by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) and HAL beginning in 1997. The Centre for Airborne Systems oversaw testing through modifications made to an HS-748 aircraft. By 2005, only two radar modes—air-to-air look-up and look-down—had been successfully validated; other modes underperformed due to incompatibilities between LRDE’s signal processor and the radar hardware. As a result, MMR development was halted in favor of procuring foreign radar systems as temporary alternatives. Israeli firm Elta Systems’ EL/M-2032 and EL/M-2052 radars were selected for Mk1 and early Mk1A variants respectively. In 2012, DRDO commenced development of the Uttam AESA Radar, which remained under testing as of 2024.

ADA achieved breakthroughs in fabricating carbon fibre composite structures and skins along with designing a glass cockpit environment for the aircraft. The Autolay computer-aided design software created during the LCA project was subsequently licensed to Airbus for use on its A380 program. Emphasizing self-reliance led to increased indigenous sourcing of components and stimulated growth within India's aerospace sector. Notable suppliers included Amphenol for loom assemblies, Lakshmi Machine Works for air intake components, and Tata Advanced Systems for composite parts.

Prototypes and Testing

The inaugural technology demonstrator (TD-1) took to the skies on 4 January 2001. Following this, the second demonstrator (TD-2) commenced testing activities in 2003, coinciding with the maiden flight of the initial production variant (PV-1). The first trainer model (PV-5) appeared in 2009, with two trainer prototypes—PV-5 and PV-06—constructed. Naval prototypes NP-1 (two-seater) and NP-2 (single-seater) underwent comprehensive carrier-related evaluations at Goa’s Shore Based Test Facility. Notably, NP-2 successfully completed arrested landings and ski-jump take-offs from in January 2020.

The Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) first flew on 25 April 2007; a total of seven LSP units were produced and deployed for developmental testing, which included weapons trials involving the R-73, Python-5, and I-Derby ER missiles, alongside both guided and unguided armaments. These LSPs also supported sensor integration assessments with Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 and EL/M-2052 AESA radars, the Indian-developed Uttam AESA Radar, and Rafael Litening targeting pods. The Uttam radar underwent extensive airborne testing specifically on LSP-2 and LSP-3. High-altitude and hot climate trials were conducted on both LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, covering IOC and FOC configurations, evaluating sensor and avionics performance across temperature ranges from below -10°C up to above +45°C.

Sea-based evaluations carried out in 2010 examined radar capabilities in air-to-air as well as air-to-sea modes at multiple altitudes. Flutter vibration testing was performed to verify structural resilience at elevated angle of attack values throughout the flight envelope. In December 2010, LSP-4 successfully demonstrated the BDL-developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) integrated with the R-73 missile, confirming compatibility with the Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.

In late 2012, flight operations were temporarily suspended for over three months to implement modifications to the ejection system before resuming test flights. The following year, LSP-7 executed a critical high-altitude inflight engine relight test to validate engine responsiveness after flameout—a vital procedure for single-engine combat aircraft. On 15 April 2023, HAL obtained flight clearance for Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box bearings and power take-off shaft components. Additionally, the Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) sanctioned pre-production of landing gear seals developed collaboratively by CVRDE and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.

Operational Clearance

In December 2006, the Indian Air Force established an "LCA Induction Team" tasked with overseeing the aircraft’s introduction into service. Initial Operational Clearance-I (IOC-I) was granted in January 2011. To support Final Operational Clearance (FOC), an interim IOC-II was issued in December 2013, which expanded permissible g-limits and angle of attack parameters while enabling carriage of precision-guided munitions and close-combat missiles. Tejas aircraft certified under IOC-II possess an operational radius of . The first squadron equipped with IOC-II Tejas became active in 2016 when No. 45 Squadron IAF at Sulur Air Force Station transitioned from MiG-21s.

The FOC process commenced in December 2014 with objectives including increasing angle of attack limits from 24 to 28 degrees and incorporating aerial refueling capabilities. By February 2018, Tejas executed "hot refuelling" operations—refueling with engines running—resulting in a 30% reduction in turnaround time and effectively doubling sortie rates. Mid-air refueling trials concluded by September 2018 as part of FOC certification requirements. In January 2019, HAL received clearance from CEMILAC to initiate production of weaponized Tejas conforming to FOC standards.

On 20 February 2019, during Aero India 2019, Tejas was officially granted FOC status. HAL presented the certification to Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa, who affirmed that the fighter was "ready" and exhibited performance characteristics befitting a true combat aircraft. The second squadron, No.18 Flying Bullets, was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the delivery of the first four serial production FOC-standard fighters.

A full mission simulator (FMS) phase one was inaugurated at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021, providing comprehensive training on aircraft handling and full-envelope flight operations. The forthcoming phase two will enhance training capabilities by focusing on weapons systems and advanced sensor integration aboard the Tejas platform.

Enhancements and Ongoing Development

In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) identified several deficiencies in the Tejas Mark 1 Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) variant that affected its combat endurance and operational effectiveness.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Significant upgrades comprise a sophisticated avionics package featuring the EL/M-2052 AESA Radar alongside the indigenous Uttam AESA Radar, the DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self-protection jammer (SPJ), capability for aerial refueling, an Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by the Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, and broadened armament compatibility including Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM missiles.[24][25] The production variant is equipped with dual-rack pylons to accommodate various weapons.[26] Additionally, HAL developed the Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) system integrated with a digital map generator for mission display purposes, alongside upgraded Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems.[27] Enhancements also include improved cockpit ergonomics and reduced turnaround times.[28] The Mark 1A integrates the indigenous Angad electronic warfare suite as well as the DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.[29]

BEL was awarded a ₹2,400 crore contract by HAL spanning from 2023 to 2028 to provide 20 categories of critical avionics systems. These include Digital Flight Control Computers supplied by ADA, Air Data Computers from DRDO, Weapon Computers developed by ADE, Radar Warning Receivers, and Head-up Displays.[30]

In collaboration with National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL engineered the Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door utilizing advanced composite materials capable of enduring service temperatures around 200 °C. The first flight featuring this component on the Mark 1A took place on 28 March 2024.[31][32]

On 19 April 2024, ADA delivered an initial batch of Secondary Flight Controls that include indigenously designed leading-edge slats and Airbrake Control Modules equipped with advanced electro-hydraulic servo actuators. These components were developed jointly with Research Centre Imarat and Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, have successfully completed flight trials, and are now progressing into production at HAL Accessories Division in Lucknow.[33][34]

Subcontractor VEM Technologies supplied the first centre fuselage assembly for the Tejas Mk 1A to HAL on 30 May 2025.[35]

Key Milestones

  • HAL Chairman R Madhavan communicated ongoing design development with subsystem testing aimed for completion by 2021; taxi trials commenced in early 2022, while the first flight was scheduled for late 2022.[36]
  • The prototype of Mk 1A achieved its inaugural flight on 20 May 2022.[37][38] Certification from the Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) is anticipated within a window of approximately 30 months before entering mass production.
  • The first production series Mark 1A aircraft (tail number LA 5033) successfully completed its maiden flight on 28 March 2024; subsequent testing phases will precede its formal induction into the Indian Air Force.[39]
  • On 12 March 2025, the Astra Mk-1 missile scored a direct hit on an airborne target launched from a Tejas platform, marking a significant achievement toward operational readiness of the Mark 1A variant.[40]

Tejas Mark 2

The HAL Tejas has progressed to the Tejas Mark 2 variant, equipped with a more robust General Electric F414 INS6 engine, the addition of canards, and several other improvements. Scheduled for rollout in 2025, this version will provide enhanced payload capacity and increased internal fuel storage, a greater number of external hardpoints, extended operational range, a revamped cockpit layout, and integrated systems including an infrared search and track (IRST) sensor alongside AESA radar. The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is working on aircraft health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) to incorporate sensor data from onboard equipment. The inaugural flight is projected for late 2025 or early 2026.

Development costs

  • LCA Programme – (until March 2020)
  • Kaveri engine programme –
  • Additional design and development – (as of January 2021)

Flyaway costs

  • for IOC Mark 1 (2014)
  • for FOC Mark 1 (2010)
  • for Mark 1A and for export versions (2021)

Overview

The Tejas is a single-engine multirole fighter characterized by a tailless, compound delta wing configuration with "relaxed static stability" to achieve superior agility. Its design supports multiple roles such as interception, air-to-ground strikes, and anti-ship missions within a single sortie. Extensive wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics analyses have refined the airframe to minimize wave drag at transonic and supersonic speeds while maintaining low wing loading.

There are eight weapon hardpoints: one located beneath the port-side air intake, one on the fuselage centerline, and three under each wing. Among these, three are wet hardpoints capable of carrying drop tanks. The port intake station is reserved for sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST, or laser target designators; these pods can alternatively be mounted on the centerline pylon or inboard wing stations. An aerial refueling probe is installed on the starboard forward fuselage.

The armament includes beyond-visual-range missiles like I-Derby ER and Astra, close-combat missiles such as R-73, Python-5, and ASRAAM, along with an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barrel autocannon positioned beneath the starboard air intake. Integration of the BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise missile is currently underway.

The aircraft’s relatively compact dimensions, extensive use of composite materials in the airframe, Y-duct inlet design protecting engine compressor blades, and application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings contribute to lowering its radar cross-section.

Airframe

In addition to aluminium-lithium and titanium alloys, Tejas incorporates carbon-fibre composites extensively—accounting for approximately 45% of its structural weight and covering about 90% of its surface area—the highest proportion among modern fighters. The wing’s upper and lower surfaces, spars, and ribs utilize carbon-fibre composites; fiberglass is employed at the fin tip. This widespread composite application decreases overall weight while improving structural rigidity, reduces susceptibility to fatigue, and minimizes rivets and joints to enhance structural integrity. The tailfin features a monolithic honeycomb construction that lowers manufacturing expenses by roughly 80% compared to conventional fabrication techniques. Early prototypes used Kevlar radomes; production models have transitioned to quartz radomes.

The naval LCA variant incorporates specific modifications such as a nose droop to improve visibility during carrier landings, wing leading-edge vortex controllers (LEVCONs) for better lift and low-speed handling characteristics, reinforced landing gear assemblies, and an arrestor hook system tailored for carrier operations. The two-seat naval trainer (NP-1) shares aerodynamic traits with the standard trainer model.

The Secondary Flight Control system on the Tejas Mk 1A includes indigenous Leading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Modules equipped with advanced servo-valve electro-hydraulic actuators. Developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency and delivered in April 2024, these components have successfully completed flight testing and are prepared for incorporation into production aircraft. Manufacturing is carried out at HAL’s Accessories Division located in Lucknow.

Avionics

The avionics suite of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around the Elta EL/M-2032 radar, complemented by a digital flight control computer designed by ADE and produced by BEL. It incorporates an indigenous electronic warfare (EW) system developed by the Defence Avionics Research Establishment, which includes components such as a radar warning receiver (RWR), an integrated self-protection jammer, and dispensers for chaff and flares. The enhanced Tejas Mark 1A features an AESA radar, an advanced digital flight control computer (DFCC Mk1A), an improved EW suite, and updated avionics systems. Certain Mark 1A variants are equipped with the Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar, while others utilize the domestically developed Uttam AESA Radar. The new Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS) on the Mark 1A provides capabilities for electronic countermeasures, counter-countermeasures, and jamming based on digital radio frequency memory technology. Additionally, it carries the pod-mounted Elta ELL-8222WB self-protection jammer and supports secure communications via software-defined radio, enabling network-centric warfare operations.

The Tejas platform accommodates pod-based sensor systems such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). It is certified to operate with the Rafael Litening III targeting and reconnaissance pod, with plans underway to integrate the more advanced Litening 4I pod to enhance reconnaissance, surveillance, intelligence gathering, and target acquisition functions. The aircraft also includes a built-in health monitoring system.

The cockpit supports night vision goggle compatibility and features a domestically developed heads-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays developed by CSIO, and a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement designed to reduce pilot workload. Other control elements include a multifunctional keyboard and selection panels. Safety measures comprise a "get-you-home" panel equipped with an air data computer from Bharat Electronics Limited, a Martin-Baker 16LG zero-zero ejection seat, and a canopy severance system created by DRDO. Life support on the Mark 1 relies on traditional liquid oxygen systems; the Mark 1A is outfitted with an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS). ADA has developed virtual reality-based cockpit simulators for both Tejas and N-LCA models. Pilots currently employ the Elbit DASH IV helmet-mounted display system.

The Mark 1A’s Swayam Raksha Kavach (SRK) electronic warfare package includes the Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod along with the Dhruti DR118 RWR, which is derived from the MiG-29’s D-29 EW suite. The RWR utilizes four-channel wideband receivers to improve detection capabilities and direction-finding of hostile radars. The LSP-3 prototype aircraft demonstrated integrated operation of the SRK EW suite combining internal RWR sensors with the ASPJ pod under complex multi-emitter conditions. In 2023, successful tests validated integration of the SRK EW suite with the Uttam AESA Radar. Flight trials for this EW system are ongoing as of October 2025 and are anticipated to conclude by mid-2026, with deployment scheduled before year-end. The RWR is embedded within the aircraft structure while the ASPJ jammer pod is mounted externally on a hardpoint.

Flight control system

The Tejas employs a delta-wing configuration with shoulder-mounted wings featuring three-section leading edge slats on their outer portions plus additional inboard slats designed to generate vortex lift and improve stability at high angles of attack. Its trailing edges are equipped with two-segment elevons that manage pitch and roll movements. The tail assembly consists of a single-piece rudder and two airbrakes positioned on either side of the vertical fin. As a relaxed static stability platform, Tejas utilizes a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system developed by NAL with an open architecture digital flight control computer manufactured by BEL. Flight surfaces are actuated via hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators controlled through this computer.

This fly-by-wire system incorporates advanced functionalities such as auto low-speed recovery, which safeguards against loss of control at low speeds and elevated angles of attack by providing envelope protection during aggressive maneuvers. Another capability, termed disorientation recovery function, automatically restores optimal altitude, airspeed, and level flight when activated. Development of certain flight control laws involved collaboration with IIT Bombay.

On 19 February 2024, the Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed a sortie utilizing an indigenously engineered high-performance Digital Flight Control Computer created by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). This state-of-the-art DFCC features a quadruplex PowerPC-based processor, a rapid I/O controller equipped with an autonomous state machine, enhanced computational capacity, and sophisticated onboard software compliant with DO-178C level-A safety certification standards. Flight testing confirmed that all critical parameters and control performance met expectations satisfactorily.

Propulsion

One of the five key self-reliance objectives of the LCA Programme was to develop a homegrown jet engine for the Tejas. The Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) spearheaded this initiative with the commencement of the Kaveri engine project in 1986. Despite this, various challenges hindered its timely advancement, prompting the interim adoption of the GE F404-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan. This engine powers the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype versions of Tejas, with ten units in operation. Since 2004, upgraded GE F404-GE-IN20 engines have been installed on the LSP, Naval prototypes, and Mark 1 models.

The production variant Tejas Mark 1 employs the F404-IN20 engine, which is also designated for use in the Mark 1A model. The larger and heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be fitted with the General Electric F414-INS6 engine.

Orders

  • Initial Tejas Mk1 order (20 aircraft):
    • 31 March 2006 — The Indian Government placed an order for 20 LCA Tejas from HAL, scheduled for delivery by December 2011; this included 4 twin-seat trainers and 16 single-seat IOC II jets.
    • September 2024 — Delivery was completed following delays.
  • Second Tejas Mk1 order (20 aircraft):
    • 23 December 2010 — An additional order for 20 LCA Tejas was placed (4 trainers and 16 FOC), with a planned delivery date by December 2016.
    • 27 March 2025 — Contract value was revised from ₹5989.39 crore to ₹6542.20 crore owing to delays.
    • 10 January 2025 — Out of 40 aircraft, 38 had been delivered; two trainers remained outstanding.
    • 11 January 2025 — The final aircraft, LT-5208, completed its maiden flight.
  • First Tejas Mk1A contract (83 aircraft):
    • August 2018 — Defence Acquisition Council approved procurement of 73 Tejas Mk1A jets featuring advanced avionics and aerial refueling capability, along with 10 Mk1 trainers.
    • 13 January 2021 — Cabinet Committee on Security sanctioned a ₹45,696 crore deal, including ₹1,202 crore allocated for R&D and infrastructure development.
    • 3 February 2021 — The contract was signed at Aero India 2021 for nearly ₹48,000 crore.
    • 17 August 2021 — HAL inked a ₹5,375 crore agreement with GE for supply and support of 99 F404 engines through to 2029.
  • Second Tejas Mk1A contract (97 aircraft):
    • 16 September 2023 — The IAF Chief announced an order for an additional 97 Mk1A jets, comprising 29 trainers.
    • 30 November 2023 — Defence Acquisition Council approved the procurement under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) category.
    • 12 April 2024 — The Ministry of Defence issued a ₹65,000 crore tender to HAL; Cabinet Committee on Security clearance is anticipated by December 2024, with contract signing expected within the year.
    • August 2025 — Negotiations concerning additional F404 engines are ongoing; CCS approved a ₹66,500 crore contract on 19 August.
    • 25 September 2025 — A contract valued at ₹62,370 crore excluding taxes was signed; it includes procurement of 29 twin-seat trainers and 68 fighter jets featuring increased indigenous content and advanced systems; deliveries will commence between 2027–28 and continue over six years.
    • October 2025 — HAL is projected to place additional orders worth $1 billion for GE F404 engines.
    • 7 November 2025 — A contract for supplying 113 F404 engines along with a support package valued at ₹8,870 crore was signed; deliveries are scheduled from 2027 through to 2032.
    • Delivery timeline — The initial batch of eight Mk1A jets is expected within a span of 24–36 months; subsequent batches of 24 aircraft each are planned for months 37, 49, and 61; the final batch of twelve jets is slated for month 84; full delivery completion is projected by late 2032.

Production lines

  1. Bengaluru Plant I: HAL's inaugural Tejas production facility, situated near HAL Airport, Bangalore, was created with an investment of . HAL holds a 50% ownership share, while the Indian Air Force and Navy own the remaining portion. The initial serial production aircraft was handed over in 2015, with an annual manufacturing capacity of eight units.
  2. Bengaluru Plant II: In March 2017, the Government of India sanctioned for establishing an additional production line within HAL’s Aircraft Division, effectively doubling the yearly output from eight to sixteen aircraft. Components such as fuselage sections and wings were subcontracted to private sector partners. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh officially inaugurated this plant on 2 February 2021.
  3. Nashik Plant: On 5 April 2023, Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane laid the foundation stone for HAL Nashik’s third production line, backed by an investment exceeding , which raised the capacity from sixteen to twenty-four aircraft annually. Production commenced in October 2024, with the first Tejas Mk 1A taking flight on 17 October 2024 following its inauguration by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
    1. Covering an area of , the facility houses 30 structural assembly jigs dedicated to major components including the centre, front and rear fuselage sections, wings, and air intake. Approximately 40% of the manufacturing work is outsourced to private companies, aiming to increase output to ten aircraft per year within two years.
  4. Nashik Plant II: HAL intends to establish a fourth production line at Nashik to boost annual production from twenty-four to thirty-two aircraft. Production could begin within eighteen months of receiving approval (as reported in January 2025). This expansion is contingent upon a steady supply of GE engines.

Mark 1 contracts

The LCA-SP1 aircraft took its maiden flight on 1 October 2014 and was officially delivered to the Indian Air Force on 17 January 2015 after completing five test sorties. Due to production setbacks, the cost per unit rose from in 2006 to in 2015. Induction into active squadron service was postponed until 2016, awaiting sufficient deliveries and accumulation of additional flight hours. The delivery timeline scheduled SP-2 by March, SP-5 by June, and SP-8 by March 2016, totaling eight aircraft.

The first operational Tejas squadron, No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers), became active in July 2016 at Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore. Initial objectives aimed for Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008 and induction by December 2011; however, IOC was only attained in December 2013, with initial IOC variant deliveries occurring in fiscal year 2016-17.

By 11 February 2019, twelve IOC-configured aircraft had been delivered, with four additional units expected by March that year. On 31 December 2018, ADA supplied HAL with Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents necessary for Full Operational Clearance (FOC) configuration production. Following design approval, eight Tejas trainers were slated for manufacture and delivery.

The second Mark 1 squadron, No. 18 Squadron IAF, was commissioned at Sulur on 27 May 2020. Dynamatic Technologies delivered the first front fuselage for the Mark 1 FOC variant on 2 November 2020.

As of August 2023, all thirty-two single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (covering both IOC and FOC variants) had been delivered.

The initial series-production trainer model (LT5201) achieved its first flight on 5 April 2023. HAL handed over the first LCA Tejas twin-seater trainer to the IAF on 4 October 2023, with further trainer deliveries anticipated by March 2024.

By September 2024, four trainer aircraft had been delivered with another four expected by March 2025. As of January 2025, thirty-eight out of forty planned units were delivered; the final two trainers remained pending. The last Tejas unit (LT-5208) completed its maiden flight on 11 January 2025.

Initial Delays in First Mark 1A Contract

By February 2021, the plan outlined delivery of three Tejas Mk 1A aircraft by 2024, followed by an annual supply of 16 units over the subsequent five years, aiming to complete all deliveries within an eight-year span. The indigenous content was expected to increase from an initial 50% to 60% by the contract’s conclusion.

As of October 2022, the first aircraft handover was slated for 3 February 2024, with three units to be delivered by 31 March. The Indian Air Force intended to establish its first Mk 1A squadron at Nal Air Force Station by December 2023. By June 2024, No. 3 and No. 23 Squadrons were confirmed as the initial operators, replacing the aging MiG-21 fleet.

Deliveries of the F-404 engines, scheduled to begin in February 2024, encountered delays caused by supply chain disruptions at General Electric (GE), resulting in a postponed first aircraft delivery to late March 2024. Additional setbacks stemmed from IAF requests for software enhancements, pending certification processes, and component shortages linked to the geopolitical impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In May 2024, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) instructed HAL to deliver a minimum of 18 Tejas Mk 1A jets by March 2025 and complete all 180 units within a decade. Delivery timelines shifted repeatedly from February to November 2024 due to persistent supply difficulties.

By August 2024, the inaugural aircraft was undergoing vital flight and weapons testing; other units were in advanced stages of assembly. HAL aimed to maintain a stockpile of at least 14 airframes in a "ready-to-go" condition for rapid engine installation upon arrival.

In September 2024, Denmark’s export restrictions on engine charge amplifiers caused further postponements. HAL engaged a Bengaluru-based firm to develop this critical engine component domestically. Reports indicated that Israeli software integration was finalized with concluding trials underway; deliveries were anticipated to commence in October 2024 utilizing Category B engines (previously procured GE engines). Deliveries of the F404-IN20 engines were deferred until November.

The F404-IN20 production line at GE had been shut down earlier due to lack of new orders from India; initial engine deliveries experienced multiple postponements—from September 2024 to April 2025—attributable to supply chain issues involving a financially troubled South Korean vendor. HAL possessed several airframes ready but awaited engine availability. By late 2024, GE resumed F404 production in Boston after a five-year suspension.

As of January 2025, GE faced a backlog of 26 engines; first deliveries were anticipated around March or April but remained uncertain. Contingency measures included using Category B engines for critical trials involving Astra Mk1 BVRAAM missiles and advanced electronic warfare systems prior to final certification.

By February 2025, HAL had three Mk 1A aircraft ready with two more nearing delivery contingent on engine arrival. GE committed to supplying twelve engines during 2025–26 with plans to escalate monthly deliveries subsequently. The Nashik production line became operational with intentions for increased output.

In March, Alpha Tocol Engineering Services delivered the initial rear fuselage component; HAL had twelve additional units prepared on its assembly line. The first Mk 1A produced at Nashik was expected to be unveiled in April.

GE readied for delivery of the first among 99 F404-IN20 engines by late March following a two-year delay. The engine rollout took place on 25 March 2025 and will undergo further testing at HAL after arrival in India.

By end-March, extended firing and electronic warfare trials were conducted on Tejas Mk 1A. The first delivery from Nashik was projected for Q1 FY25–26 following engine receipt in April. Astra missile testing encountered failure necessitating software revisions.

In May, Hyderabad-based VEM Technologies supplied the first center fuselage assembly; a second unit followed in September. Each fuselage consists of approximately 1,595 components subject to rigorous inspection by HAL. Five fuselages are planned for delivery by year-end.

By June 2025, the initial aircraft delivery from Nashik was expected before month’s end. HAL reported six jets on production lines scheduled for IAF handover by March 2026 alongside anticipated additional GE engine deliveries supporting increased production rates.

On July 8, Principal Secretary PK Mishra reviewed progress at HAL’s assembly hangar where six single-seat and two twin-seat trainers were under assembly with test engines awaiting replacement by GE units arriving that month. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh confirmed GE’s commitment to provide two engines monthly through March 2026 while existing Category B engines would continue rotating for test flights.

The second GE engine arrived mid-July; Larsen & Toubro completed the first private-sector manufactured wings with official delivery planned that month in Coimbatore. Nearly all aero-structure components were supplied by private firms while HAL maintained final integration responsibility at Nashik and Bangalore facilities.

By late July, Astra missile tests were scheduled for early August; on August 11 DGAQA granted flight clearance for Nashik-produced Mk 1A aircraft with final weapons trials planned for September.

GE revised its engine delivery schedule projecting one unit monthly starting August and two per month from October but missed August targets, committing instead to three to five deliveries by October.

By end-August, ten airframes were ready with two equipped with new engines expected for delivery by September-end—prompting contract finalization for an additional order of 97 Mk 1A jets. Delivery dates shifted again into October pending completion of weapons trials including Astra, ASRAAM missiles, and laser-guided bombs.

The third GE engine arrived in September with plans for twelve total deliveries during that fiscal year. Nashik plant capacity targeted production of up to eight aircraft annually from next year while private sector participation aimed to increase annual output capacity up to thirty units.

As of mid-September, twenty-four airframes were in various stages of production with eight completed and two integrated with new engines undergoing weapons trials involving ASRAAM missiles followed by Astra testing after earlier failures required software fixes pending safety approvals.

Deliveries might extend into Q1 2026 due to IAF demands for thorough validations including munitions firing and electronic warfare suite integration still pending completion.

At end-September, the maiden flight of the first Nashik-produced aircraft occurred with expectations for rollout in October after receiving the fourth GE engine on October 1.

By early October, weapons firing trials involving Astra and ASRAAM missiles concluded on the first two jets which were certified ready pending formal delivery ceremonies later that month.

HAL inaugurated its third Tejas Mk 1A production line alongside the second HTT-40 line at Nashik on October 17, bolstering indigenous aerospace manufacturing capacity. The first Nashik-built Mk 1A completed assembly and pre-flight testing and participated in flying displays alongside Su-30MKI and HTT-40 aircraft during inauguration events.

Despite steady progress, delivery schedules extended once more to March 2026 amid Air Force officials’ expectations of further delays exceeding six months due to extensive pre-delivery validation requirements before acceptance.

Operational history

The Tejas Mark 1 made its first international appearance on 21 January 2016 during the fourth edition of the Bahrain International Airshow.

On 26 January 2017, the Tejas participated in the fly-past over Kartavya Path in New Delhi as part of the 68th Delhi Republic Day parade.

In April 2018, the entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft took part in Gagan Shakti 2018, which was the Indian Air Force’s largest exercise to date, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 personnel. During this exercise, Tejas showcased its precision strike capabilities and operational reliability. The following year, six Tejas jets demonstrated their versatility by performing swing role missions at the Vayu Shakti air exercise.

Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar from No. 45 Squadron IAF highlighted that the DASH IV HMDS enables pilots to fully exploit high off-boresight short-range air-to-air missiles such as the Python-5 and R-73.

The IAF deployed No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" along the border with Pakistan on 18 August 2020, marking the first operational deployment of Tejas aircraft.

On 27 April 2021, the Tejas Mark 1 successfully test-fired the Python-5 missile and also validated the improved capabilities of the I-Derby ER beyond visual range missile, both achieving direct hits.

During Exercise Desert Flag VIII held in the UAE between February and March 2023, five Tejas fighters participated alongside two C-17 Globemasters. This marked the first occasion where Tejas took part in an international exercise outside India.

A significant milestone was achieved on 23 August 2023 when an indigenous Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully launched from a HAL Tejas off Goa’s coastline at an altitude of 20,000 feet, underscoring India’s advancing domestic fighter technology.

In December 2023, announcements were made regarding the deployment of the initial batch of Tejas Mk 1A aircraft at Nal airbase in Bikaner, Rajasthan. The No. 3 Squadron IAF and No. 23 Squadron IAF, which were among the last units operating MiG-21s, are slated to be the first to operate the Tejas Mk 1A. Both squadrons were stationed at Nal AFS by June 2024, with initial deliveries anticipated by November 2024.

Four Tejas jets took part in the Republic Day parade fly-past in New Delhi on 26 January 2024.

During the inaugural phase of Exercise Tarang Shakti in 2024, HAL Tejas engaged in intercept missions against German, French, and Spanish aircraft. Operating as both Red Force (adversary) and Blue Force (friendly), it received commendations from visiting foreign pilots. On 13 August, commanders of the French and German Air Forces flew the Tejas during this exercise.

The first production model of Tejas Mk 1A is scheduled for display at Aero India 2025.

On 12 March 2025, a prototype of the Tejas Mk1 successfully launched an Astra Mk-1 missile over Odisha’s Integrated Test Range, achieving a direct hit at a distance exceeding 100 kilometers—a critical step for the upcoming induction and further testing of Tejas Mk 1A.

At the Dubai Airshow in 2025, a HAL Tejas crashed during an aerial demonstration resulting in the loss of its pilot.

Potential operators

HAL has proposed exporting Tejas and is engaged in initial discussions with several allied nations. In March 2020, HAL expressed readiness to establish logistics support facilities in countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam to facilitate exports.

Brazil

In September 2024, the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) considered procuring Tejas fighters as replacements for their aging AMX and Northrop F-5 aircraft while complementing their existing Saab JAS 39 Gripen fleet. This consideration came after Brazil’s initial request for F-16 Fighting Falcons from the United States was declined.

The AMX fleet is planned for retirement by 2025 with F-5s scheduled to be phased out by 2030. In November 2024, Brazil proposed a swap deal involving their Embraer C-390 Millennium transport aircraft in exchange for HAL Tejas jets to replace their older F-5s. An Indian delegation visited Brazil in December 2024 to discuss this potential agreement.

Additionally, FAB is assessing the Rafale as another option to succeed their AMX fighters.

DR Congo

In October 2024, it was reported that the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FAC) showed an interest in procuring HAL Tejas aircraft. A FAC delegation visited India in August 2024 to engage in discussions with HAL officials regarding the Tejas fighter. The FAC intends to replace its current Sukhoi Su-25 fleet with Tejas jets, should a purchase be finalized.

Argentina

The Argentine Air Force considered the Tejas as part of its efforts to modernize its fleet. HAL presented the Tejas as a candidate amidst competition from aircraft such as the CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder from China and the Mikoyan MiG-35 from Russia. The Tejas was regarded as a competitive choice for Argentina.

Nevertheless, British arms embargoes present a major challenge because the Tejas incorporates British-made components including the Martin-Baker MK16 ejection seat, aerial refueling probe, and quartz radome supplied by Cobham Limited. Since the 1982 Falklands War, the UK has restricted sales involving British-origin parts to Argentina, impacting previous Argentine acquisitions like the Dassault Mirage F1, IAI Kfir, Saab JAS 39 Gripen, and KAI T-50 Golden Eagle.

HAL has consistently expressed readiness to modify the Tejas by substituting roughly 50 British-origin parts with alternative solutions, potentially including an indigenous ejection seat design. Such alterations would necessitate extensive redesign efforts and additional flight certification processes. Given these complexities, Argentina reportedly viewed the JF-17 as a more economically viable alternative.

In December 2022, Argentina decided to halt plans for new fighter acquisitions, with President Alberto Fernandez prioritizing budget constraints over military spending. By mid-2023, Argentine media indicated that the Tejas was no longer under consideration, leaving second-hand Danish F-16s and Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s as leading contenders. In March 2024, Argentina finalized an agreement to procure 24 Danish F-16s.

Australia

In July 2020, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) issued a request for proposals to replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer jets. According to HAL’s "58th Annual Report" for 2020–2021, HAL submitted an offer for the HAL Tejas configured as a "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) to Australia’s Department of Defence during that month. Competing aircraft included the Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk, Aermacchi M-346 Master, and KAI T-50.

However, the Australian Government declined the proposed government-to-government sale of 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft valued at approximately US $1 billion. In defence discussions held in September 2021, Australia showed minimal interest in this option. Subsequently, in February 2022, Australia chose to extend the service life of its existing Hawks by upgrading engines and avionics through a BAE-led refurbishment program scheduled until 2032.

Botswana

The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing initiated contact with HAL regarding acquisition of the Tejas to replace their aging fleet of Canadair CF-5 aircraft experiencing maintenance difficulties. Botswana had also evaluated alternatives including Gripens, F-16s, KAI T-50s, and Leonardo’s M-346. As of July 2024, negotiations concerning the Tejas were put on hold; by January 2025, Botswana formally terminated talks on purchasing these fighter jets.

Egypt

During the Dubai Airshow 2021, representatives from Egypt expressed a desire to acquire 70 LCA Tejas aircraft as replacements for their fleet of 100 Hongdu JL-8 trainers. Subsequently, officials from HAL and the Indian Air Force conducted visits to Cairo to engage in further discussions. By June 2022, India proposed establishing local manufacturing units in Egypt for the production of LCA Tejas along with Light Utility and Combat Helicopters.

At Aero India 2023, reports surfaced indicating Egypt’s interest in procuring approximately 20 multi-role fighters, with HAL offering 35 LCA Mk-1As. Nevertheless, in August 2024, Egypt finalized a deal to purchase the Chinese Chengdu J-10C, marking a notable change in its fighter acquisition strategy.

Malaysia

Malaysia has demonstrated interest in acquiring the HAL Tejas to augment its Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) MiG-29 fleet, with initial reports emerging in 2019. The Tejas made its international debut at the 2019 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA), garnering considerable attention from RMAF officials. However, export opportunities were impeded by diplomatic strains between India and Malaysia during that year. Following an improvement in bilateral relations in 2020, an RMAF team visited HAL’s Bangalore facility in 2021 to assess the Tejas, signaling revived interest.

In 2021, the RMAF issued a tender for 18 light combat aircraft under the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA) initiative aimed at replacing aging BAE Hawk 108/208 and MB-339CM trainers. The contenders included HAL Tejas MK1A, KAI FA-50, HAIC L-15, Aermacchi M-346, TAI Hürjet, and Mikoyan MiG-35. Notably absent was the PAC/CAC JF-17, despite being a favored option within RMAF circles.

By February 2023, Malaysia awarded the contract to South Korea’s KAI FA-50 Block 20, ordering 18 units valued at approximately US$920 million. The FA-50 was selected due to its established operational history across various nations, superior logistical support framework, and better compatibility with RMAF’s FLIT/LCA requirements. Conversely, the Tejas remains largely unproven beyond its exclusive use by India.

Nigeria

On 7 December 2023, HAL announced Nigeria’s interest in acquiring the Tejas fighter jet as a competitor against the JF-17. However, by July 2024, discussions regarding the potential Tejas purchase were put on hold. In January 2025, Nigeria officially withdrew from negotiations and opted instead to procure JF-17 aircraft from Pakistan, which had been delivered as early as 2021.

Philippines

In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding involving the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) that explored potential acquisitions of Tejas and other Indian aircraft. However, on 7 July 2022, the Tejas was eliminated from consideration for the Philippine Air Force’s multi-role fighter (MRF) program, leaving only the F-16V Block 70/72 and JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ as primary candidates.

By February 2024, HAL proposed offering the Tejas Mark 1A to PADC as a naval strike platform equipped with BrahMos NG missiles and agreed to support local assembly collaborations for this variant.

Sri Lanka

In 2018, Sri Lanka expressed interest in purchasing between eight and twelve Tejas jets through a government-to-government deal aimed at replacing its aging IAI Kfir and Chengdu J-7 fleets. However, by 2021 Sri Lanka decided to refurbish its existing Kfirs instead—investing $49 million to upgrade five aircraft—an option considerably more cost-effective than acquiring new jets priced around $40 million each.

United Arab Emirates

During a 2018 visit by UAE Defence Minister Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, the United Arab Emirates showed interest in the Tejas fighter, highlighting strengthening defence relations with India. Nevertheless, by May 2022, no significant developments had materialized as the UAE proceeded to place an order for 80 Rafale F4 jets from France. In February 2023, the UAE finalized an agreement to acquire 12 Chinese Hongdu L-15 trainer and light attack aircraft, with options to purchase an additional 36 units, reflecting its objective to broaden its military procurement sources.

United States

In December 2020, HAL responded to a Request for Information issued by the United States Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) by proposing the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas—designated as "HAL Tejas LIFT"—to the United States Navy (USN). This was intended as a replacement for the existing T-45 Goshawk trainer fleet within the "Undergraduate Jet Training System". Competing aircraft included the T-7 Red Hawk, developed jointly by Boeing and Saab, and the KAI T-50A Golden Eagle, produced by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) in collaboration with Lockheed Martin.

Although reportedly the only contender capable of carrier-based operations, the prospects for HAL Tejas LIFT being selected by the USN remain slim. Contributing factors include HAL’s choice not to form a partnership with a US company—as Boeing-Saab and KAI-Lockheed Martin have done—its absence of export sales, and its delta-wing configuration, which is less optimal for low-speed landing performance.

Prototypes

Designations, tail numbers, and maiden flight dates of aircraft prototypes and planned models.

Technology Demonstrators (TD)
  • TD-1 (KH2001) – Maiden flight on 4 January 2001.
  • TD-2 (KH2002) – First flew on 6 June 2002.
Prototype Vehicles (PV)
  • PV-1 (KH2003) – Took first flight on 25 November 2003.
  • PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight occurred on 1 December 2005.
  • PV-3 (KH2005) – Maiden flight on 1 December 2006.
  • PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flew on 26 November 2009; Fighter/Trainer model.
  • PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight took place on 8 November 2014; Fighter/Trainer variant.
Naval Prototypes (NP)
  • NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval version designed for carrier operations; rolled out in July 2010 and first flown on 27 April 2012.
  • NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval configuration; first flight on 7 February 2015 featuring ski-jump takeoff and arrested recovery suitable for STOBAR carriers.
  • NP-5 (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval model; flew first on 29 August 2023. Built to production standards incorporating enhancements from NP-1 and NP-2. Aids in development of HAL TEDBF.
Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft


  • LSP-1 (KH2011) – First flight on 25 April 2007. Powered by F404-F2J3 engine.
  • LSP-2 (KH2012) – Maiden flight on 16 June 2008. First LCA equipped with F404-IN20 engine.
  • LSP-3 (KH2013) – Took off first time on 23 April 2010. Equipped with Hybrid MMR radar near IOC standard.
  • LSP-4 (KH2014) – Flown in June 2010 in Mark 1 configuration for delivery to Indian Air Force. Features Hybrid MMR radar, countermeasure dispensers, and IFF systems.
  • LSP-5 (KH2015) – First flew on 19 November 2010. Achieved IOC standard including full sensor suite, night cockpit lighting, and autopilot functionality.
  • LSP-7 (KH2017) – Maiden flight conducted on 9 March 2012.
  • LSP-8 (KH2018) – Completed initial flight trials in March 2013. Final iteration serving as foundation for production models.

Production Versions

  • Tejas Mark 1 IOC − The initial single-seat operational model delivered to the Indian Air Force, with 16 units forming the No. 45 Squadron IAF.
  • Tejas Mark 1 FOC − Builds upon IOC features by incorporating a Cobham refuelling pod and Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 autocannon. Deliveries commenced in May 2020 to 18 Squadron. The FOC configuration includes beyond visual range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) capability, an expanded flight envelope with a +9 g-limit, upgraded avionics and flight control software, as well as hot and aerial refuelling capabilities. All 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft have been delivered to date.
  • Tejas Trainer − A two-seat operational conversion trainer designed for the Indian Air Force, also functioning as a Lead-in Fighter Trainer (LiFT) and ground-attack platform.
  • Tejas Mark 1A − An improved Mark 1 variant equipped with EL/M-2052 and Uttam AESA radars, a self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, and capability to carry external electronic countermeasure pods. The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft was unveiled in April 2022 as a Flying Testbed (FTB), followed by a second LSP later that year to validate weight reduction and design enhancements.

Upcoming Developments

  • SPORT − Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer, a two-seat Lead-in Fighter Training (LiFT) aircraft derived from the LCA Trainer Mark 1, intended for export markets as a light fighter.
  • Tejas Mark 2 − A Medium Weight Fighter variant featuring a more powerful engine, increased payload capacity, AESA radar, onboard oxygen generation system, and an integrated electronic warfare suite. The Indian Air Force has committed to acquiring twelve squadrons of this model.
  • CATS MAX − The centerpiece of the HAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), this twin-seat Tejas Mark 1A is modified to operate as a mothership for CATS components. It is crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), who manages the CATS operations.
  • Tejas Trainer (Navy) − An NP-5 based operational conversion trainer tailored for the Indian Navy, equipped with IFR probe. HAL has proposed reestablishing a "Carrier Training Squadron" utilizing 18 Naval Tejas units capable of operating from carriers and performing point defense interception roles.

Discontinued Variants

  • Tejas Mark 1 Navy − A naval adaptation of HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by the F404 engine; this variant was cancelled in favor of the twin-engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF.
  • Tejas Mark 2 Navy − A proposed naval version based on the Tejas Mk 2, which was also cancelled in preference for HAL TEDBF.
  • Tejas Trainer IN − A two-seat operational conversion trainer intended for the Indian Navy; this project was discontinued in favor of HAL TEDBF.

Operators

Accidents and Incidents

Since its maiden flight in 2001, two Tejas aircraft have been lost:

  • 12 March 2024: A Tejas Mk 1 assigned to the No. 18 Squadron crashed near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan following participation in the tri-service exercise Bharat Shakti. The pilot successfully ejected without injury. This marked the first crash since the program's inception. Investigations identified an oil pump failure that resulted in engine seizure as the cause.
  • 21 November 2025: During a barrel roll maneuver at the Dubai Airshow at Al Maktoum International Airport, a Tejas Mk 1 from the No. 45 Squadron, operational since 2016, crashed resulting in pilot fatality. The Indian Air Force initiated a court of inquiry to determine the accident’s cause.

Bibliography


External links

Insights and Evaluations:

Technical Documentation:

General Information:

  1. ↑ Airforce Technology
  2. ↑ NDTV
  3. ↑ Business Standard
  4. ↑ Defence Research and Development Organisation
  5. ↑ The Hindu, 2023
  6. ↑ The Hindu, 2016
  7. ↑ The Hindu, 2016
  8. ↑ The Financial Express
  9. ↑ IAF History
  10. ↑ The Indian Express
  11. ↑ Press Information Bureau
  12. ↑ Business Standard
  13. ↑ NDTV
  14. ↑ Deccan Herald
  15. ↑ IAF History
  16. ↑ Deccan Herald
  17. ↑ Press Information Bureau
  18. ↑ The Hindu, 2025
  19. ↑ The Diplomat
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :14
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